HU 205 Exam 2

what is the American Southwest

"The 4 corners"- where Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado

what is the first wave of foreign influence

- a cultural change in China which was the arrival of Buddhism from India

what are the 5 phases

- composed of 5 elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water - along with creative (generation) and control (destructions) cycles

what was included in the canon of medicine

- explained hippocratic and galenical medicine - accomplishments made at Alexandria - described how physiology related to Aristotle's physics - this canon becomes the standard medical text in universities in the late middle ages and renaissance

what did francisco hernandez do

- he found, documented, and illustrated hundreds of medical plants and recorded his findings in three languages - would do clinical trials with these medicines

how did Aviceena create the canon of medicine

- he started off as a philosopher and a scholar before he became a physician - he became interested in how medicine was practiced while he was writing other encyclopedias and that led to the Canon

who is Rhaze

- he was a clinician that was able to distinguish measles from small pox in the early stages - during this time, all eruptive fevers (ones that resulted in rashes, blisters, spots) were all given them same name... Rhaze, however, carefully observed these different rashes and bumps and distinguish between them

what is an earthquake weatherclock

- it is a seismograph or seismoscope - it is a vessel containing a suspended pendulum and whenever an earthquake rocked the vessel, the pendulum would swing inside of it which then moved a lever that released one of several balls on the outside of the device, which indicated the direction of the quake - this devised helped the Emperor know where to send officials to help with the aftermath of a quake

what is the escapement device

- it is in clocks and it creates the regular motion necessary to meter out time - this made clock building in china possible

what is the second wave of foreign influence

- it occurred during the mongol invasion and rule of China - this is when Islamic astronomers were employed in the Chinese government

what is the base-20 system that the Mayans used

- it used dashes and dots - each dash stood for a value of 5 - each dot stood for a value of 1

what helped produce rice

- land reclamation projects (putting swamps in, marshalands, and riverbanks)

increased rice production led to what

- the creation of new agricultural technology which included the rice-field plow and a water-lifting device used for irrigation (this is hydraulic engineering) - also, population levels in China doubled and more ppl lived in the South where the land was good for rice - led to a greater urbanization during this time- 5 cities take shape and a road system followed along with the middle class

what is the conduit viewpoint

- the idea that Greek science never became well integrated into Islmaic culture, and rather existed among other scholars

what are the three doshas

- they are something like a force or influence on the body - they can't be seen but are still present

what is the third wave of foreign influence

- this is when Christian scholar-missionaries came to China to spread their religion but the Chinese were more interested in the science they brought with them ^^^ this is when science in mathematics, astronomy, hydraulics, clocks, and artillery made its way into China

what is the Golden Age

-occurred in India - occurred when a strong central government managed large building projects and drew its wealth from the collection of "ground rent" --> no idea what that means... - when Hindu art and literature exploded and government also supported scientists, especially astronomists and mathematicians

what are the two foundational texts for ayurveda

1. charaka samhita 2. susruta samhita

what three major contributions to medicine were made during the Byzantine empire period

1. the first hospitals 2. they preserved and compiled the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates 3. made original contributions in veterinary medicine

what happened because of the strong translation efforts in the house of wisdom

Arabic becomes the language of science

who criticized Aristotle's theory?

John Philoponus--> he explained that the person transferred a certain quality to that projectile which kept it moving---> this will later be called impetus and eventually inertia

who was the most notable natural philosopher of the Byzantine Empire

John Philoponus--> he was Christian

what is the Aztec capitol

Tenochtitlan

what are the two ways the Chinese uses to explain the natural world

Yin and Yang and the Five Phases

what is the House of Wisdom

a library and study center--> became something like a factory: groups from Baghdad would go to Byzantium and India in search of manuscripts that they could bring back to Baghdad and to the house of wisdom and translate them into Arabic---> this led to caliph employing Greek Christian translators

what is porcelain

a much finer material than the normal clay pottery found in the ancient world - it uses a mix of specific minerals and fine textured clay - "fine China"

what is alchemy

a respected science

what is a Mandarinate

a ruling class in which members existed at all levels of society which provided a direct connection to the Emperor

who is Al-Kwarizimi

an Islmaic mathematician where the term, algorithm, came from - he also sought out Indian mathematics along with his Greek knowledge--> he borrowed the Indian concept of "zero" to simplify mathematical calculations

what is sphygmology

an examination of the pulse - a means of diagnosing

what is the El Caracol

an observatory that looked like a snail - the windows aligned with certain astronomical events

what is the Islamic influenced expressed by

architecture--> the Taj mahal

this term refers to balance of the doshas in the body

ayurveda

what is the assimilationist school of thought

believes that Greek science became integrated into society in the Islamic Empire---> this means you would expect that scholars would be building on ancient knowledge themselves

when did the mechanical escapement device come about

between the second and third waves of foreign influence in China

what are codices

booklets of Mayan writing - there are only three Mayan codices and all of the other writings are in the form of engravings on stone monuments - these codices used cactus bark that was treated with lime

what influenced ayurveda

buddhism--> most of its ideas are similar to buddhist ideas

what are meridians

certain channels in the body in which Qi flows through--> Qi can be redirected at certain points on those meridians and those are call acupuncture points

the ________ viewpoint has become the current marginalist theory

conduit

when did the middle class appear

during rice production in China

who is Asoka

he comes the most popular of the Mauryan emperors because he perceived fairness and goodwill toward his subjects

what did hernan cortes do

he conquered the empire

what did Al-Hasan say

he disagreed with Galen's extramission theory of vision---> he said it is the exact opposite: he said that they eyes recieve rays rather then send out rays - he came up with this idea by noticing how your eyes hurt when looking at the sun - he became an expert in eye diseases and eye surgery

what is the most common ayurveda treatment

herbal medicines--> the practitioner would match the right herb to the dosha that is out of balance to treat someone

when was the House of Wisdom founded

in 832 by caliph Al-Mamun in Bagdad

what hydraulic engineering did Ceylon use

instead of irrigation canals, they used massive tanks to collect rain water and then used that on arid lands

what is the charaka samhita

it describes human anatomy, diagnosis, and treatments - most of the fundamental concepts of ayurveda come from charaka's encyclopedia of medicine

what is the Canon of medicine

it is essentially an enxyclopedia of all known medical knowledge created by Avicenna

what is Yin and Yang

it is one of the ways the Chinese use to explain the natural world - it refers to opposites that are observable in the world (day/night, male/female, wet/dry)

what is the middle kingdom

it is the name that derives from the cosmological model that the earth was stationary and is the center of the universe

what is the Sun dagger

it shows how there was evidence of science, in the form of astronomy in the americas - when light fell onto the carving, this indecated the summer and winter solstices

what is a monied economy

it was the consequence of the governments heavy involvement in technology and industry--> this is when we see the first paper money

what is the susruta samhita

known for its descriptions of surgery

what is ayurveda

medicine in India - translated as "the science of life" or "the science of longevity" - it is a holistic system of health and considers how you live your life and how that influences good health

what led to a food surplus in Indochina

rice production--> unprocessed brown rice offered a ton of nutrients and processed white rice can be dried and stored for long periods of time--> this led to a surplus of food and protected society from famine

what do the Chinese believe about the pulse and sphygmology

sphygmology is so important to them as they can tell what organ or organ system is having trouble

what did the people think of themselves that lived in the Byzantine empire

that they were Romans--> in their eyes they were the inheritors of the Roman traditions and power

what is Qi

the "primary life energy" that flows through the body and various organ systems--> it flows through meridians

who created the first hospitals

the Byzantine Empire

what is the Byzantine empire also referred as

the Byzantium and the Eastern Roman Empire

who invented porcelain

the Chinese

most hospitals were established by

the Church or religiously motivated patrons

what model did the first hospitals follow

the Greco-Roman model of medicine--> which referred to natural causes of diseases

what replaced the Indus River Civilization

the Vedic Civilization

how did Aztec farmers feed the people of Tenochtitlan

the build chinamas

what is Angkor

the capital of the Khmer empire - was surrounded by jungle and a network of irrigation systems - this place was the center of science- it attracted Indian scholars and Sanskrit was the language

what is templo mayor

the main temple located in tenochtitlan

what are the creative and control cycles

the opposites found in Yin and Yang creative: generation control: destruction

what does the house of wisdom illustrate

the strong inclination among Islamic scholars to seek out ancient greek knowledge

when it comes to ayurvedic medicine, what are the things called that resemble Yin and Yang

the three doshas

what is the Diamond Sutra

the very first printed book and included illustrations

what can happen if the flow of Qi becomes blocked

then build up occurs on the side of the blockage and this causes imbalance---> this creates disharmony in the body and a practitioner would need to know how to manipulate Qi (acupuncture points) to restore harmony and health

what did the three waves of foreign influence do

they affected Chinese science

what are Quipu

they are knotted strands of string - they encoded things like mathematical calculations

with traditional chinese medicine, what is done to treat someone

they seek to restore balance of Qi (energy) and can be done by multople different ways - acupuncture; which small needles enter the meridian of the Qi - moxabustion - massage - herbal medicines and using the Yin and Yang cycles

what are madrasa's

they were attached to mosques and was a legal "college"--> the main task was to teach law, which was viewed as the main "science" in Islam---> college is a term that is used for the term "convenience" as anything taught here had to comply with Islam (mathematics and astronomy were taught here, for example)

what are chinamas

they were narrow plots of land that rose out of the water--> sometimes called "floating gardens"

what are geomancers and what did they do

they were sort of like early surveyors except that they used a magnet to determine the natural direction of energy that was flowing through an area

how did the Byzantine doctors help preserve Galen's system of medicine

through "compendiums" and "manuals" that stitched or brought together ancient knowledge - the Byzantine physicians all referred to Glaen's system of medicine and the Hoppocratic texts that inspired Glaen when they wrote their practical manuals on medicine

give an example of the five phases

wood fuels a fire in the creation cycle and water extinguishes the fire in the control cycle - the goal is to have harmony in the 5 phases; imbalance can cause problems, or with health and medicine, illness is a result