HUM 110 Chapters 6 and 10
Who were the two competing companies to build the Transcontinental Railroad?
Central Pacific Railroad - advancing from west to east b) Union Pacific - advancing from east to west)
What was wrong with making dyes from plants?
lengthy, expensive process
What parts of culture did steamboats effect?
literature (Mark Twain) art music (jazz bands on steamboats) steamboat culture
What was the main use of organic chemistry?
making dyestuffs
What area of the country becomes America's economic powerhouse because of steamboats?
midwest
What do steamboats conquer?
nature--no longer controlled by weather, tide, etc. put nature on a schedule
What were so problems with flatboats?
not big could tip and lose everything only downstream
When and where was the Transcontinental Railroad completed?
one of the greatest technological and engineering feats of the 19th Century
What is the Bessemer Process?
oxygen blown through molten iron burns the impurities quick 1st inexpensive mass-production of steel
Who was John Kay?
the flying shuttle kick started the industrial revolution by speeding up the weaving process still human powered
Who funded the building of the Transcontinental Railroad?
the government
What did the bike show?
there was a market for personal transportation
What did the Transcontinental Railroad unite?
west and east of US
Where did the two companies meet?
Promontory Summit, Utah in 1869
When did construction of the Transcontinental Railroad begin?
after the civil war
What was the velocipede?
any human powered land vehicle
What did Humprey Davy invent?
arc lamp in 1803 in England the 1st incandescent light, used as streetlamps
What came before cars?
bikes
What was internal combustion's advantage over steam?
cleaner, coal gas was cheap, started/stopped easily, could run at half speed, less labor to operate
Who was Abraham Darby I?
coke smelting process
Who was Edmund Cartwright?
power loon (1785)
Who was Granville T. Woods?
"Black Edison" (1856-1910) made improvements on railroad brakes (air brakes) improved telegraph so you could send from moving trains
Who was Friedrich Engels?
"Condition of the Working Classes in England" (1844)
What was the "Rocket" locomotive called in America?
"John Bull"
Who was Karl Benz?
"Motorwagon" first internal combustion automobile (1886)
What was the first commercial locomotive and who invented it?
"Puffy Billy" by William Hedly
What was the American locomotive?
"Tom Thumb", very slow (a horse beat it)
What was Edison's nickname?
"Wizard of Menlo Park"
What are five reasons that the industrial revolution happened in Britain?
- Natural resources: coal, iron, water - Large labor force: higher population - Capital: economy was up due to trade - Availability of markets (customers): both domestic and foreign - Favorable government: roads, canals, patents, taxe on profits lowered
What was the economic and social impact of revolutionary developments in steamboat and railroad travel?
- regions in the west were opened to settlement and exploitation - lowered transportation costs - surge in output of iron, coal, and engineering sectors - increased the flow of ideas through personal travel - wider range of raw materials - decreased travel time - sense of national identity - started movement to wholesalers, department stores, chain stores, and mail order
What are the reasons for building the Transcontinental Railroad?
1. As gold was discovered in California, there was concern about protecting this far-flung state. 2. Money -- Railroads in east were generating enormous money for their owners and prosperity for towns along the route. Many congressman had a vested interest in seeing the railroad built close to their communities. 3. Silver discovered in Virginia City, Nevada--huge rush from California to Virginia City 4. Concern about California seceding from the Union 5. On July 1, 1862 President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that gave Theodore Judah's Central Pacific the right to build from Sacramento east and chartered another company--the Union Pacific --to build from the Missouri River west. 6. The legislation granted the builders 6,400 acres of land for every mile of track laid 7. Entreprenuers like Thomas Durant and Collins Huntington realized enormous fortunes could be raised. Thomas Durant would become infamous the enormous profits he made through corruption.
What is important to note about the Chinese workers on the Transcontinental Railroad?
1. Central Pacific line had trouble recruiting dependable workers 2. Many Chinese workers were already working in the United States 3. Initial reluctance because it was felt that they were too small 4. Once convinced to try them, the Chinese workers proved to be highly valuable 5. Harder workers and more conscientious 6. By 1866, the Central Pacific had 6,000 Chinese immigrants on the payroll, as much as 80% of workers were Chinese 7. Worked six days a wee, 10 to 12 hours a day
What impact did the Transcontinental Railroad have on the native Americans?
1. The Cheyenne, Sioux and Arapaho Indians occupied most of the plains land. 2. They relied on the Buffalo for their existence--they figured out how to use the buffalo 52 different ways for food, supplies, war hunting implements, etc. 3. For many Plains Indian Tribes the buffalo was the center of the natural world; following the path of this animal, they learned to respect nature and its power. 4. When white settlers began streaming across the plains, this Indians resisted them because they killed off the buffalo and spread diseases like smallpox and typhoid. 5. People on wagon trains and subsequently railroad crews killed the buffalo for food and some for sport 6. By the late 1800s, there is only about 1,200 buffalo altogether, for the Indian tribes, it affected their whole way of life and understanding of the universe. 7. Indians began to kill workers, tear up train tracks, derail and loot trains 8. The railroad had devastating effects upon the plains Indian tribes
What period is considered the Golden Age of Steamboats?
1815-1860 is considered to be the Golden Age of steamboats.
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
1872- Sheffield, England found Bessemer process Pittsburgh--largest mil in the world (1875) 1st to mass-produce steel very wealthy man
What is the mauve decade?
1890s
What was Edison's big invention?
1st commercially successful incandescent light but not the first lightbulb
What were the major differences between the first and second industrial revolution?
1st: solo inventions and inventors 2nd: organized research and all breakthroughs related
How long did it take to travel east to west by wagon and horse?
5 months
What were the advantages of the steamboat?
50 miles per day 8x the goods 8x as fast can go upstream
What were the rewards per mile built of the Transcontinental Railroad?
6,400 acres of land for every mile of track laid, and as much as $48,000 in government bonds for each mile completed.
Why were Edison's competitors interested in pursuing Alternation Current over Direct Current (Explain).
Alternation Current does not allow as much power loss when transmitting high-voltage AC over long distances. Edison was not concerned with long distances, however, and his competitors took advantage of that.
When did construction begin and when did it end? Yrs./Where
Although the government funded and approved the building of the Transcontinental Railroad before the Civil War, the main construction of the railway began after the Civil War around 1865. The Central Pacific began in Sacramento and the Union Pacific began at the Missouri River by the Nebraska-Iowa border. The Transcontinental Railroad was completed on May 10, 1869 when the two lines joined in Promontory Summit.
Who was Etienne Lenior?
Belgium 1859 first working internal combustion engine mixed coal gas and air didn't compress gas, not very efficient
Who was William Perkin?
British 1856 first synthetic dye: "mauveine" accidental discovery at age 18 mauveine was made from coal tar, a by-product of coke
Who were the big four (investors in the Central Pacific Railroad, who wrestled control from Judah)?
Collis P. Huntington Mark Hopkins Charles Crocker Leland Stanford --would become Governor of California (for whom Stanford university is named)
What kind of current did Faraday use?
DC
Who participated in the current wars and what won?
Edison (DC) and Tesla (AC) both nearly went bankrupt AC won
What was the first research lab in America?
Edison in Menlo Park, NJ
Where did immigrants come through?
Ellis Island
What were the Union Pacific struggles?
Native American resistance (it was their land, they killed the buffalo which was their way of life)
What did Nikola Tesla invent?
Nikola Tesla invented the first motor for translating AC to mechanical energy.
What were the important rivers for steamboats?
Ohio, Mississippi, Hudson, Missouri, Chesapeake Bay Region
When and who signed a bill allowing the Transcontinental railroad?
On July 1, 1862 President Abraham Lincoln
What was the thing other than steel that made building up possible?
Otis elevator (1880) had breaking mechanism
Who was Nikolaus Otto?
Otto Engine (1876) first practical alternative to steam compressed the coal gas for more power stationary and too large for automobiles
Describe the difficulty of traveling in Colonial America, especially over roads?
Overland, colonists first used the trails of the natives. These trails were too small for wagons and therefore were not used much by the colonists. Mules and packhorses became the primary method of transportation. Roads were maintained by towns or slaves. The roads were not taken care of very well. Sometimes tree stumps were not even removed from the roads. They had wood bridges that did not hold up well in the climate. In the 1790s, the first private turnpikes began to be built and in 1808 the federal government agreed to finance a road. This helped the industrial revolution begin in America. Even with all the improvements that began to happen, heavy goods could not be moved fast and easy. Getting gravel was costly, streams in roads, work only done during winter time, most located in northeast, bad for long distance travel, short and functional, the cost of travel was more than the cost of production (expensive), took a long time
Who had the first commercially successful steamboat in America?
Robert Fulton
Who was Robert Fulton?
Robert Fulton was the first to successfully develop and operate commercial the American steamboat. He was the son of Irish immigrants in Pennsylvania and he became familiar with steamboat technology while he was in Europe France (Paris) to pursue art. He built a 6-horsepower steamboat in 1803 with the financial help of Robert Livingston. Livingston and Fulton had a steamboat monopoly in the New Orleans territory. Fulton died suddenly in 1815. He used a Bolton/Watt engine (they sold it to him), we see technology transfer, promoted Erie canal, in 1807 he took a trip from New York to Albany that took 32 hours and before it would have taken in 4 days, start to shrink time
Who is the father of the American factory system and how did he get to America?
Samuel Slater he disguised himself as a farmer
Who was Nikola Tesla?
Serbian-American foe of Edison AC 1888 AC induction motor investor: George Westinghouse 1893: Columbia Exposition
How were goods moved by water?
Shallow-draft sailing boats could be used to ship goods until they reached the fall-line where they used birch-bark canoes to transport the goods farther. Flatboats were also used before steamboats to transport bulky, heavy goods down the river. The return trip for these boats was extremely difficult and could take up to six months.
What were the struggles of the Central Pacific Company?
Sierra Nevada mountains (weather) lack of men (used Chinese)
What act made steamboats license operated?
Steamboat Act of May 30, 1852
What were some of the problems with commercial steel making in the 19th century? How did Henry Bessemer in 1856 solve the problem of commercial steel making?
Steel was expensive to produce. Therefore, it was made in small amounts in clay pots to be used mostly by the military or in luxury items. There were also difficulties achieving the correct temperature and timing of producing steel. Henry Bessemer proposed a new way of making steel by blasting hot air through molten metal. The process of making steel used to take days. With Bessemer's method, it took less than an hour. The cost of steel also dropped dramatically. They were now able to start commercial steel making.
What was one of Edison's biggest papents?
Talking doll (1890)
What two companies were involved in building the Transcontinental Railroad?
The Central Pacific and the Union Pacific were the two companies charged to build the Transcontinental Railroad.
What ethnic group did the Central Pacific line hire to build the railroad? Why
The Central Pacific line hired Chinese to build the railroad. They were short on people and the Chinese were available to help. The Chinese also knew what they were doing and were very organized in their approach towards the task.
Where did the two companies start building?
The Central Pacific railroad started building from Sacramento, CA and the Union Pacific started from Council Bluffs, Iowa (eastern terminus selected by president Lincoln)--Omaha
What was the Eastern starting point? What was the Western starting point?
The Eastern starting point of the Transcontinental Railroad was the Missouri River and the Western starting point was Sacramento.
What river network was the great instigator of steamboat technology?
The Mississippi River System was the great instigator of steamboat technology.
The Second Industrial Revolution was much more a product of ___________than the first one? Explain or provide Example
The Second Industrial Revolution was much more a product of science and organized research than the first one. During the first Industrial Revolution, individual inventors, such as James Watt, invented individual technologies, such as the steam engine. In the second Industrial Revolution, however, teams of scientists worked together in research labs, such as Menlo Park, to invent new technologies together, such as the light bulb.
What were some of the motivating factors behind the railroad after the Civil War? Explain
The Transcontinental Railroad brought healing to the country after the Civil War. The men who had been shooting at each other a few months earlier were now united in a single project. The competition of the two companies also helped the men on each team become more united. The Transcontinental Railroad also gave the devastated country hope after the Civil War. This railroad would unite the country like never before.
) Why did the building of the Transcontinental Railroad have such a devastating on Native Americans? Explain in detail
The building of the Transcontinental railroad had a devastating impact on the Native Americans. The Native Americans had free roam of the land for centuries and then suddenly "white man" came and destroyed that land. The land was even sacred in their religion so they did not give it up without a fight. Also, there were millions of buffalo living on this land. The Native Americas worshipped the buffalo in their religion, used buffalo skins for sheltered and clothing. The Native Americas' lives were built around the buffalo. "White man" came in and started shooting the buffalo for game and destroying the Native Americans' way of life.
Explain: How did the completion of the railroad transform America (major impact)?
The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad crashed through the barriers built in the Civil War and made America a unified country. The created American pride and Americans began thinking of themselves as a continental nation. It also transformed the economy of America. Goods were easier to ship across the country and commerce became easier. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad let the world know that America was going to be a world power.
How were American railroads different than European railroads?
The drained off water so they didn't freeze
What was the world's first railroad? Where was it built and when?
The first railroad was the Stockton and Darlington in northern England in 1825
Where was the first research lab in America established?
The first research lab was established in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
The growing textile industry encouraged research in what area?
The growing textile industry encouraged research in the area of chemicals as scientists focused on dyes, bleaches, and cleaning agents.
What improvements did the American Steel industry make as a result of advances with the Bessemer process?
The improvements to the American steel industry were increased furnace size, handling of materials was mechanized, steel alloys improved, durable machine tools, the automotive industry took off, and many, many more.
What three technological breakthroughs defined the Second Industrial Revolution?
The internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity, and the radical change in the understanding and application of chemicals are the three technological breakthroughs that defined the second Industrial Revolution.
How did the railroad help to build the Western part of the United States (examples)?
The railroad built the Western part of the United States. It brought industry and population growth especially along the tracks. Town and Cities began popping up all over the west. The population increased exponentially as people became curious about the west. There was even a dramatic increase in immigration from other countries to the west. The railroad also helped develop a culture specific to the west. The railroad is the symbol of the Western United States.
What were some of the major problems encountered in building the Transcontinental Railroad?
There were major challenges to the building of the Transcontinental Railroad for both companies. The Central Pacific's main problem was the Serra Nevada mountains. It took three years to build a railway through the mountain. They used dynamite to blast through the rock. Another struggle for the Central Pacific was a shortage of men. They began hiring Chinese to solve this problem. The major problem for the Union Pacific was Native Americans. The Native Americans brutally murdered the men building the railroad because they were invading their sacred land. They also were not pleased that the men began killing the buffalo. The buffalo was everything to these Native American groups. The government eventually sent troops out to protect the men building the railroad from the Natives.
What were the Liverpool and Manchester trials and why were they important?
These trials were held in 1829 to choose a locomotive Robert Stephenson's "Rocket" won (multi tubular boiler and direct gearless drive that would be the basis for future generations of locomotives)
What was the Conestoga wagon? Be specific.
They first appeared near Lancaster, Pennsylvania and was an adaptation of the English farm wagon. It had long and deep beds that "dished" towards the middle to help it not tip when carrying heavy loads. It also had six-inch wide wheels that helped it drive through potholes. These wagons not only moved goods but also people.
Who was Thomas Durant?
Thomas Durant illegally controlled interest on the Union Pacific Company and therefore he had complete control over the project. scoundrel leader of the Union Pacific railroad who became notorious for making money through fraud and corruption
What specific technologies did Thomas Edison invent?
Thomas Edison developed the first commercially successful lightbulb by making advances in the vacuum pump and filaments. He also developed a whole system of electricity generation and measurement.
What was a super bad fire in a skyscraper in New York?
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire March 25, 1911 146 people died
By focusing on the individual technologies, we lose sight of what fact about this evolution? Explain
When we focus on individual technologies, we can lose sight of the interdependence of these technologies on each other. For example, many chemical processes that were invented depended on electricity to work.
What was America's 1st invention made by organized research laboratories?
electricity
What were the three major breakthroughs of the second industrial revolution?
electricity, chemicals, internal combustion
What do you get when you get steamboats?
expanded country (growth of cities) more trade/commerce people start to travel and move
Why was steel not produced earlier?
expensive, hard to produce quickly
Who was Gottlieb Diamler?
first high-speed internal combustion enigine "The Diamler": first powered two-wheeler produced with Wilhelm Maybach in 1885 8 mph
What is rayon?
first semi-synthetic fabric (1891)
What is neoprene?
first synthetic rubber
What is nylon?
first truly synthetic fabric (1935)
What is Bakelite?
first truly synthetic plastic (non-cellulose) (1907)
How were goods originally shipped down river?
flatboats
What was the payment for building the railroad?
flatlands: $16,000/mile plateau: $38,000/mile mountains: $48,000/mile
What was America's first railroad?
in 1830, the Baltimore and Ohio company 13 miles of line
What did Michael Faraday do?
invented the 1st electric generator (1831)
What did the Transcontinental railroad show about America?
its capacity for boldnes, ingenuity and industry.
What are the outcomes of industry?
jobs lost: desparation jobs gained: steady pay textiles produced more quickly and efficiently fabric and clothing more affordable women's work became valued communities working in the same trade child labor employer-employee relationship weakened
What led to advances in the chemical industry?
knowledge in the textile industry
How were the social issues from urbanization solved?
national parks, city green spaces, volunteer youth corps, sierra club, Playground Association of America
What are advantages of steel?
needed to build up revolutionizes everything strong
How many patents did Edison have and give a few examples?
over 1000 patents telephone, transmitter, electric light/power, motion picture camera, phonograph/record, telegraph apparatus, low-grade iron ore, alkaline storage battery, stock ticker, fuel cell, cement manufacturing system
What are the social issues with urbanization?
overcrowding, garbage, noise, pollution, sanitation
Who was Lewis Latimer?
part of Edison's research team invented the carbon filament that made Edison's light bulb practical wrote 1st book on electric lighting in US helped many plants true "renaissance man"
What does the dyestuff industry lead to?
pharmaceutical industry
Who was Jacob Reese?
photographer, showed the wealthy how the poor lived wrote "How the Other Half Lives" focused on children
What was the early forerunner of railroads?
puffing devil
What became the largest cooperation in America?
railroads
What is the solution to the steamboat problem?
railroads
Who was Fredrick McKinley Jones?
refrigeration for trains, cars, trucks, etc.
What is the Gilded Age?
some people rich but many many poor people, big gap, people on the top did not know about life for the poor
What was one of the greatest technological and engineering feats of the 19th Century?
the Transcontinental Railroad
What was the biggest technical advancement of this era?
the Transcontinental railroad
What is celluloid?
the first plastic (1869) from natural cellulose, only semi-synthetic
What are the problems with steamboats?
they need deep water they can only go to cities on the waterway
Why were the Chinese men chosen?
they thought they might be too small but they had built the great wall of China and they were well organized
What was the impact of the Transcontinental Railroad?
time zones employment mail order catalog-watches (Sears) from domestic economy to a national economy becomes the largest manufacturer in the world (30% of the world's goods) made it possible for us to become a world power
What were the problems with light bulbs before Edison's?
too expensive too much current short life
How did the Transcontinental Railroad improve travel time?
took the trip from 6 months to 8 days
What was the forerunner of roads?
wagonways
Who was Theodore Judah ?
was the designer who got the project underway, he picked the route through the wilderness of California's Sierra Nevadas.
What are the benefits of the cottage industry?
worker had control of hours and income work and social life combined no supervision family togetherness
What was the Factory Investigating Commission?
workplace fire safety, ventilation, minimum standards for working women/children