HUM 252 Test 3
63. swadeshi:
"own country" - feeding off of the wide appeal of the movement in favor of native Indian goods and boycott of foreign imports
43. Ram Mohan Roy:
(1774-1833) - Bengali brahmin whose paternal ancestors had for several generations taken up service to the state of Muslim rulers in a secular capacity - Education in Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit - An enlightened Indian gentleman of late Mughal type with a cosmopolitan look - Interest in world affairs and the reform of Hinduism - Took up service to the East India Company (although he first had a great aversion to British rule) - Mastered English and studied the bible in Greek and Hebrew - Wrote "The precepts of Jesus" - Died in England
54. Swami Vivekanada:
(1863-1902) -became a figure of international renown when he attended in 1893 a convocation of religious leaders from many countries, called parliament of religions held in Chicago -known for wearing saffron robe and turban -resolved the two sides of his formation: 1. university education & teaching of his guru 2. the west was superior in material matters like science and technology while the east was superior in spiritual matters
Jinnah
(1876-1948) Was a lawyer like Gandhi; had a successful practice in Bombay. - Wealthy clients - Art of negotiation—he was practically unbeatable - Urbane and stylish; western clothes; refined tastes; liberal and secular in his teachings - Wanted to be a Shakespearean actor - No bonds of sympathy with Gandhi (was on the opposing side)
71. non-cooperation:
(1990-1922) Called on Indians everywhere to withdraw their engagement with colonial government and its institutions - government officeholders to leave office, students to withdraw from school and consumers to boycott foreign goods
57. Background of new elite:
(new politicians after the rebellion of 1857) Did not come from the elites of the old regimen (Mughal nobility and zamindars), but instead they came from new leadership. - Educated in the new universities of the new coastal cities that had grown large as centers of colonial government, namely the three presidency cities: Calcutta, Madras and Bombay - More fluent in European ideas - Many were lawyers
99. Dow's vs. Singha's "despotism,":
- Dow's: Unchecked will of the ruler, defined the Mughal-Indian political system - Singha's: 'despotism of law', while the new oriental scholarship gave Indians a new perspective on their countries past everyday practices became increasingly rule bound, and so lost their previous flexibility in application
7. Vasco da Gama:
- First person to sail to India from Europe Portugal made the first effective explorations in the other direction, of the southern route around the coast of India, beginning with the voyage of Vasco de Gama in 1498
98. nabob-bibi-memsahib: (Calcutta)
- Nabob: Wealthy English residents - Bibi: Indian mistresses - Memsahib: English women who enforced a bourgeois domesticity upon their men
42. THE NATION-STATE: N<PS>S:
- Popular sovereignty is the glue that holds together the two pieces that make up the nation state: if the people are the source of sovereignty, every people or nation should have a state of its own
Gandhi
-political action of the Indian national congress was reshaped by Gandhi (1869-1948), the mahatma (great soul) who dominated the 20 century Indian nationalism -created a mass movement and the political actions were based on nonviolence (ahimsa) to secure equal treatment and oppose discriminatory laws -studied law in England and was a lawyer in South Africa for a deathly Indian Muslim grocery business owner - profoundly religious and non-traditional -led nonviolent movements to secure Indian equal treatment and oppose discriminatory laws -arrived back in India as a national hero in 1915 - father was prime minister/diwan of Porbunder
59. three main traits:
1. not a mass movement (only became one in the 20th century by Gandhi)—The heads saw themselves as the lead of the Indian nation due to their advanced education 2. It was politically moderate and pursued its ends entirely through constitutional means 3. It conceived of the Indian people as one nation, in spite of differences of religion, and especially sought to include Muslims as well as Hindus in its movement.
84. %-%:
17.5% of army uniforms, railroad engines and wagons, bank deposits, and pencils want to Pakistan 82.% went to India
73. Quit India Movement:
1942, Gandhi's response to the outbreak of world war II, slogan expressing a demand that the British quit India at once, in the midst of war, and leave India to its own devices before the advancing forces of japan
86. Warren Hastings:
A man with a distinguished record of diplomatic and commercial service in India, as the first governor-general of the company's Indian territories - Created an ordered system of government for British India - 13 years at the helm of government - Impeachment trial & acquitted - Knew no Indian languages - Separate codes for Hindus and Muslims - Laid the foundation for British Raj in India
35. 1830s in England:
A period of massive reform in England, broadening of voting rights, reform of parliamentary government to make it more representative and responsible to the voters - It is a paradox that the great era of liberal reform in England promoted in India the idea of liberalism directed from above by a government that was not responsible to the people it ruled, but rather to the Parliament in faraway Britain, a kind of liberal despotism (the new reform-minded rulers persuaded themselves and others that they were there for the good of Indians, to prepare them for self-rule in some distant future, through a policy of gradual social and political reform toward a European model of civilization
40. 1800 beginning of role reversal:
After 1800 the terms of the India trade began to change, and change drastically, as English industrialists in Manchester developed a machine-based textile industry for the manufacturer of cotton cloth. - India became the supplier of raw materials and importer of (now machine-made) manufactured goods, a complete reversal of the former terms of trade
83. Date
August 14, 1947: Pakistan August 15, 1947: India
15. 1765:
Beginning of company rule, which lasted for around one hundred years, from 1765, when the company acquired administrative powers in Bengal (known as the diwani)
53. Ramakrishna Mission:
Calcutta, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1866) found that he could reach god through the practice of other religious practice of other religious pathways, within Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity - founder of movement and a teacher of charisma and natural gifts at Bengali University of the youths - Spread of yoga
80. Labour Party:
Churchill's conservatives were swept out of power by the labour party under clement Attlee - he was dead set against India's independence, whereas Attlee and the labour party favored it and sought to put it through quickly (economically drained and threat of reelection) - Was quick because: Had to be done before Churchill was back in power, England was economically drained, India on the verge of a civil war
88. "fixed laws,":
Codes that had been set down or established by "law givers" and that over times these had become corrupted by accretions, interpretations, and commentaries. - Hastings saw his task as that of restoring these 'original' texts in all of their purity, and so freeing the British from dependence upon Indian legal scholars train in Sanskrit or Arabic
28. Permanent Settlement:
Company was in the direction of minimal interference - Permanently settled the revenue obligations of zamindars; the zamindars had a fixed unchangeable amount of revenue to be paid every year—which would increase the output of agriculture by investing in improvements, because every addition increment of production by the peasantry beyond the fixed amount would profit the zamindar - Put the burden of collecting revenue from the cultivators on the shoulders of the zamindar, and relieved the government of the obligation to maintain large numbers of petty officials for this purpose
67. Young India:
Connected ashram to the entire country as a whole through this magazine
12. Joint Stock Companies:
Corporations of merchants and the Indian princes who gave them trading privileges and leased them small patches of territory on the coast for their trading posts
17. 1947
Crown rule lasted about a hundred years, from 1858 to independence in 1947
96. David Ludden and C. A. Bayly:
David Ludden: (Historian) The real Indian experts were those scientists and trained administrators who worked and travelled in the countryside and observed local conditions C. A. Bayly: argued that the colonial information order was built on the foundations of Indian precursors
58. first meeting date:
Formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 - Originally a talking club of new leadership, but became an annual event—it gathered to formulate positions to present to government as the unitary voice of the Indian people
2. al-Adli:
From Baghdad, a ninth-century writer on chess problems, called India's three contributions to the world: the game of chess; the collection of folktales and animal fables called the Panchatantra; and the zero, that is the place-notation of the number system—what in English is called the Arabic numerals, although they derive, ultimately from India
69. public action:
Gandhi devised highly visible satyagraha's (resistance) that galvanized (shocked someone into taking action) the country and out the British government of India on the defensive
66. ashram:
Gandhi formed an ashram for himself and his closest followers, a utopian community serving as a model for the nation and a political center -connected India as a whole through the magazine, young India - deep in the country-side
61. ahimsa:
Gandhi's political actions were based off of this ancient principle of nonviolence
100. Lord Wellesley:
Governor-general in 1798 - Inaugurated 20 years of military activity that made the company by 1818 the master of India
90. Collector:
Hastings also took the first steps towards the establishment of a distinctively colonial form of executive governance that of the collector in charge of a district - Collector of taxes - Controlled the police and decided cases in court - No independent authority - No opportunity for promotion
94. Asiatic Society of Bengal:
Hastings major institutional creation - Founded in 1784 under the leadership of Sir William Jones, the society dedicated itself above all to the study of the religious and cosmological texts of Indian antiquity - British scholars, working closely with Sanskrit pandits to whom they were deeply indebted, elaborated a history for India like what Europe was doing itself
75. V. D. Savankar:
Hindu side, took the view that true Indians were those for whom india was not only the land of their ancestors (pitr-bhumi), but all the land of their religion (punyr-bhumi), which meant muslims, Christians, and others, even thought they might have been Indian by birth and ancestry, were not fully Indian by virtue of following religions with places that lay outside india - known as Hindu nationalism - Muslim side: muslims were a separate nation that needed a separate nation state
89. N. B. Halhed:
In 1776 Hastings convened a panel of Sanskrit legal scholars to compile a code of Gentoo (Hindu) laws. the scholars, as described by Halhed, first picked out sentence by sentence from various originals in the Sanskrit language legal decisions on different topics - These passages were next translated into Persian and from that tongue they were rendered into English by Halhed himself
23. Rebellion:
In 1857 a mutiny of Indian sepoys or soldiers against their British officers in Meerut, near Delhi, spread and morphed into a broad rebellion against British rule that engulfed much of North India. - Causes of discontent were many, but immediate was the introduction of Enfield rifle, the cartridges of which were greased with animal fat, and the belief that the cartridges was beef tallow and pig fat gave offense to Hindu and Muslim sepoys alike. - Grew from the bitterness that the Indian princely allies felt over tehri treatment by the British and continuing loss of their powers - Quickly boiled into full-scale military insurrection attempting to restore old regime of India prior to the British (Mughal regime) - Was suppressed after 1 year (failed because it was not unified) - The aftermath of the rebellion was a complex mixture of repression and conciliation by the British (Public mass executions)
27. bases of family law distinctions:
In England, matters of family law were adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts of the Church of England, and in India the colonial government, with the English pattern in mind, undertook at an early stage to recognize in India a distinct Hindu law and Muslim law governing matters of marriage and inheritance in courts (whereas criminal and contract law were made uniform for all Indians) - Thus, in family matters, the colonial regime perpetuated the authority of the ancient Sanskrit law books (Dharmashastra) for Hindus and the Sharia law of the Islamic jurists for Muslims. - The authority of these ancient texts became greater, insofar as it tended to replace local customary practices. - The British government was wary about interfering with these bodies of law, and legislated on family matters in only a very limited way - The Indian Parliament with its Hindu majority, undertook to set aside the authority of the Dharmashastra and legislate on family matters for Hindus, but it has felt it too politically sensitive to interfere with the existing religiously based law for Muslims because of their being the in the minority, with the result being that there is no uniform law of marriage and inheritance for all Indians. - This impasse has been a source of continuing friction between Hindus and Muslims in the republic of India, as the law for Hindus has been reformed to bring it in line with current sentiment, but the law for Muslims remains in the hand of religious authorities and is deemed unchangeable by Parliament.
97. Colin Mackenzie:
In the years after 1800, visibly marked out the new order - Dependent on native assistants—inquired into all aspects of Indian life - Sketches of ruined temples. List of crops and castes - Work foreshadowed the later census of the Victorian era
1. Islam:
India was deeply affected by the astonishingly successful expansion of Islam and Islamic states across much of Europe and Asia from about the eighteenth century. - The expansion had created a cosmopolitan world of trade, diplomacy, taste, and knowledge that penetrated and blended, in different ways, with Indian civilization, drawing on it and adding to it. - It was through the Islamic world that Indian ideas and inventions reached Europe in the late medieval times
77. Class:
Indian Muslims largely consisted of a small, wealthy landed elite deriving from Mughal times and a large, poor class of artisans and landless laborers, with little by way of a middle class having a university education - There were few modernizing professionals like Jinnah
93. Sepoys:
Indian soldiers recruited by Hence Clive to fight for the British company - High caste of Hindu peasantry—primarily Rajput and Brahman
22. Sepoys:
Indian troops that served the British (company) army
38. education/science/technology:
Indians quickly took to engineering and science, - former advancement in mathematics and astronomy had made a contribution to the scientific eminence that Europe achieved through the renaissance and provided a fund of knowledge on which Indians could draw in coming to terms with new science and technology emanating from Europe
37. popular sovereignty:
It was in the political realm that the effects of European civilization were most deeply felt, because the British, without wishing to, brought before Indians the idea of popular sovereignty as a model of government - The gov. of India was under the sovereignty of the people of Britain, not of India - Learned that popular sovereignty existed in America and Europe (the international norm for government) - In a sense popular sovereignty was at the heart of the liberal ideology of empire, as Indian self-governance was the endpoint of the British tutelage
95. Language to Race:
Jones ties of language gave way to the theory of biological race in which those of presumed Aryan descent in india, regarded as degenerate from long centuries of mixing their blood with that of the land's indigenous peoples, shared little with their European cousins
29. Zamindars:
Large landlords, holding hundreds of villages
91. College at Fort William:
Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) founded the college at Calcutta (1802) as a place where incoming civil servants were taught local languages prior to taking up their appointments
55. Aligarh:
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental college founded at Aligarh by Sayyid Ahmad Kahn (1817-1898) - meant to rectify that relative backwardness of Muslims, giving them a college of their own at which they could receive an Islamic education and instruction in English and modern science
72. Salt March:
Most inventive of Gandhi's satyagraha's; devised to deliberately and with maximum publicity - make sea salt in defiance of the government monopoly - From ashram in Central India to seashore at Dandi in Gujarat; 240 miles/400 km
26. Baptists:
Nevertheless, the ban lasted many decades until pro-missionary opinion in England successfully pressured Parliament to end it when the East India Company's charter was renewed in 1813. - By that time British Baptist missionaries, Casey, Marshman, and Ward, had been working out of Danish Serampore (Srirampur), near Kolkata, with some success, long before the Church of England had missionaries in the field. - Although the numbers of conversions were tiny in relation to the whole population of India, the missions had a number of significant effects, must notably through their schools, but also through their critiques of Hinduism
79. Dyarchy elections:
Period of shared rule from 1937-1939 - elections were held so that Indian governments could be formed that shared power with the British - resulted in an overwhelming congress victory and the formation of congress governments in many provinces
18. Settlement:
Previous invaders came and settled in India, making it their home and the home of their home and the home of their descendants; the British sent out its young men, aged seventeen or eighteen, to be civil servants and military officers, but they intended to retire to Britain at the end of their careers and considered Britain home.
3. Nuremberg:
Published in 1943 at the beginning of print in the West and at the outset of the great voyages that would take European merchant ventures to India - Pictures of people who are nourished by smells and the backward-foot people
45. amelioration: (improvement)
Rammohan's conception of the amelioration of the Indians was both political and religious in nature, and his actions accordingly involved him in lobbying the government on various issues of political reform, on the one hand, and creating a reformed Hindu religious movement, the Brahma Sabha, on the other. - Petition against the Jury Act of 1827: complaint of Indians against a law that introduced religious considerations and European privilege into the English tradition of trial by jury (fighting against subjecting Indians to trial by European Christians)
33. James Mill:
Reform was promoted by the convergence of two distinct strands of liberal reform coming out of England: Utilitarianism that sought government reform and the evangelical movement that sought social reform. - Leader of the Utilitarians - Favored the Munro system of revenue - Not a natural ally with the evangelical reform, but both sides promoted a policy stance of changing India for their perception of India's good
34. Thomas Babington Macaulay & Charles Trevelyan
Reform was promoted by the convergence of two distinct strands of liberal reform coming out of England: Utilitarianism that sought government reform and the evangelical movement that sought social reform. - had evangelical connections - Promoted educations of Indians in English rather than the classical languages of Indian law: Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic - Not a natural ally with the James Mill, but both sides promoted a policy stance of changing India for their perception of India's good - Macaulay published an attack on Mill's famous essay of government
78. Khilafat Movement:
Relations between Congress and the Muslim League varied - Brought together with the Khilafat movement: supported the Ottoman ruler, who was considered to be the Khalifa or caliph for the entire Muslim world - Anti-British issue that they could unite on
47. reform and history:
Return to purified, Vedic or Vedantic form of Hinduism, reformed of its social abuse and with a minimum of ritual. - Thus, the critique of Hinduism that he met in Islam and in Christianity became stimuli not for conversion from Hinduism but to the reform of Hinduism, from resources within itself
20. Princely States:
Such allies retained the rule of their own countries throughout the period of British rule, although, at a price, which included leaving their foreign affairs in the hands of the British-India and managed their own regimes of taxation and administration and their own armed forces, but each of them had a British resident who kept them apprised of British policy, and often interfered with the internal governance and. The succession to the kingdom. - Over time their political functions shrank - Covered a third of the landmass of India, right up to the end of British rule
36. family law:
The British concluded that Indian resistance to British rule came from too much Europeanizing reform and that a more conservative policy was needed to calm Indian fears about their religion and way of life being eroded by government policy - thus matters, especially family law, were to be closed off from reform along European lines - Matters remained firmly under religious authority, upheld by government law courts, and were little touched by reform through the making of new law, except through the decisions of judges in lawsuits. In this respect the effect of British rule was deeply conservative.
14. 1757:
The British east India company army, under Robert Clive, defeated the Mughal governor of Bengal, Siraj ud Daula, at Plassey this year - Clive's victory was secured by a prior secret agreement with two of Siraj ud Duala's generals, who held back their armies, and Clive replaced Siraj ud Duala with one of them, Mir Jafar, as Bengals' governor
24. nature of Company rule:
The British in India were the servants of a joint stock company that was there to make a profit for its shareholders in Britain, not to undertake costly and profitless projects for the Europeanization of Indian society. - Its government was minimal and provided little beyond law-and-order function - It was very much a government on the cheap and took no responsibility for the education, reform, and uplift of the people - In other words. "to make its rule as light a burden as possible in every matter that did not touch the profit of the Company and the security of its rule"
25. Evangelicals:
The East Indian Company prohibited missionary activity in its territories, on grounds that it would antagonize Indians, Hindu and Muslims, and so jeopardize its operations. - The ban on missions certainly removed a potential source of dissatisfaction of Indians with British rule, but it was intensely criticized in England, so it was not maintained without cost, especially with the rising evangelical religion in England in the opening years of the nineteenth century.
8. missionaries and the culture question:
The Portuguese brought Catholic Christianity with them to India and catholic missionaries from various countries who set about learning Indian languages and making converts, and establishing the Pope's supremacy over the ancient community of Thomas Christians in south India (who claimed to have been led by apostle Thomas) - missionary enterprise was pulled in different directions by contrary forces promoting assimilation with Indian culture and isolation from it - one extreme: Italian Jesuit, Roberto Nobili, who adopted the dress and life of a Brahmin - the other extreme: Goa—to enforce orthodoxy at among Catholics, in response to anxiety that lingering Hindu beliefs and practices were compromising the purity of Christianity in India.
16. 1857-8:
The Rebellion of 1857: the British Government put an end to Company rule and imposed Crown rule, which is to say, direct rule of British India by the British government. Crown rule also lasted about a hundred years, from 1858 to independence in 1947
19. Firearms:
The company's military successes in India were accomplished by large numbers of Indian soldiers under British command, and the smaller number of British soldiers. The means of success lay not so much in military technology, which was not very different from that of the Mughals and other Indian powers, which were fully in the gunpower era, using artillery and matchlocks or flintlocks. The European advantage lay in the rapidity and massing of firepower achieved through the use of formations of well-drilled men
4. Ottomans:
The creation (in 1299 CE) and spread of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, and its revival of the institution of the caliph as head of the worldwide community of Islam, further solidified Muslim centrality to trade of Eurasia
81. Cabinet Mission Plan:
The last formula to keep the Congress and the Muslim League together within an undivided India - proposed a feral system, consisting of central government with only the most basic powers over national defense and foreign affairs, and provinces with large powers of self-government, subject only to these limited power of the center - special feature of the plan was that provinces could choose to combine, forming intermediate blocks of provinces with government and powers of their own - agreement failed and the only remaining plan was for partition
41. new ideas of History and their necessity:
The new history and new political ideal of the nation state, could be combined to create a new idea of India and its trajectory toward the future, toward independence
21. Alliances:
The other contributing factor to British military success in India (besides well-drilled men) was the alliances that the British made with Indian rulers against their Indian opponents. - Indian princes played a large role in the system of alliances that extended and consolidated British rule in India, but over time their political functions shrank
70. class-broadening:
The overall tendency of Gandhi's methods was an opening up of the Congress party, turning it into a mass movement that dew in people of all classes, not just the English-speaking elites. - Women took active roles - Mass participation fed three major events—one in each decade in which Gandhi was the leading force
76. 100 million:
The population of the largest Muslim population - 25% of the whole population - Muslims a permanent minority, subject to Hindu majority
13. Factor:
These factories, as they were called, were not places of manufacture but essentially warehousing facilities, so called because they were governed by someone called a "factor" or commercial agent of the company. - Some factories were fortified and protected by Indian soldiers under European officers
31. Ryotwari system
Through Munro's advocacy—replaced the Zamindari system. - Sought to give cultivators a strong property right in his land and so make the land-owning peasant, not some rich zamindar, into an agent for the improvement of agriculture
32. revenue army:
To hold the individual cultivator responsible to pay for the land tax, the government needed an army of petty revenue officers to measure each individual field to assess and collect taxes, under a British collector appointed in each district of every provenience - because revenue officers had low pay and plenty of opportunities of embezzlement—the collector was given unlimited powers to investigate and dismiss members of his staff. - To sum it up: a highly paid British collector with great executive and judicial power fielding a lowly paid and numerous army of Indian revenue officials; government reached every cultivator directly and not through the intermediacy of a large land owner
5. Venice:
Venice made its fortune through this trade in precious goods from the Muslim east, but other European nations and their merchants soon were searching for passages to India that would bypass the Muslims.
92. Indian Civil Service:
Was a part of the 'steel frame' of Indian administration - British and Indians took great. Pride
6. Ptolemy:
When Columbus thought he reached India, but instead landing in the new world, this supposition (unclear belief) was supported by 2 features of the geography of Ptolemy that he was using. 1. There was no effective way of determining longitude, world maps based on Ptolemy greatly overestimate the east-west dimensions of the Eurasian landmass 2. Countries are named but no boundaries are drawn around them and India spreads across eastward to the coast (India is practically a map for all of asia)
30. Thomas Munro
When the territories of the interior of South India fell to the British in 1792, Thomas Munro was one of the army officers involved in surveying the newly acquired tracts and settling the revenue for them. He settled it, not on large landholders or zamindars, but on the individual cultivators or ryots.
64. doti:
adopted the dress of an ordinary peasant of Gujarat: half doti of homespun cloth, bare chest or a shawl, shaved head with tuft, sandals, and long staff for a walking stick
39. the Industrial Revolution:
first industrial country in the world -terms of India trade began to change drastically as English industrials in Manchester developed a machine-based textile industry for the manufacture of cotton cloth -new industry made cotton cloth so cheap that it undercut handloom cotton cloth in India
52. Arya Samaj:
founded by Saraswati (1824-1883)- "back to the Veda", simple acts of worship centering on the sacred fire (society free of caste, image worship, multiple divinities, temples, elaborate rituals, and was based on sacred fire) - Opposed to the Puranas
65. khadi:
homespun cloth
49. Devendranath Tagore:
inspired to develop the Brahma Sabha into a missionary movement with the Brahma Samaj, initiation, paid preachers, and a printed journal (the Tattvabodhini patrika) to propagate its message - branches in various parts of Bengal - Never became a mass movement - Dedicated to the idea of a unitary God to be worshipped without images, and to reform of Hindu social laws and customs - By 1865: split into two camps
82. Mountbatten:
last British-india viceroy and to preside over the partition and transfer of power
68. daily prayer:
meetings that drew massive attendance wherever he traveled
85. violence and the origin of the international NS order:
millions of people left their homes and hundreds of thousands were killed due to inter religious hatred and lawlessness fomented by the partition - under conditions of mass violence and dislocation, two nation states formed and marked the pathway for independence for the colonies of Europe
51. Keshab Chandra Sen:
movement had split into two camps, the more extreme under the leadership of Keshab Chandra Sen - leader of more extreme camp of movement; took on a more devotionalism, less Sanskrit and Brahmanical cast and became an effective proponent on the national stage for social reform - played a large role in abolishing child marriage and polygamy
50. Tattvabodhini Patrika
printed journal used to propagate message of missionary movement by Tagore
48. Brahma Samaj:
small, elite affair confined to Calcutta, and it languished after the death of Roy - had some India-wide visibility and even opened branches in Madras, Bombay, and the Punjab; remained largely a Bengali movement but influence spread beyond Bengal, esp. in the large cities of British India and among the classes of professional people most exposed to the new European ideas - Recitation of the Veda was the central activity, as distinct from the acts of worship before images in a Hindu temple
87. Board of Control:
subordination of impeaching Hastings took institutional form in 1738 with the creation of the board of control - president sat in the British cabinet
56. Deoband:
traditional Islamic learning, one that accepted British rule so long as it upheld Anglo-Muhammadan family law, printed works in Urdu and that was the encouraged language - numerous locations in India and Pakistan
62. satyagraha:
truth force or truth power
46. sati and Mimasa:
• Sati: roy wanted to abolish this because a Hindu widow burns herself to death on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband, was an extreme expression of eternal fidelity of a woman to her husband • Mimasa: looked to sanskrit texts and mimamsa principles of interpretation to argue that sati was not required under hindu law