Hum110 Test 3

Hand axe:

"Swiss Army Knife of the Stone Age"

Concrete

Rome's greatest contribution to engineeringHydraulic cement held it all together.

Two things governed mankind's technological progress:

Discovery & Invention

The basic ideas of Scientific Management eventually became standard practice in industry, which led to this new field introduced by Penn State in 1908.

Industrial engineering

Elton Mayo

Industrial psychologist Harvard professor of Industrial Management Hawthorne Plant experiment

Paved Roads

Rome's greatest contribution to the military and perhaps civilization itself Military - can move across Empire faster Civilians - travel, trade

America's first drive-in restaurant.

Royce Hailey's Pig Stand

Any human-powered land vehicle with one or more wheels

Velocipede

Control of Fire (H. erectus)

Mankind's greatest technological leap WHY???

Charles Lindbergh ("Lucky Lindy")Spirit of St. Louis

"Lindy's" solo flight across Atlantic inspires worldwide interest in air travel

Lillian Gilbreth

"Mother of Modern Management"

Karl Benz

"Motorwagen"First internal combustion automobile 1886

Model T Ford

"First affordable automobile"

Homo habilis

"Handy Man" or "Able Man"Stone tools shaped from use - discovery or invention

Karl Dreis

"Laufmaschine"(Running Machine) Forerunner of bicycle

Domestication leads toAgricultural Revolution 3500 BCE

"The Fertile Crescent" Barley and wheat: high protein crops Specialized food-crop tools and techniques evolved Cultivation Irrigation Fertilization Harvesting Storage

OCHRE

(Iron Ore)Mined for trade Decoration, burial rituals

Between 1927 and 1930 Chevrolet bought and destroyed 650,000 cars. Why?

. Used cars diminished the demand for new cars

By the 1910s, employers started to see the value of psychological incentives to encourage employee loyalty. These incentives included

. sports and cultural activities

Public fallout shelter supplies

1 quart water per day 700 calories per day Sanitation supplies Radiation detection instruments

Three major breakthroughs

1. Electricity 2. Chemicals 3. Internal Combustion

Amount of manure dropped by the average horse in a day

10-20lbs

Edison had over ______ patents?

1000

Tesla and Westinghouse

1888: George Westinghouse licensed Tesla's patented AC induction motor and transformer Westinghouse hired Tesla to be a consultant at Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.

Douglas DC-3

1936New generation of commercial passenger planes

There were many small manufacturers in the auto industry in its early days. In 1902 at least ____ new car companies sprang up, although most were out of business within ten years.

50

Ford's New Program

8 Hour workday Savings and Loan $5 a day

THERBLIG

A fundamental motion required for a worker to perform a manual operation

How did autoworkers express their dissatisfaction with the increased pace of the assembly line?

Absenteeism and job-hopping

Civil Defense

An effort to defend civilian society from military attack But what about MAD??

Humphrey Davy

Arc lamp England First incandescent light Arc lamps provided many cities with their first electric streetlights.

General Motors

Available in an array of colors, a reminder that Ford's Model T was only available in black. DuPont Company first created colored auto paint. GM's president: Pierre DuPont!

First truly synthetic plastic

Bakelite

Mining

Began with search for flint/sharp stonesSpecialized jobsDivision of laborSome were 400 feet deep

Welfare capitalism:

Benefits for workers Medical benefits Insurance Profit-sharing Sports teams Musical groups

Stronger Steel for construction:

Bessemer* Process 1855 Oxygen blown through molten iron burns off impurities First inexpensive industrial process for mass-production of steel *Henry Bessemer

3 Kinds of Immediate Damage

Blast: Shock wave 1000 m.p.h. Heat: 9000 degrees at epicenter Radiation: Acute effects up to 4 months

Michael Faraday

British Physicist Faraday's Disc 1831 (Direct Current) Mechanically generated in the laboratory. Electricity is now a useful new technology.

The First Plastic

Celluloid Replaced natural materials: Wood Bone Ivory Tortoiseshell Seashells Porcelain

Dense urban society: pros & cons

Centers of: Power Manufacturing Creativity Innovation Progress Required drastic environmental alteration to produce enough food, building materials, and sources of energy Extremely vulnerable to changes in weather, diseases, overuse of resources, and trade links with foreign peoples. In some cases these ecological problems stimulated innovations. In other cases they led to economic, demographic, or political collapse.

1923 Chevrolet

Chevy competes with the Model T 9-year-0ld technology, but a more luxurious body style

First Manned Flight in Heavier-Than-Air Machine

George Cayley, England, 1853

Vance Packard

Emotional security Reassurance of worth Ego gratification Creative outlets Love objects Sense of power Roots Immortality

Through the 19th century _______ made the most advances in automobile technology.

Europe

Many people were attempting to invent the light bulb but there were flaws:

Expensive Too much current Extremely short life

Levittown, NY

First Suburb

Gottlieb Daimler

First high-speed internal combustion engine "The Daimler"First powered two-wheeler(Produced with Wilhelm Maybach )1885

Sledge

First land vehicle

1902 Olds Runabout

First mass-produced automobile Ransom Olds

Thomas Edison

First practical light bulb America's first research laboratory Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but he invented the first commercially practical incandescent light.

William Perkin

First synthetic dye: "Mauveine" Accidental discovery at age 18, trying to invent synthetic quinine to cure Malaria Mauveine was made from coal tar, a by-product of coke! Within 50 years there were more than 2000 artificial colors!

Despite character flaws such as racial bigotry and a domineering personality, this man had a true desire to improve the lives of others and is perhaps the most important industrialist of the 20th century.

Ford

This man did not invent the assembly line, but he did take it to a higher level by adding electricity to it.

Ford

Barry Commoner

Four laws

What feature of the American house disappeared because of the automobile?

Front porch

First Three-Position Traffic Signal 1923

Garrett Morgan (1877-1963) Cleveland, Ohio Patented in U.S., Britain & Canada. Eventually sold the rights to General Electric for $40,000.

The Assembly Line

Greatest impact on labor Around since Civil War Started with gun production At first only manual

Homo erectus: "Upright Man" with larger brain & body - why?

H. erectus consciously shaped his tools. Discovery or invention?

Sir George Cayley 1773 - 1857Father of Aerodynamics

Heavier-Than-Aircraft

First Powered Assembly Line

Henry Ford 1913

What compelled major urban retailers to begin relocating to the suburbs?

High parking costs due to the high price of downtown land

Societal outcomes of Agricultural Revolution?What do we need now?

Hunting/gathering New farming methods Irrigation/Water control (public works) High population settlements New/monumental building techniques Complex, specialized labor A trade economy Centralized government Military protection Art, architecture, and culture New systems of knowledge: Writing Accounting Calendars

The gradual exchange of skilled artisans for unskilled machine operators resulted in...

Increased managerial authority

Tesla Coil

Intended for the wireless transmission of electricity Produced high-voltage, low-current, high frequency Alternating Current

Early suburbs of mass-produced houses built after WWII

Levittown and Daly City

The benefits of controlling fire

Light Warmth Safety Cooking/eating Mining Cave exploration Extends the day Early socialization Art Spirituality

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Little Boy" & "Fat Man

The "Spongia"

Roman toilet paper

The automobile has created a culture of the "isolated individual in car and home." We travel alone, and are entertained in the seclusion of our homes, yet at the same time we are sharing this experience with millions of other people. The result is a _____ but _____ culture.

Mass - privatized

The overhead conveyor system originated in what industry?

Meat packing

First American research laboratory

Menlo Park, NJ

This car was mass-produced on a powered assembly line so the middle class could afford it.

Model T Ford

Frank Gilbreth

Motion Studies

The Gilbreths were pioneers in the use of this new technology to analyze workers on the job.

Motion picture camera

Because of the automobile, family vacations to these tourist destinations quadrupled in the 1920s

National Parks

Second Industrial Revolution was due...

Not to the lone inventor... But to Science and Organized Research

First Truly Synthetic Fabric

Nylon

This car company was the first to establish a precedent for large-scale production and sales of automobiles in America.

Oldsmobile

Lewis Latimer

One of the 10 most important Black inventors of all time His carbon filament made Edison's light bulb practical: longer-lasting, less expensive, more efficient

After 1910, many companies instituted these administrative offices to consolidate hiring, grant promotions and prevent against indiscriminate firing of employees.

Personnel departments

Cuneiform:

Pictures become writing

Watertown Arsenal Strike 1911

Publicity exposed Taylor's methods to the nation. Led to a Congressional hearing: Scientific Management banned in government establishments. House of Representatives passed a bill banning stopwatches in factories The strike was one of the first to reaffirm basic labor rights during a time of economic lust. Workers regained their grip on individual rights that seemed to be slipping away.

First Semi-synthetic Fabric

Rayon

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Scientific Management: "Taylorism" Stopwatch Studies:The one best way to perform a task.

Nikola Tesla

Serbian-American Electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, physicist, best known for alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. 1884 worked for Thomas Edison 1885 resigned from Edison over a financial dispute 1886 formed Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing Company soon collapsed due to disagreement with investors 1886-7 worked as a ditch digger for $2 /day 1887, Tesla started Tesla Electric Company 1888 received patent for AC induction motor Received close to 300 patents

As technological improvements declined, General Motors employed a new marketing strategy by making changes to the appearance of their cars. What was this strategy called?

Sloanism

Alfred P. Sloan

Sloanism: A new model produced each year. The idea of "planned obsolescence" where owners would want to possess the very latest model.

Urban issues

Social Ills Overcrowding Garbage Noise Pollution Sanitation response National parks City green spaces Volunteer youth corps cleaned up streets Sierra Club Playground Association of America

Lenin and Taylorism

Soviet Union: One of the first countries outside the U.S. to use Scientific Management Lenin believed it could be used to manage the entire nation and make it a major power.

Internal combustion replaces steam power - but...

Stationary: connected to a large fuel tank Only suited to factory machinery and large transport

Competition among auto manufacturers led to many new advances in technology. One example is the invention of the _____________ which replaced the tiller.

Steering wheel

Building a pyramid

Step Pyramid

In the 1990s, this regression to Taylorism reappeared in a California GM-Toyota plant.

Stopwatch

Stone lamps for cave exploration

Storm Petrel

The automobile allowed workers to live farther from the city and commute to work. This trend was known as

Suburban sprawl

Nikolaus Otto

The Otto Engine First practical alternative to steam Compressed the coal gas - more power Large & stationary

Technology

The application of knowledge, creativity and resources to solve real-world problems and extend human capabilities

By the mid-1950s American auto makers had gotten into a rut in their marketing and design strategies, becoming enormous inflexible companies resistant to anything more than superficial change. What made them finally change their approach?

The arrival of Volkswagen in the U.S.

By the 1920s car prices had fallen and more people were buying them. But _____________ also created an increase in sales by making car purchasing easier.

The installment plan

Henry Ford

The powered assembly line

Henry Ford offered $5.00 per day to his employees but there was a condition that they had to agree to. What was it?

They had to fulfill the requirements of Ford's Sociological Department

What was NOT a way rural residents showed their opposition to the new motorized vehicles?

Threw paint on them as they passed by their farm

Domestication

To alter the genetic makeup of plants and animals to make them more useful to humans

1916 was the year the first _____________ occurred.

Traffic jam

Effects of the automobile

True personal transportation More jobs More job opportunities (commuting) Roads/highway systems Urban sprawl Suburbia Urban decay Improved city sanitation (no manure) Economic growth Noise Congestion Social mobility Sloanism

Autos, trade and transport lead to growth of cities, where manufacturers gather

Urbanization

Rachel Carson

Warned of the environmental impact of fertilizers & pesticides. Presidential commission endorsed her findings & contributed to environmental awareness.

Wardenclyffe Tower

Was to be Tesla's First World Communication System

Taylorism was banned from government facilities for three decades because of this incident.

Watertown Arsenal strike

How did Elton Mayo explain the results of his experiment at the Western Electric plant?

Workers worked harder if they thought the firm cared about them

Ford Model T ("Tin Lizzie")

World's most influential car of the 20th century:

Man's first powered, controlled, sustained flight

Wright Flyer

A part of an assembly line functioning with no human involvement is called...

automation

A Therblig is a

hand movement

Henry Ford's Sociological Department investigated the workers'...

moral lifestyle

Taylor gave factory managers many ideas for improving production; however he is best known for his insistance on finding the _________ to perform a task.

one best way

Harold Pitney Brown

opposed to AC Conducted public demonstrations: electrocuted animals with AC Lobbied to limit AC to 300 volts Used the publicity to attack Westinghouse Electric Company Hired by Edison! When New York wanted a more humane system of execution, Harold P. Brown invented the electric chair for Edison

Taylor found that the women in the ball bearing factory would increase production if they..

stopped talking to each other

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth did not believe that monetary incentives were enough to increase productivity. They were more interested in the scientific study of

the body's capacity for work

Shadoof

water-lifting device

What does "soldiering" mean?

working slowly