HUM2020 Exam 3 Frederick Owens TCC
pantheism
"God is All and All is God" divinity is not an omnipotent personality, but instead, an objective & pervading spirit
Jeremy Bentham
-English philosopher who dismissed the notion of Moral Absolutism -promoted the notion of Utilitarianism -->the greatest good for the greatest amount of people -author of Principles of Morals & Legislations (1823)
Thomas Hobbes
-English philosopher who promoted the concept of Moral Absolutism -->the belief that certain actions are intrinsically right of wrong -Leviathan (1651): asserts that a covenant between government & the people is needed to maintain order
Niccolo Machiavelli
-Enlightened Self-Interest -->self-service to make a government that provides better than people could provide themselves -The Prince (1532): written to win political favor -->The ruler must trust no one. -->Imitate the lion's ferocity & the fox's cunning. -->Be ruthless & willing to sacrifice morality.
Psychological Determinism
-Freud's notion of the subconscious influence upon our choices and actions -Model of Psyche: Id, Ego, & Superego
Hebrew Cosmology
-Hebrew God transcended nature & preceded the universe -The universe is a gift given by God to humankind -Human beings are created in the moral & spiritual image of God
Artistic morality
-Madame X(1884): John Singer Sargent -Piss Christ(1987):Andres Serrano -Origins of the World(1866): Manet
Epictetus
-Roman Stoic Philosopher -Practiced philosophy directly under exile from Rome -Contended that one should only control what they could, and dispassionately accept all occurrences.
chosen people
-a personal God is revealed to Abraham & forms a covenant with the Hebrews
Henri Bergson
-actions create intentions through habit, thus intentions are secondary to results -Matter and Memory (1896) -->Forms of Memory: Pure memory(linear recollection) & Habituated memory(emphasized recollection)
Reincarnation (Samsara)
-an anticipated succession of lives -the quest to achieve Nirvana is one that takes several lifetimes
Adam Smith
-believed that the perfect society was one in which everyone was free to pursue self-interest -Wealth of Nations (1776): promoted the concept of laissez-faire -->an economic policy that allows businesses to operate with little or no government control
John Locke
-claimed that government was responsible for providing its subjects with life, liberty and property (pursuit of happiness)
Zeno
-first major advocate of Stoicism -arrow paradox: illusion of motion -->since perception creates motion where none exists, perception may be refined to cope with pain.
Soren Kierkegaard
-his philosophy asserted intentions determine the morality of action -two acts of similar results are distinguished ethically by intent -Fear and Trembling (1843)
Siddhartha Gautama
-lived some five centuries before Christ -enjoyed a protected adolescence, married & fathered a child at 19 -knowledge of 3 truths lead him to meditate life (sickness, old age, and death)
Jewish Background
-monotheistic/exclusive -Babylonian captivity (587-520) -destruction of Jerusalem by Rome in 70 C.E.
Mithraism
-mystery cult -Mithra's slaughter of the sacred bull was thought to render the earth fertile
Muhammed's ministry
-orphaned at 6, traveled in his uncle's caravan contacting him with Jews, Christians, and Pagans -Cavern upon the mountain of Hira: the angel Gabriel commands him to be the final prophet of Allah(Arabic for God) -declares his role as the final prophet and teaches that Allah is the same God as Jews & Christians -Polytheistic Meccans were slow to embrace Islam
Hedonist Paradoxes
-pleasure can only be experienced indirectly -pleasure can only be confirmed in the aftermath of experience -pleasures must fade with the growth of a being
Johnathan Swift
-promoted equality through Satirical self-interest -author of A Modest Proposal(1729) --> the solution to the problem of Irish poverty -->have poor children served as meals for the rich
Greco-Roman
-religions blended native & borrowed tradition -no promise of retribution or eternal life
Ayn Rand
-strongly promoted the concept of Capitalism -->selfishness helps others because egoism is used to build great cities & make the world a better place -author of The Fountainhead & The Virtue of Selfishness
Four Noble Truths
-suffering is universal -desire causes suffering -ceasing to desire relieves suffering -following eightfold path releases suffering
Nirvana (Moksha)
-the (reunion) of the Atman & the Brahman; the overall goal of Hinduism -Must be preceded by rejection of material world
Brahman
-the all-pervading cosmic force; Absolute Spirit, World Soul -The Eternal Being. The source & sustainer of all that is.
Atman
-the individual form of the Brahman that exists in each human being -seeks to be united with the absolute spirit (Brahman)
Pharaoh Khafre
-the posture & expression of Khafre signifies a quality of stoicism -Khafre's image also represents the identity of the Great Sphinx
Karma
-translates as "action, work, or deed" -the moral law of cause and effect -the new form is determined by the level of spiritual purity at the time of death
Questions of morality
1. Does the end ever justify the means? 2. Are punishment and the fear of punishment the only thing that keeps us form doing wrong? 3. Do the needs of society outweigh the needs of the individual? 4. Should all economic resources be controlled by individuals or communities? 5. Are results all that matter, or do intentions also count?
Wheel of Darma
1. Views 2.Values 3. Speech 4. Action 5. Livelihood 6. Effort 7. Mindfulness 8. Concentration
Hedonist Assumptions
1.Everyone deserves as much pleasure as possible 2.Pleasure is automatically good 3.No amount of pleasure is ever too much 4.The absence of pleasure is a misfortune which must be compensated
Egyptian Creation Mythology
Amon Ra: the creator of all gods, including himself; cried when gods were arguing and the tears fell to earth and created man
Riddle of Epicurus (Problem of Evil)
An omnipotent, omniscient, & omnibenevolent God does not exist because there is evil in the world
Major gods of Hindu Pantheon
Brahma: honored as the creator of all things Vishnu: prized as the preserver God Shiva: God of disease & death, destruction & regeneration
Hindu Caste System
Brahmins Khsatriyas Vaishyas ----------^ twice born Shudras Untouchables Animals Plants Minerals
Literary Hedonism
Carpe Diem literature e.g. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Hedonism in artistry
Diego Velazquez - The Triumph of Bacchus (Los Borrachos) [1629]
Institutional Determinism
Jean-Jacques Rousseau articulated a revolutionary premise on the source of inequality (property) e.g. The Garden of Eden
Economic Determinism
Karl Marx's notion that class and economic reality dictates the actions of humankind Marx's notion that the proletariat (workers) will overthrow the bourgeoisie (affluent) which would lead to a classless society.
Hijra
Muhammad emigrates to Medina in 622, which became known as ____________ (migration). Marks the first year of the Muslim calendar.
Ahkenaten's Reform
New Kingdom pharaoh, Amenhotep IV, established the tradition of Henotheism by elevating Amon Ra (sun god) to a supreme position over Narmar
Marcus Aurelius
Roman Emperor who practiced Stoicism, and applied them to Roman conventions
Ark of the Covenant
Torah & Menorah
Hebrew name for God
YHWH
Archibald MacLeish
author of You, Andrew Marvell
Pillar 3 Zakat
charitable contributions to the community
Ahkenaten and his Family
claimed to be the first family that were all descendants from the gods
Pillar 1 Shahadah
confession of faith or declaration of belief "There is no God but God; and Muhammad is his prophet"
Aristippus
developed the philosophy of Hedonism [Greek for delight]
Pillar 4 Sawm
fasting/restraint from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan
Ichthus
fish symbol used to by Christians to identify themselves without being persecuted
Epicureanism
happiness is attained by peace & freedom from fear & most importantly the absence of pain
Hedonism
happiness is the sum of total pleasures experienced during ones lifetime.
message of Christ
preached a message concerning the evil of material goods & the coming of the Kingdom of Heaven
Muslim
one who submits [to the will of God]
Determinism
philosophy that holds that everything has a prior cause and consequently free will cannot exist
Pillar 5 Hajj
pilgrimage to Mecca -every able bodied Muslim is obliged to make this trip at least once in life
theocracy
power flows from the gods to the monarchs, rule by God, or God's representative
Pillar 2 Salat
recitation of prayer five times daily
Palette of Narmar
reverse side: depicts the overt authority of Narmar obverse side: Narmer's discipline pervades civilization
Kaaba
sacred rock encased in the center of The Masjid al-Haram
Islam
submission to the will of God
Great Sphinx
supposedly protected the pyramids where the deceased pharaohs were held
free will
the ability to choose between different possible courses of action
Polytheism
the belief in multiple gods
monotheism
the belief in only one God
Stoicism
the belief that happiness consists of coping rationally with sources of unhappiness
morality
the distinction of decisions & actions between what is proper & improper
Libertarianism
the political & philosophical belief in unrestricted freedom
Egyptian pyramids
tombs for the deceased pharaohs where their bodies and belongings were kept after death
