HUM2020 Exam 3 Frederick Owens TCC

pantheism

"God is All and All is God" divinity is not an omnipotent personality, but instead, an objective & pervading spirit

Jeremy Bentham

-English philosopher who dismissed the notion of Moral Absolutism -promoted the notion of Utilitarianism -->the greatest good for the greatest amount of people -author of Principles of Morals & Legislations (1823)

Thomas Hobbes

-English philosopher who promoted the concept of Moral Absolutism -->the belief that certain actions are intrinsically right of wrong -Leviathan (1651): asserts that a covenant between government & the people is needed to maintain order

Niccolo Machiavelli

-Enlightened Self-Interest -->self-service to make a government that provides better than people could provide themselves -The Prince (1532): written to win political favor -->The ruler must trust no one. -->Imitate the lion's ferocity & the fox's cunning. -->Be ruthless & willing to sacrifice morality.

Psychological Determinism

-Freud's notion of the subconscious influence upon our choices and actions -Model of Psyche: Id, Ego, & Superego

Hebrew Cosmology

-Hebrew God transcended nature & preceded the universe -The universe is a gift given by God to humankind -Human beings are created in the moral & spiritual image of God

Artistic morality

-Madame X(1884): John Singer Sargent -Piss Christ(1987):Andres Serrano -Origins of the World(1866): Manet

Epictetus

-Roman Stoic Philosopher -Practiced philosophy directly under exile from Rome -Contended that one should only control what they could, and dispassionately accept all occurrences.

chosen people

-a personal God is revealed to Abraham & forms a covenant with the Hebrews

Henri Bergson

-actions create intentions through habit, thus intentions are secondary to results -Matter and Memory (1896) -->Forms of Memory: Pure memory(linear recollection) & Habituated memory(emphasized recollection)

Reincarnation (Samsara)

-an anticipated succession of lives -the quest to achieve Nirvana is one that takes several lifetimes

Adam Smith

-believed that the perfect society was one in which everyone was free to pursue self-interest -Wealth of Nations (1776): promoted the concept of laissez-faire -->an economic policy that allows businesses to operate with little or no government control

John Locke

-claimed that government was responsible for providing its subjects with life, liberty and property (pursuit of happiness)

Zeno

-first major advocate of Stoicism -arrow paradox: illusion of motion -->since perception creates motion where none exists, perception may be refined to cope with pain.

Soren Kierkegaard

-his philosophy asserted intentions determine the morality of action -two acts of similar results are distinguished ethically by intent -Fear and Trembling (1843)

Siddhartha Gautama

-lived some five centuries before Christ -enjoyed a protected adolescence, married & fathered a child at 19 -knowledge of 3 truths lead him to meditate life (sickness, old age, and death)

Jewish Background

-monotheistic/exclusive -Babylonian captivity (587-520) -destruction of Jerusalem by Rome in 70 C.E.

Mithraism

-mystery cult -Mithra's slaughter of the sacred bull was thought to render the earth fertile

Muhammed's ministry

-orphaned at 6, traveled in his uncle's caravan contacting him with Jews, Christians, and Pagans -Cavern upon the mountain of Hira: the angel Gabriel commands him to be the final prophet of Allah(Arabic for God) -declares his role as the final prophet and teaches that Allah is the same God as Jews & Christians -Polytheistic Meccans were slow to embrace Islam

Hedonist Paradoxes

-pleasure can only be experienced indirectly -pleasure can only be confirmed in the aftermath of experience -pleasures must fade with the growth of a being

Johnathan Swift

-promoted equality through Satirical self-interest -author of A Modest Proposal(1729) --> the solution to the problem of Irish poverty -->have poor children served as meals for the rich

Greco-Roman

-religions blended native & borrowed tradition -no promise of retribution or eternal life

Ayn Rand

-strongly promoted the concept of Capitalism -->selfishness helps others because egoism is used to build great cities & make the world a better place -author of The Fountainhead & The Virtue of Selfishness

Four Noble Truths

-suffering is universal -desire causes suffering -ceasing to desire relieves suffering -following eightfold path releases suffering

Nirvana (Moksha)

-the (reunion) of the Atman & the Brahman; the overall goal of Hinduism -Must be preceded by rejection of material world

Brahman

-the all-pervading cosmic force; Absolute Spirit, World Soul -The Eternal Being. The source & sustainer of all that is.

Atman

-the individual form of the Brahman that exists in each human being -seeks to be united with the absolute spirit (Brahman)

Pharaoh Khafre

-the posture & expression of Khafre signifies a quality of stoicism -Khafre's image also represents the identity of the Great Sphinx

Karma

-translates as "action, work, or deed" -the moral law of cause and effect -the new form is determined by the level of spiritual purity at the time of death

Questions of morality

1. Does the end ever justify the means? 2. Are punishment and the fear of punishment the only thing that keeps us form doing wrong? 3. Do the needs of society outweigh the needs of the individual? 4. Should all economic resources be controlled by individuals or communities? 5. Are results all that matter, or do intentions also count?

Wheel of Darma

1. Views 2.Values 3. Speech 4. Action 5. Livelihood 6. Effort 7. Mindfulness 8. Concentration

Hedonist Assumptions

1.Everyone deserves as much pleasure as possible 2.Pleasure is automatically good 3.No amount of pleasure is ever too much 4.The absence of pleasure is a misfortune which must be compensated

Egyptian Creation Mythology

Amon Ra: the creator of all gods, including himself; cried when gods were arguing and the tears fell to earth and created man

Riddle of Epicurus (Problem of Evil)

An omnipotent, omniscient, & omnibenevolent God does not exist because there is evil in the world

Major gods of Hindu Pantheon

Brahma: honored as the creator of all things Vishnu: prized as the preserver God Shiva: God of disease & death, destruction & regeneration

Hindu Caste System

Brahmins Khsatriyas Vaishyas ----------^ twice born Shudras Untouchables Animals Plants Minerals

Literary Hedonism

Carpe Diem literature e.g. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time

Hedonism in artistry

Diego Velazquez - The Triumph of Bacchus (Los Borrachos) [1629]

Institutional Determinism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau articulated a revolutionary premise on the source of inequality (property) e.g. The Garden of Eden

Economic Determinism

Karl Marx's notion that class and economic reality dictates the actions of humankind Marx's notion that the proletariat (workers) will overthrow the bourgeoisie (affluent) which would lead to a classless society.

Hijra

Muhammad emigrates to Medina in 622, which became known as ____________ (migration). Marks the first year of the Muslim calendar.

Ahkenaten's Reform

New Kingdom pharaoh, Amenhotep IV, established the tradition of Henotheism by elevating Amon Ra (sun god) to a supreme position over Narmar

Marcus Aurelius

Roman Emperor who practiced Stoicism, and applied them to Roman conventions

Ark of the Covenant

Torah & Menorah

Hebrew name for God

YHWH

Archibald MacLeish

author of You, Andrew Marvell

Pillar 3 Zakat

charitable contributions to the community

Ahkenaten and his Family

claimed to be the first family that were all descendants from the gods

Pillar 1 Shahadah

confession of faith or declaration of belief "There is no God but God; and Muhammad is his prophet"

Aristippus

developed the philosophy of Hedonism [Greek for delight]

Pillar 4 Sawm

fasting/restraint from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan

Ichthus

fish symbol used to by Christians to identify themselves without being persecuted

Epicureanism

happiness is attained by peace & freedom from fear & most importantly the absence of pain

Hedonism

happiness is the sum of total pleasures experienced during ones lifetime.

message of Christ

preached a message concerning the evil of material goods & the coming of the Kingdom of Heaven

Muslim

one who submits [to the will of God]

Determinism

philosophy that holds that everything has a prior cause and consequently free will cannot exist

Pillar 5 Hajj

pilgrimage to Mecca -every able bodied Muslim is obliged to make this trip at least once in life

theocracy

power flows from the gods to the monarchs, rule by God, or God's representative

Pillar 2 Salat

recitation of prayer five times daily

Palette of Narmar

reverse side: depicts the overt authority of Narmar obverse side: Narmer's discipline pervades civilization

Kaaba

sacred rock encased in the center of The Masjid al-Haram

Islam

submission to the will of God

Great Sphinx

supposedly protected the pyramids where the deceased pharaohs were held

free will

the ability to choose between different possible courses of action

Polytheism

the belief in multiple gods

monotheism

the belief in only one God

Stoicism

the belief that happiness consists of coping rationally with sources of unhappiness

morality

the distinction of decisions & actions between what is proper & improper

Libertarianism

the political & philosophical belief in unrestricted freedom

Egyptian pyramids

tombs for the deceased pharaohs where their bodies and belongings were kept after death