Human Anatomy Exam
After an explosion during a fireworks show, a number of people arrive at the emergency room with burns to their skin. You and a colleague are assessing patients and determine whose burns is the most severe.
Patient C has blanched or blackned burned skin
The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints
synovial
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn:
dehydration
Jacinda tore her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon during a recent track meet. She has injured _______.
dense connective tissue
Which of the following is found in a molecule of DNA are held together by:
deoxyribose
A nucleotide of DNA contains three components:
deoxyribose; a phosphate group; nitrogen-containing base
____________, a type of cell junction, anchor adjacent cells together and prevent cells from being pulled apart.
desmosomes
Which diagnostic test involves the testing of apparently healthy individuals with the aim of detecting disease at an early, treatable stage.
diagnostic screening
The process by which white blood cells travel through the wall of blood vessels is termed _________.
diapedesis
If someone sitting at the other end of a bus is smoking, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. What process involves the movement of smoke away from its source?
diffusion
Nutrients reach the epidermis through the process of:
diffusion
The movement of solutes down their concentration gradient is:
diffusion
Two types of passive transport are
diffusion and filtration
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as:
endocrine
Which system contains the pituitary, thyroid, ovaries and testes?
endocrine
A cell digests bacteria. What type of transports is likely responsible for this process:
endocytosis
The type of leukocytes that would increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of parasitic worms are:
eosinophils
What is a sudden outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads rapidly through a population?
epidemic
A little girl on the playground fell and scraped her knee. You notice her knee shows no signs of bleeding. Therefore, this must be only a superficial scrape to the ________.
epidermis
The two main layers of skin are __________.
epidermis and dermis
What type of tissue has cells that are tightly packed, sits on a basement membrane, is avascular, and is easily regenerated?
epithelial tissue
After a recent knee surgery, Carrie was cautioned about resuming activities too quickly in order to give her surgical incision time to heal. Which of the following tissues will repair and heal the quickest in the weeks to come?
epithelial tissues
Which of the following is NOT a hallmark feature of epithelial tissues?
epithelial tissues are well vascularized
Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?
erythrocytes
The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:
erythropoietin
What type of reaction can be represented at AB + CD ---> AD + BC
exchange reaction
The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as _______ glands because they releases secretions to the skin's surface via ducts.
exocrine
The movement of fluid through the cell membrane based on pressure differences on each side of the membrane is called:
filtration
What type of burn only involves injury to the superficial epidermis?
first degree
Looking into a microscope, you notice cells swimming propelled by a long tail. What cell structure must these cells have in order to be mobile:
flagella
Enzymes are classified as:
functional proteins
Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell through special membrane junctions known as:
gap junctions
What is the universal cellular fuel?
glucose
People with asthma produce too much mucus, which can block the airways. What type of cell associated with the epithelium of the respiratory tract is responsible for making mucus?
goblet cell
Where are proteins sent to be modified and packaged before being exported from the cell?
golgi apparatus
Which group of white blood cells the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?
granulocytes
The two major groups of white blood cells are ________.
granulocytes and agranulocytes
When James shaves his face, which portion of the hair is removed?
hair shaft
The percentage of erythrocytes in the blood is known as the ________.
hematocrit
Blood cell formation is called:
hematopoiesis
What stem cell gives rise to all formed elements?
hemocytoblast
What component of a red blood cell binds and transports oxygen?
hemoglobin
What is not contained in the plasma of blood?
hemoglobin
Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of clotting factors are referred to as _________.
hemophilia
The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called:
hemostasis
The reaction of sucrose + water ---> glucose + fructose is an example of a (n)
hydrolysis reaction
A solution that contains fewer solutes that the cell is:
hypotonic
The skin and its derivatives (nails , glands, and hairs) form the __________.
integumentary system
The fluid that bathes the exterior of the cells:
interstitial
What characteristic is shared by both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue?
involuntary contractions
A solution with a pH of 7
is neutral
Which one of the following does NOT describe blood plasma:
it is color of red wine
What does it mean if a microorganism is nonvirulent?
it is not capable of causing disease
Which of the following is a vital function of the skin:
it takes part in vitamin D production
Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorder?
jaundice
Sebaceous glands are important for
keeping skin and hair cells soft and flexible
Which of the following does not contribute to skin color:
keratin
Low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the release of erythropoietin by the ________.
kidneys
The arms are________to the chest.
lateral
What is the blood condition in which large numbers of immature white blood cells are produced rapidly. This condition literally means "white blood".
leukemia
In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat situated between the formed elements and the plasma contains _________.
leukocytes and platelets
Jordan works in a hematology lab and received a blood report showing 22,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood for a patient of blood for a patient. He suspects this patient has a bacterial infection leading to ________.
leukocytosis
Abnormally low levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as _________.
leukopenia
Which of the following is not a descendant of the myeloid stem cell?
lymphocyte
Which type of agranulocyte produces antibodies?
lymphocytes
Anything that has mass and takes up space is considered to be ________.
matter
The spinal cord is best described as
medial
Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called:
megakaryocytes
Hair color is due to a pigment known as ________.
melanin
The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is somewhat protective due to:
melanin
The small intestine has tiny, finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that help increase the surface area and aid in absorption of nutrients known as _________.
microvilli
A cell's ability to replenish its ATP stores has been diminished by a metabolic poison. What organelle is most likely to be affected?
mitochondria
Muscle cells need abundant ATP for muscle contractions. Which organelle must commonly be found in muscle cells to accommodate ATP production?
mitochondrion
The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are:
mucous, cutaneous, and serous membranes
The type of stem cell that produces all the formed elements EXCEPT lymphocytes are:
myeloid stem cells
Which part of the nail is embedded in the skin:
nail root
If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh __________.
negative
Which system sends signals throughout the body by using electrical impulses?
nervous
Irritability and conductivity are the two major functional characteristics of __________.
nervous tissue
Which type of tisue is insulated, supported, and protected by neuroglia?
nervous tissue
A stubborn infection continues to persist for Nyisha. A blood test reveals a bacterial infection, which is confirmed by an excessive number of ________.
neutrophils
The most numerous white blood cells are the:
neutrophils
While cross-matching an unknown blood type, agglutination was observed with neither the anti-A nor the anti-B sera. Youevaluate these results to indicate that the unknown blood contains____________.
no antigens
The specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell are collectively called _______.
organelles
What process does water use to move across the plasma membrane?
osmosis
Bone is best described as _________.
osseous tissue
Blood is considered a weak base. Select the pH that best represents blood.
pH 7.4
Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the ______________.
papillary layer of the dermis
Two types of endocytosis are:
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
The matrix of blood is called:
plasma
What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?
plasma membrane
A separated sample of blood reveals the hematocrit composes 72 percent of the volume of blood while the plasma contributes 38 percent of the blood volume. The buffy coat makes up less than 1 percent of this sample. Which is likely the correct interpretation of these findings?
polycythemia
Which of the following red blood cell disorders may result from life at a higher altitude?
polycythemia
Type O blood indicates all of the following EXCEPT:
presence of type O antigens
During a synthesis reaction, amino acids join to form ________.
proteins
Damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as ____________.
regeneration
Identify the type of tissue that is found in lymph nodes and the spleen:
reticular tissue
Which organelle synthesizes proteins that are used in the cytoplasm?
ribosomes that are free within the cytoplasm
Which one of the following organelles is studded with ribosomes and carries out protein synthesis:
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Frequent hand washing can cause the outer layers of the skin to dry out. What is removed from skin during this activity?
sebum
Which of the following is a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also contains chemicals that kill bacteria?
sebum
Which chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis:
serotonin
Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?
serous
What is situated between the visceral and parietal layer pleura?
serous fluid
A cell is isotonic to its 4% dextrose solution. When moved to a 6% dextrose solution, that cell will ________.
shrink
The condition in which the red blood cells become crescent shaped and clog up small vessels is:
sickle cell anemia
What is objective evidence of a disease (e.g. a rash, or elevated blood pressure )?
sign
The type of epithelial tissue found lining organs of the digestive system such as the small intestines is ___________.
simple columnar
Goblet cells are found in:
simple columnar epithelium
A tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as _________.
simple squamous epithelium
What tissue is specialized for the rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients across its cells?
simple squamous epithelium
Aileen's grandmother has a mole on her scalp with bluish-black colorations and irregular borders. She dismisses it as a squamous cell carcinoma and predicts her dermatologist will freeze it off like the ones she's had previously. Aileen disagrees and believes it's a melanoma. Recommend an additional sign or symptom that will support a melanoma diagnosis.
size of the mole
The type of muscle that can be controlled voluntarily is:
skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT classified as a connective tissue:
skeletal muscle
___________ muscle tissue tissue has no visible striations and is found in the walls of hollow organs.
smooth
The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is:
smooth muscle
Many layers of flattened cells should be termed _________ epithelial tissue.
stratified squamous
A tissue on your lab exam has an apical surface and basement membrane. You observe multiple layers. The cells near the apical surface are flattened cells while those near the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar in appearance. You identify it as __________.
stratified squamous epithelium
The epidermis is composed of:
stratified squamous epithelium
The epithelial tissue found in areas subject to considerable friction and abuse, such as the esophagus, is:
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following epithelial tissues is composed of many layers of cells?
stratified squamous epithelium
A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is
stratum basale
What layer is affected when a scrape affects the most superficial epidermal layer?
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis accounts for 3/4 of the total epidermal thickness?
stratum corneum
Jan got her microscope slides mixed up in lab as they were unlabeled. The slide with abundant adipose tissue should be labeled as the___________.
subcutaneous tissue
People who wear antiperspirant with deodorant are trying to reduce the secretions of the________.
sudoriferous glands
Which of the following orientation terms have opposite meanings (in humans):
superficial and deep
The thoracic cavity house the _________.
superior
Sarah works as an administrative assistant and has developed carpal tunnel syndrome. Which part of her body is affected?
wrist
What is the function of DNA?
DNA provides instructions for building every protein in the body
Which of the following is NOT considered a cytoplasmic organelle?
Flagellum
When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees
distal
The cranial and spinal cavities are subdivisions of the ________cavity.
dorsal
The vertebral region is _________to the sternal region.
dorsal
The property of water that helps to prevent sudden changes in body temperature is
high heat capacity
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as _________.
homeostasis
The hypogastric region is________to the umbilical region.
inferior
Which system covers the external surface of the body and protects deeper tissue?
integumentary system
Water is useful in body processes because:
it is a good solvent
A weight lifter experiences nerve pain in his posterior elbow region. Which term best describes this body region?
olecranal
Which of the following levels of organization include all of the others listed?
organ system level
Which of these internal body cavities is the most inferior?
pelvic cavity
What is the main type of lipid found in cellular membranes?
phopholipids
The study of the functions of the structure in the body is
physiology
Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called
polysaccharides
What is a prediction of how a patient's disease will progress?
prognosis
The muscular system consists of the_____.
skeletal muscles
The smallest living unit of all living things is
a cell
Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides:
endocrine system
Saturated fats ________.
exist as solids at room temperature
Which polysaccharide is formed of linked glucose molecules and stored in animal tissues?
fatty acids and glycerol
What does the World Health Organization define as " A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
health
Trans fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of __________.
hydrogen atoms at double bond sites
The nucleotide chains of DNA are held together by:
hydrogen bonds
Edna tore a ligament in the patellar region and anticipates having difficulty with_________.
knee
How would you classify chewing food, a type of movement that directly involves the use of energy to move matter?
mechanical
The epigastric region is _________to the right hypochondriac region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
medial
Which testing involves the isolation and identification of the specific microorganisms that cause disease?
microbiological analysis
The surgeon created an opening in the chest during surgery along a plane that equally separated the right and left halves of the thoracic cavity. This section is known as a (n)_________.
midsagittal section
What necessary life function does muscle contraction contribute to the body?
movement
Which of the following activities represents a physiological study?
observing how the heart contracts to pump blood
Compounds that contain carbon are collectively termed
organic compounds
The ability to sense a mosquito landing on your arm and swat it away as described as ___________.
responsiveness (irritability)
A broken rib on the right side of the body would likely be felt in the
right hypochondriac region
Which of these is an example of kinetic energy?
skeletal muscles contracting as a person lifts weights
Hematopoiesis is a function of the:
skeletal system
The dorsal body cavity houses the ___________.
spinal cord and brain
Keratin is a protein that provides toughness to skin and forms hair and nails. Due to its role in the body, it is best classified as a (an) _________.
structural proteins
Which of these is an example of maintaining boundaries?
the cell membrane controls the movement of substances into or out of the cell
The main function of the respiratory system is to_______.
supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
What is a subjective indication of a disease that is noticed by the patient (e.g. pain, fatigue or nausea).
symptom
In describing the relationship of the heart to the lungs:
the heart is medial to the lungs
An X-ray indicates a fracture in the distal portion of the tibia bone. You understand the fracture to be on which part of the bone?
the part of the bone farther from the attachment of the femur to the body
In describing the relationship of the thoracic and spinal cavities:
the thoracic cavity is anterior to the spinal cavity
The lungs and heart are situated in the _________body cavity
thoracic
The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is _________.
thymine
Groups of cells that have a common purpose are termed_________
tissues
The diaphragm creates a ________section by dividing the ventral body cavity into superior and inferior subdivisions.
transverse (cross)
Which of the following is a proteins?
triglyceride
Select all of the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity that are medial. 1) right iliac (inguinal) region 2) epigastric region 3) hypogastric region 4) left lumbar region 5) left hypochondriac region
2 and 3
Place these body regions in order from superior (proximal) to inferior (distal): 1) tarsal 2) femoral 3) crural 4) patellar
2, 4, 3, and 1
Rank these elements found in the human body from most common to least common: 1) carbon 2) hydrogen 3) nitrogen 4) oxygen
4, 1, 2, 3
Which statement best describes why ATP is an important nucleic acid in the body?
ATP provides a form of chemical energy all body cells can use
Which of the following is a nucleic acid?
DNA
Which of the following would not be included in a basic physical examination of a patient?
Diagnostic testing
Which statement best describes fibrous proteins?
Fibrous proteins most often appear in body structures.
The joining of nucleotide molecules to form a more complex nucleic acid is an example of:
a synthesis reaction
What is a term used to describe a disease of rapid onset, serve symptoms, and brief duration?
acute
Proteins are created from ________ during synthesis reactions.
amino acids
The hydrolysis of a protein will produce __________.
amino acids
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called___________.
anatomy
A football player broke a bone in the tarsal portion of the tarsal region. You understand the fracture to be on which part of the bone?
ankle
Ventral is a directional term synonymous with __________ in humans.
anterior
Which directional term best describes the location of the human nose?
anterior
Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body:
atom (chemical) level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
The major organs of the skeletal system are the ________.
bones, cartilages, and joints
The reaction in which the breakdown of glycogen releases glucose units is an example of:
decomposition reaction
Each organ system is composed of several organs. In which system is the esophagus found?
digestive
The __________system rids the body of indigestible food into molecules that can be absorbed by the body?
digestive system
The most common steroid is _________.
cholesterol
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by water in cerebrospinal fluid. What purpose do you think this fluid in protecting these organs?
cushioning
Which of the following letter in the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanomas is incorrect?
D stands for diagnosis
What is the final step of hemostasis in which the formation of a blood clot is accomplished?
coagulation
What provides toughness to the dermis and holds water in this skin layer
collagen fibers
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the skin
collagen increases
What is required for simple diffusion to occur?
concentration gradient
Blood is a type of which kind of body tissue:
connective
The tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive intercellular matrix is called:
connective tissue
The type of tissue that functions to protect, support, insulate and bind together body tissues are classified as ________.
connective tissue
Which of these layers directly connects to the dermis?
contact dermatitis
Compatibility testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient's serum is called:
cross matching
The only dry membrane is the ________.
cutaneous membrane
cellular materials located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.
cytoplasm
The ________ is a network of proteins that forms an internal framework for the cell.
cytoskeleton
The three major components of the cytoplasm are the:
cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by:
using the "rule of nines"
The layer of the serous membrane that covers an organ is known as the _______ layer.
visceral
Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of which one of the following vitamins:
vitamin K
What happens when body cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
water leaves the cells and the cells shrink
Which of the following statements about RNA is true?
RNA is single stranded
The average functional lifespan of a RBC is:
100-120 days
Blood normally clots in approximately:
3-6 minutes
Which blood type contains the A antigen only?
A
The blood type that contains both A antigens and B antigens is ________.
AB
The universal recipient has blood type:
AB
A person with type B blood can receive blood from blood type(s)__________.
AB, B
Cyanide prevents the formation of energy molecules in the human body and leads to death because cells are unable to make _______.
ATP
A blood clot traveled to a small vessel in Mr. Zeng's lungs and became lodged there. How should this moving clot be named?
An embolus
Which of the following is the least malignant and most common skin cancer that affects the cells of stratum basale?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which of following does not correctly characterize blood?
Blood is cooler than body temperature
Gastric juices produced by the stomach are strongly acidic. Without the neutralizing effect of fluids from the pancreas, the stomach acids could be absorbed directly into the blood. What would be a likely outcome for blood pH if this happened?
Blood pH would 6.9
Molly has blood type A and her daughter has blood type B. Why can't Molly donate blood to her daughter?
Blood type B contains anti-A antibodies , which we will agglutinate with type A blood.
What is the first stage to occur during tissue repair (wound healing)?
Inflammation
Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses via cells called neurons:
Nervous
What are the three basic parts or regions of a cell?
Nucleus , cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
The "universal donor" is blood type __________.
O
The most common type of blood in the US population is:
O
Which blood type lacks antigens for the ABO blood group yet carries anti- A and anti-B antibodies?
O
Vitiligo is a skin disorder characterized by the loss of skin pigmentation. Evaluate the following findings from various skin slides (from arm skin), and select the sample from a patient with vitiligo.
Slide B had no melanin present in the epidermis
A young man has been in a terrible accident and has lost significant amounts of blood. He is unconscious so his blood type is unknown. What is the safest blood to transfuse him with?
Type O
Which of these blood types carries no antigens:
Type O
Which type(s) of blood can a person with O type receive:
Type O
Fingernails are:
a modification of the epidermis
White blood cells differ from red blood cells because only white blood cells contain _________.
a nucleus and most organelles
Which of the following is an indication of melanoma:
a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors
A persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel is known as __________.
a thrombus
__________ is commonly called fat.
adipose tissue
The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens cause RBCs to clump is called:
agglutination
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as ________.
anemia
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies
antigen
Shakira is taking an antihistamine medication due to several itchy mosquito bites. This medication blocks the release of histamine from ________.
basophils
A nurse tends to a patient with sunburns. Upon examination, she sees blisters and red, swollen skin. The patient complains of pain. What feature of this burn distinguishes is from a first-degree burn?
blisters
While cross-matching an unknown blood type, agglutination was observed with anti-A serum only. This blood type is ________.
blood type A
Sudoriferous glands are important for:
body heat regulation
Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands is (are) called:
boils
People who produce a lot of melanin have a skin tone that is ________.
brown
What happens to a cell when it lyses?
burst
The ion essential for clotting is:
calcium
Intercalated disks are found in:
cardiac muscle tissue only
The presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is ___________.
cartilage
Which type of connective tissue is avascular?
cartilage
The structural and functional unit of all living things is the __________.
cell
One reason that populations become susceptible to epidemics is:
there is an easy means of transmission
Which of the following statements about enzymes is true:
they are biological catalysts
Which of the following does NOT describe erythrocytes:
they are packed with organelles
The membrane connections that prevent cells from being pulled apart.
tight junctions
Groups of cells that are similar in both structure and function are known as _________.
tissues
The epithelial tissue found in areas subject to considerable stretching, such as the urinary bladder is:
transitional epithelium
A patient previously had abdominal surgery and has a scar from a transverse (cross) section. Now, he'll have another surgery that requires a midsagittal section, which will intersect the transverse section. What will his scars look like when his surgical incision heals? Assume this patient is in an anatomical position.
+
Which survival need is essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing:
Atmospheric pressure
While grocery shopping with an aunt with heart disease, Gina has the opportunity to influence her buying habits. She's considering the following products, and Gina is assisting by looking at the nutrition labels. Which of the following snacks should Gina prioritize as the best choice for her aunt's heart health?
Baked chips, which lists some unsaturated fat and very little saturated fat as ingredients
In anatomical position:
The body is erect with feet parallel to the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
The heart and blood vessels and the primary organs of the _______system.
cardiovascular
Which imaging method uses sound waves to create a picture on the computer screen?
ultrasound
The region that contains the navel is the:
umbilical
Which system contains the kidneys, bladder, and ureters?
urinary
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule:
water
Which survival need accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight?
water
In order to break a disaccharide down into simple sugar units
water molecules must be added to break the bond