Human development ch. 7

Evocative process

"easy" child may evoke authoritative parents (temperament drives parenting style)

Bell-Shaped curve: WISA

-95% scores bt 70 and 130 -IQ 130= top 2% for age group (gifted)

Critiquing Baumrind's parenting styles cont

-Child-rearing approaches vary by culture and ethnicity -Life conditions matter: the best parents adapt their discipline style to the environment

Do IQ scores measure genetic gifts?

-Context matters -Flynn effect-worldwide rise in IQ scores -SES: low income-score reflects environment; upper-middle class - score reflects genetic gifts

Divorce

-Global studies: children of divorce are more at risk for academic, social, physical, and mental difficulties

No spank strategies

-age 1+: positive reinforcement -age 2+: ignoring the behavior -age 3-7: time-outs -age 4+: logical consequences

child abuse/maltreatment

-any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being -categories: physical abuse (bodily injury), neglect(failure to provide supervision and care), emotional abuse (continual shaming), sexual abuse (rape-insist)

Baumrind's Parenting styles

-authoritative -authoritarian -permissive -rejecting-neglecting

contributing factors of divorce

-economic stresses of single-parent household -difficulties and transitions experienced both before and during divorce -difficulties may begin before split

Intelligence tests

-given individually -designed to predict general academic potential -measure only cognitive abilities

Interventions: lessons for school Gradner Sternberg's research

-multiple intelligence theory helps nontraditional learners succeed in traditional schools -Suggests teachers base instruction on the three types of intelligence, experimental results: teaching with every type of intelligence in mind produces better classroom performance

Risk factors of child abuse/maltreatment

-parents' personality problems -life stress accompanied by social isolation -children's vulnerabilities: "difficult child", medical probs, premature infant

Do parents matter? Judith Harris

-rather then parents, our peers socialize us to become adults -learning in context-specific -acculturation

Producing Eager Learners the problem

-schools erodes intrinsic motivation by providing external reinforcers -school lessons do not tap into a childs creativity -students do not set their own learning goals

keys to thriving:home setting

-secure attachment -goodness-of-fit -parenting styles: Diana Baumrind

What do psychologists suggest about the debate on spanking?

-some stress that physical punishment is never appropriate -others stress that mild spanking is not detrimental -whenever you use physical punishment, accompany the action with verbal explanation

WISC (Wechsler's)

-standard intelligence test used in childhood -verbal scale (answer questions) -performance scale (manipulate materials) -variety of subtests

tow-parent families

-traditional -blended -adoptive, gay, foster, and grandparent headed families

one-parent families

-typically mother-heades

Developmental systems approach

-variety of influences shape development -developmentalists agree: provide best possible environment provide sensitive caregiving provide proper discipline (avoid power assertion)

Dinana Baumrind parentinf styles

Classifies by 2 dimensions: -Parental Responsiveness: nurturance, child-centerdness -discipline: provide structure and rules

Critiquing Baurind's parenting styles

Each parent may adopt a different discipline style -more important than parenting style is for parents to provide a consistent road map for their child Parenting involves more than providing love and discipline -scaffold learning, coach children about relationships

Producing eager learns the solution

Encourage extrinsic learning to be more intrinsic -foster relevance and application; make extrinsic learning relate to internal goals and desires -provide autonomy -foster relatedness between teacher and student -provide creative projects -dont compare students -assume every child is intelligent and can succeed

mentally retarded

IQ of 70 or below with evidence of deficits in learning abilities

multiple intelligences theory

In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.

resilient children

children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives -super emotional regulation skills, special talent, high-efficacy and optimistic world view, strong faith or sense of meaning in life, at least one warm loving relationship, good "genes", easy temperament, superior intellectual and social skills

Economic status has a stong influence on

children's readiness and chances for academic success at start of school careers

specific learning disability

diagnosed when IQ test score is much higher than the child's performance on achievement tests

parenting style

in Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules)

analytic intelligence

in Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic type problems

achievement tests

measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas -given to groups of children -measure knowledge in various subjects *specific subjects*

Flynn Effect

remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century

Interventions: Child Abuse

teachers, social workers, and health-care professionals -required by lay to report abuse to child protective services Options: -remove child from home; place in foster care; limit or terminate parental rights -if possible, leave the child in home while providing intensive and counseling to caregivers

authoritative patents

the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules

Do IQ scores predict real-world performance?

the debate: -Pro "g"-factor (Charles Spearman): intelligence factor that underlies all cognitive abilities abilities, some believe an IQ score can predict a person's cognitive potential in all life tasks -Anti "g"-factor: IQ is only valid as test of academic performance, "g" does not exist, people have unique intellectual talents

intrinsic motivation

the drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward

extrinsic motivation

the drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade

specific learning disorder

the label for any impairment in lang or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics

intellectual disability

the label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below

gifted

the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2% of his age group

parental alienation

the practice among divorced parents of badmouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

the standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subtests

corporal punishment

the use of physical force to discipline a child

rejecting-neglecting parents

the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love

permissive parents

type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little disipline

authoritarian parents

type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty pf rules but rank low on child-centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience

biological predisposition

warm, loving parents may pass on the "warm, loving" genetic predispositions

practical intelligence

Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations

creative intelligence

Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the fact of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work

successful intelligence

Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition involving having a goof balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

Toward a broder view of intelligence Robert Sternberg

Successful intelligence -the optimal form of cognition, involving a balance of the following intelligence: analytic (academic) creative (producing novel ideas or innovative work) practical (common sense or "street smarts")

Howard Gardner: Multiple intelligence

The principle that there are eight separate types of intelligence -verbal and mathematical -spatial skills -kinesthetic abilities -interpersonal talents -intrapersonal skills -musical skills -naturalistic talent -existential (spiritual)

validity

a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality that is it supposed to measure

reliability

a basic criterion of a test's accuracy wherein scores must be fairly similar when a person re-takes a test

dyslexia

a learning disorder that is characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin -higher risk for developing other psychological difficulties (anxiety, depression) -may also be diagnosed with ADHD

acculturation

among immigrants, the tendency to become similar in attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after spent living in a new society -tendency to become more similar in attitudes and practices to mainstream culture

child maltreatment

ant act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being

common core state standards

Transformative U.S. public school changes, spelling out universal learning benchmarks and emphasizing teaching through scaffolding, problem solving, and communication skills.

Do parents matter?

Questioning Baumrind's correlations, behavior geneticists argue: -Evocative Process -Biological Predisposition

Criteria for test accuracy

Reliability -test scores much be fairly similar when taken more than once -scores my shift when experiencing life stress Validity -a test measures what it is supposed to measure -IQ tests are valid: good predictors of academic performance