Human Development

Growth and development are:

mutually dependent phenomena.

According to Fowler's theory, who or what initiates the development of faith in the infant?

primary caregivers

Based on Havighurst's theory, the nurse recognizes which of the following is one of the developmental tasks of middle adulthood?

Adjusting to physical changes

Using Erikson's theory, which of the following activities would the nurse use to provide a sense of fulfillment and purpose in later adulthood?

reminiscing about life events

The nurse should refer the parents of an 8-month-old child to a health care provider (HCP) if the child is unable to:

sit without support for long periods of time.

A postmenopausal client is told at her routine gynecological exam that the primary care provider has found a cyst on her right ovary. The nurse notices that this does not cause worry for this client. What should the nurse and/or care provider tell this client?

"After menopause a mass on an ovary is not a cyst and should be considered cancerous until proven otherwise."

The nurse is caring for a newborn with facial nerve palsy from birth trauma. The mother is very upset and concerned about the child's prognosis. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"In most cases treatment is not necessary, only observation."

The nurse has provided health teaching about physiologic changes that can be expected during the postpartum period to a postpartum client who is bottle-feeding her neonate. Which client statement indicates that this teaching has been effective?

"My menstrual flow should resume in approximately 6 to 10 weeks."

The nursing instructor is teaching a student about urinary incontinence and realizes that the student needs further instruction when she makes which statement?

"Urinary incontinence is an inevitable problem of aging."

The mother of a 10-year-old girl with diabetes asks the nurse's advice about whether or not her child, who has always been compliant with treatment, should be allowed to go trick-or-treating on Halloween with several friends. The nurse should tell the mother:

"Yes, she needs to be with friends and do the things other children do."

A mother of a toddler asks the nurse, "How will I know that my daughter is ready for toilet training?" Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

"You'll probably notice that your daughter is uncomfortable in wet diapers."

You are a student nurse visiting a day care. Your focus today is to observe "object permanence". According to Piaget, "object permanence" does not occur until which of the following ages?

12 months

When a nurse is working on a pediatric unit, which of the following clients would the nurse know has the greatest need for good nutrition?

5 month old

A nurse is assessing the psychosocial development of children in a day care center. Which child would the nurse expect to be experiencing the most intense period of speech development?

A 4-year-old

The nurse realizes that the 5-year-old's growth chart and BMI indicate the child is at risk for obesity. What other findings reinforce this risk? Select all that apply.

A father who is overweight Food used as reward or punishment Television on during meals Expectations to eat everything on plate

You are a nurse working in a pediatric clinic. Today you are seeing Carol Wilson, who has brought in her 2-year-old toddler for a well-child checkup. She asks what the common health problems are for this age. The nurse's correct reply includes which of the following?

Accidents

A nurse is assessing older adults in a long-term care facility. According to Havighurst, what is a developmental task of this generation?

Adjusting to decreasing physical status and health

A child who learns that he must sit quietly during story hour in kindergarten, thereby integrating this new experience into his existing schemata, is applying the process of:

Assimilation

A pediatric nurse practitioner is assessing the development of a child. The nurse's assessment of development will focus on which of the following?

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

A nursing student compares and contrasts childhood and adult cancers. Which statement does so accurately?

Children's cancers, unlike those of adults, often are detected accidentally, not through screening.

A nurse is working with a child on a pediatric unit. Based on the age of the child, the nurse understands the child should be in Piaget's Concrete Operational stage. Which of the following activities should the nurse plan to include in the plan of care to evaluate if the child has achieved this stage?

Classifying and sorting coins

A nurse is caring for a child who states: "I don't like the taste of this medicine, but my parents told me it will help me get better, so I'll take it." This example best exemplifies which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Concrete operational stage

Which of the following is an age-related change of the hepatobiliary system?

Decreased blood flow

A nurse is teaching a 7-year old diabetic child who is in Piaget's concrete operational stage about insulin injections. Based on Piaget's theory, what would be the nurse's best method of preparation for this child?

Demonstrate the procedure on a teddy bear.

You are a student nurse who is assisting the school nurse with a health fair for a middle school. You assess the students' heights and weights as they file through your station. You observe that there is a large variation in physical size and emotional maturity. Which of the following factors may affect emotional growth of children? Choose all that apply.

Development of trust Praise for doing well Loving caregivers

A nurse is caring for an elderly client in a long term care facility. The resident is reminiscing about his life and his achievements. The nurse understands the client is in which of the following stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development theory?

Ego Integrity

You are caring for Mr. Jacobs, a 79-year-old man who was admitted for a hip replacement. He visits with you every chance he gets; he seems lonely. He tells you his wife died 2 years ago. He has children in nearby cities with 9 grandchildren. He says his life has been good and he is content, even though he misses his wife. You assess him for developmental issues and know that he fits well into which of Erikson's stages of development?

Ego integrity versus despair

A nurse is observing interactions between a new mother and her newborn. The nurse observes the mother not responding to her newborn's cries. Which of the following growth and development theories does the nurse understand this observation addresses?

Erik Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust stage

Which developmental theorist created the psychosocial theory of development?

Erikson

You are a nurse working in a pediatric clinic. Today you are seeing Calvin Olson, who brought in his 6-month-old infant for a well-baby checkup. He asks what the common health problems are for this age. The nurse's correct reply includes which of the following?

Food allergies

A nurse is caring for a school-age child in a clinic setting. Which of the following developmental theories should the nurse use to develop a plan of care appropriate for this age child? (Select all that apply.)

Freud?s Latency Stage Fowler?s Mythical Literal Faith Stage

You are reviewing developmental theories for class discussion. You know that Freud's theory emphasizes the effect of instinctual human drives on behavior. He identified the underlying stimulus for human behavior as sexuality, which he called libido. Freud defined libido as which of the following?

General pleasure-seeking instincts

A nurse observes individuals who are volunteering in a community free health clinic. Which of the following stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Development theory describes these individuals?

Generativity vs stagnation

What are the two factors that drive growth and development?

Genetics and environment

Donald, a newly graduated nurse, is working in a pediatric clinic. Today he sees Karen, a 1-month-old infant, and her single mother. The mother is estranged from Karen's father but is marrying her high school sweetheart next week. Donald remembers from nursing school that which of the following will affect an infant's growth and development? Choose all that apply.

Genetics of mother Environment of infant Mother's prenatal nutrition

The nurse is seeing 6-year-old Patrick in the clinic. As the nurse is measuring height and weight for Patrick, his mother comments on how much he has grown since his last checkup. The nurse knows that this increase in size is which of the following?

Growth

A second trend occurring with growth and development of the infant states that development is proximodistal. This means:

Growth progresses from gross motor movements to fine motor movements.

Which would be an expected reaction from a 5 year old when his 3-month-old infant sibling dies from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

Guilt he may have caused the death

You are a student nurse who is assisting the school nurse with a health fair for a middle school. You assess the students' height and weight as they file through your station. You observe that there is a large variation in physical size and emotional maturity. Which of the following factors may affect physical growth of children? Choose all that apply.

Heredity Prenatal nutrition Physical activity

According to Freud's theory, what factor is concerned with self-gratification?

Id

The nurse observes a hospitalized 15-year-old male refuse his meal tray and state: "I usually eat pizza at home. I can't eat the food in here." This type of rebellious behavior is characteristic of which of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Identity versus role confusion

At 39 weeks' gestation, a pregnant female, visits her physician for a scheduled prenatal checkup. The physician determines that the fetus has developed an infection in utero and sends the patient for an emergency C section. The patient is very concerned about the health of her unborn child. Based on the knowledge of the immune system, the delivery room nurse explains about which of the following immunoglobulins that will be increased in the fetus at the time of birth and actively fighting the infection?

IgG

Which of the following is a sympathetic-adrenal medullary response to stress?

Increased heart rate

A 10-year-old girl is excited when she receives the "most improved player" award on her softball team. Although she was not the strongest player on the team, she always tried to perform at her best level and never gave up on practicing her skills. What stage of psychosocial development according to Erik Erikson is this child demonstrating?

Industry versus inferiority

A nurse is caring for a child who stated, ?Nobody likes me! I don't have any friends.? According to Erik Erikson's Theories of Psychosocial Development, which of the following stages is the child at risk for not achieving?

Industry vs Inferiority

The nurse is caring for a mother of a healthy 6-month-old infant. The mother expresses concern about the child putting everything in his mouth. The nurse uses Freud's theory to teach the mother which of the following about this behavior?

It is a way that the infant explores

The school nurse is teaching growth and development in a health class. What should the nurse teach the students about development?

It is the process of ongoing change

An 8-year-old boy is looking at his father's razor and shaving cream in the bathroom medicine cabinet. He watches his father shave daily and asks his father when he will need to start shaving. This child is demonstrating characteristics common during which of Freud's psychoanalytic developmental stages?

Latency stage

Today you are caring for Mrs. Bonder, a 68-year-old woman, who is admitted for fixation of an ankle fracture related to a fall at home. She comments to you that she is thinking of selling her home and moving to a smaller place. Her husband died 6 months ago and she is unable to physically maintain her home without him. She sounds accepting of this. According to Robert Havighurst, in which of the following developmental stages is Mrs. Bonder?

Later Maturity

A nurse is working with young adults and assessing their moral development. The nurse relates which of the following theorists who developed the Theory of Moral Development?

Lawrence Kohlberg

The nurse is counseling a woman who states: "I'm never going to find a husband, every time I start dating I end up getting hurt. I'm not even going to try anymore." This woman is in what stage of Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development?

Level 1—selfishness

The nurse is providing prenatal education for a group of pregnant teenagers. The nurse talks about substance abuse during pregnancy and relates which of the following possible newborn consequences? Choose all that apply.

Low birthweight Premature birth Congenital anomalies

Which medication is the most effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Methylphenidate

A school-aged child is attentive to following the rules at school, respects his teachers, and views justice as a means of fair play. These are characteristics of which type of development typical of this age group?

Moral development

According to Kohlberg, which of the following considerations is central to human development?

Morality

A school nurse is providing information to a group of older adults during Fire Prevention Week. Which statement is correct regarding fires in the home?

Most people who die in house fires die of smoke inhalation, rather than burns.

A primiparous client expresses concern, asking the nurse why her neonate's eyes are crossed. Which information would the nurse include when teaching the mother about neonatal strabismus?

Neonates commonly lack eye muscle coordination.

As a nursing student, you are visiting a day care to observe growth and development in action. You do assessments on infants and toddlers. They are learning to walk, talk, and control elimination. According to Freud, in what developmental stage are they?

Oral; anal

A nursing faculty is discussing laissez-faire values with students. Which of the following is an example of those values?

Parents allowing a child to decide not to have an intravenous line inserted

A student nurse is enrolled in a growth and development class. Which of the following Freudian stages should the student nurse recognize in a child with an increase in gender difference awareness?

Phallic Stage

According to Maslow, which category of needs represents the most basic on the hierarchy?

Physiologic needs

Based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what type of activities would a nurse recommend to parents of children in the preoperational stage?

Play activities

A 13-year-old mother delivers a low-birth-weight neonate, and the neonate is transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. The mother reports receiving occasional prenatal care and has a history of excessive alcohol consumption. The growth and development of this neonate has been influenced by which of the following?

Prenatal factors

As a nursing student, you are visiting a day care to observe growth and development in action. You do screening assessments on preschoolers. They are learning to feed, dress, and toilet themselves, as well as expanding their motor and verbal abilities. According to Piaget, in what development stage are they?

Preoperational

When developing a care plan for a hospitalized child, the nurse knows that children in which age-group are most likely to view illness as a punishment for misdeeds?

Preschool age

Which of the following is a nurse's role in providing home care for a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

Provide emotional and physical support

The nurse is preparing a teaching plan for a 15-year-old adolescent who is 7 months pregnant. The nurse should reevaluate her teaching plan if she includes which teaching strategy?

Providing age-appropriate reading materials

Genomic information can identify gene mutations and environmental influences that can impact a pregnancy. What are the implications for nursing practice related to this advancement?

Provision of appropriate health teaching

A nurse is caring for a 6-year-old boy who is hospitalized for observation following a motor vehicle accident. Based on Havighurst's developmental tasks, what would be the best choice for a diversional activity for this patient?

Reading a story book

The nurse is seeing 6-year-old Patrick in the clinic. As the nurse is measuring height and weight for Patrick, his mother comments on how coordinated he is becoming. The nurse knows that this increase in coordination is which of the following?

Related to development

Donald, a newly graduated nurse is applying for a position in a pediatric clinic. In preparation, he studies about growth and development. He learns that which of the following are considered milestones within a developmental level? Choose all that apply.

Roll over Crawl Walk

You are the nurse who is working in the pediatric clinic. Today you are seeing Janet Brent and her 10-year-old daughter, who is here for a well-child checkup. Janet asks what the common health problems are for this age. The nurse's correct reply includes which of the following?

Scoliosis

Newborns are capable of activities such as grasping objects and displaying basic reflexes. To which of the following of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages do the newborns belong?

Sensorimotor

A nurse is observing a child pick up a rattler and shake it to hear a sound. The nurse understands that the child is considered to be in which of the following of Piaget's Cognitive Development stages?

Sensorimotor stage

According to Freud, which of the following influences is the primary force that drives an individual's development?

Sexuality

As you are preparing an immunization for Stephen, a 2-year-old, his mother discovers that he has soiled his underpants. She scolds him and calls him a "bad boy" because he "dirtied" his underwear. You give the immunization and provide some education to the mother about appropriate expectations for this age group. You know that according to Erikson's theory for Stephen's age group, Stephen is at risk to develop which of the following?

Shame and doubt

A nurse assesses the effect of the environment and nutrition on patients visiting a walk-in clinic in a low-income community. Which statements accurately describe these effects? (Select all that apply.)

Substance abuse by a pregnant woman increases the risk for congenital anomalies in her developing fetus. Abuse of alcohol and drugs is more prevalent in teenagers who have poor family relationships. An increased incidence of teenage pregnancy can be linked to substance abuse by adolescents.

While assessing a client, the nurse notes the client is functioning at the fourth level according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Which observation of the client led the nurse to conclude this?

The client longs to have validation for success and accomplishments.

A 5-month-old infant being assessed was born at 32 weeks. The nurse doing the well-child check-up should compare the baby to what norms?

The development of a 3-month-old

A nurse is caring for a client who is has a history of drug dependency. The nurse understands which of the following components of Sigmund Freud's theory is responsible for relapses into drug dependency?

The id

Which of the following characteristics of a neonate would be reflected in her Apgar score?

The infant's hands and feet appear blue.

An 82-year-old resident of a long-term care facility often tells stories of the role that he played in the Korean War. According to Erikson, which of the following needs may underlie the resident's storytelling?

The need to demonstrate that his life was meaningful and purposeful

A nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers about growth and development of their children. Which teaching point would the nurse include?

The pace of growth and development is specific for each person.

A nurse wants to teach children about the importance of oral health with brushing and flossing. Based on Piaget's theory, to what age group would it be most appropriate to teach this topic?

Third and fourth graders

According to Havighurst, learning behaviors are based upon developmental tasks. In assessing an adult patient, the nurse is aware that a common developmental task of middle adulthood includes:

assisting children to become responsible adults.

A nurse is assessing a 10-year-old child who is displaying behaviors that are consistent with oppositional defiance disorder. When conducting the assessment, the nurse should also assess for which co-morbidity?

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

When caring for a 2-year-old child, the nurse should offer choices, when appropriate, about some aspects of care. According to Erikson, offering choices helps the child achieve:

autonomy.

Anticipatory guidance for an infant for the 4th month should include the fact that she probably will:

be able to turn over onto the back.

During a health history, a middle-aged man tells the nurse, "I will always take care of my children because my parents took care of me." Based on Kohlberg's theory, what level of moral development is the man demonstrating?

conventional

A group of nursing students is reviewing information about Freud's personality structure. The students demonstrate understanding of this information when they identify the ability to form mutually satisfying relationships as a function of:

ego.

Anticipating that a 3-year-old child in traction will have need for diversion, what should the nurse offer the child?

hand puppets

A nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 10-year-old. What is the expected behavior of this child?

has a strong sense of justice and fair play

Growth and development are:

interconnected experiences.

A 10-year-old boy tells his mother that he is going to be just like his father when he grows up. According to Freud, what stage of development is this child experiencing?

latency

In response to the nurse's question about how she is feeling, a postpartum client states that she is fine. She then begins talking to the baby, checking the diaper, and asking infant care questions. The nurse determines the client is in which postpartal phase of psychological adaptation?

taking hold