human development final
The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant
24 to 25
The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is _____ weeks pregnant.
24 to 25
Uma has just given birth. Assuming that the baby is perfectly average, and was born in the U.S., he is most likely to weigh _____ pounds, and would be approximately _____ inches long
7½; 20
Uma has just given birth. Assuming that the baby is perfectly average, and was born in the U.S., he is most likely to weigh _____ pounds, and would be approximately _____ inches long.
7½; 20
Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzles on her own
Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. In which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer most likely to engage?
She ignores her child when he cries.
Darla is 84, however she still does crosswords and reads every day, and is getting around without the use of a walker or cane. What developmental pattern is she exhibiting?
Successful aging
According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status
The existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?
The existence or extent of their crisis or commitment
When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law." Juan is probably a(n):
authoritarian parent.
The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role is referred to as:
eclectic theoretical orientation
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:
initiative versus guilt.
Four-year-old Ethan reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan's primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of
intuitive thought
Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha
is a female
In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking:
is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics.
On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.
life-span
Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging
low self-efficacy
Knowledge about memory is known as:
metamemory
Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her
metamemory
Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because
middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents
When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's:
self-concept.
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others
self-conscious
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.
self-conscious
Mary thinks that she is a good person. This observation reflects Mary's
self-esteem.
Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from:
two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms
The life-support systems for the embryo include the
umbilical cord, placenta, and amnion.
clark's genotype contains a dominant gene for brown eye color and recessive gene for blue eye color. According to the dominant-recessive gene principle, which of the following phenotypes is most likely to be observed in Clark?
Brown eyes
The process in which cells begin to specialize in order to perform various tasks is called:
Cell differentiation
Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
Which of the following statements about the timing of identity development is TRUE?
College upperclassmen are more likely to be identity achieved than college freshmen or high school students.
A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Concrete operational stage
Which of the following factors are most likely to contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood?
Decline in processing speed
"Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?
Development is contextual
Which of the following is most typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged individuals?
Difficulty viewing close objects
During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?
During the embryonic period
_____ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.
Emotion regulation
One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:
Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?
Exploration
An adult in middle age will be most likely to do POORLY on which of the following tasks?
Hitting the brakes of a car when the light suddenly turns red
Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
Identity diffusion
Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school today because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?
Imaginary audience
Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?
Increased myelination of the central nervous system.
Compared to middle age, which of the following BEST describes late middle age for many individuals?
Losses may begin to outnumber gains
Leila and Alexander are siblings. Every Saturday morning, Leila and her grandmother cook breakfast together and then do some errands and shopping together. During that time, Alexander and his grandfather spend some quality "male bonding" time. They like to play miniature golf or do yard work. The interactions that each child has with the grandparent would be known as what type of environmental experience?
Nonshared environmental experiences
_____ act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Psychoactive drugs
What is the term Erikson uses to describe a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?
Psychosocial moratorium
_____ is the belief that "I can;" helplessness is the belief that "I cannot."
Self-efficacy
Darren is an active 12-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?
Self-regulation
Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
achievement
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development
cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.
In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:
centration
_____ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity
commitment
In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to:
compare themselves with others.
_____ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube in a process called fertilization.
conception
Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of
conservation.
Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from:
considering combinations of features
Centration inhibits the ability to categorize items because it prevents one from
considering combinations of features.
James Marcia defines _____ as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives
crisis
James Marcia defines _____ as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.
crisis
When Brianna is upset, her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting
emotion-coaching
When Brianna is upset, her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.
emotion-coaching
Barbara monitors her children's emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an:
emotion-coaching parent.
The retention of information about the when and where of life's happenings is called _____ memory.
episodic
A group of children were put through a task in which they were asked to say the word "night" when they saw a picture of a sun and the word "day" when they saw a picture of a moon and stars. This is an example of a(n) _____ function that describes several functions, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior.
executive
_____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
executive
Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases _____ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.
genetic variability
Petra is in the fourth month of her pregnancy. Her unborn child is now referred to as a(n):
fetus
The germinal period of development takes place in the _____ after conception
first two weeks
Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how:
for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.
foreclosure
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity:
foreclosure.
During the beginning of the _____ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities.
formal operational
The abstract quality of thinking during the _____ stage is evident in the adolescent's verbal problem-solving ability.
formal operational
Researchers have found that in children from three to six years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the_____ lobe areas of the brain.
frontal
In Erikson's theory, _____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
generativity
Erikson proposed that middle-aged adults face a significant issue which he termed:
generativity versus stagnation
Vanda's genetic makeup is composed of thousands of genes in which some are expressed and directly observable, while some are not. When we talk about all of her genetic material we are talking about her:
genotype
When four- and five-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their
gross motor skills.
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls _____.
identity confusion
The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
mind
When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development.
nonnormative life
The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:
normative historical change
Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
observational learning
Rachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) _____ correlation
passive genotype-environment
Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the _____ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.
personal fable
Marly describes her friend Gina as having blonde hair, green eyes, and fair skin with freckles. Marly has described Gina's:
phenotype.
The _____ consists of a group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine, but do not connect
placenta
Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years. Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how development is:
plastic.
Cognitive _____ are the culture-based "software programs" of the mind
pragmatics
Advances in the _____ of the brain are linked to children's _____.
prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:
private speech.
Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.
stability
Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. He and his wife had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home
the empty nest syndrome
In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from
the individual to collaboration
Byron can take sticks of different lengths and put them all in order from shortest to longest. He can also discern that if stick A is longer than B and B is longer than C, then A is longer than C. This ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is:
transitivity