Human Development Quiz 5

What observable changes occur in males during puberty?

- growth of tests - pubic hair growth - first ejaculation of sperm - facial hair - growth spurt - deepening of voice

Order from first to last: - muscle spurt - weight spurt - height spurt

- weight spurt - height spurt - muscle spurt

life-course-persistent offender

A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal.

When is brain growth complete?

About 25 years old

moratorium

An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions (Going to college without any specific goal or desire to do so is a common example.)

imaginary audience

Belief that others are watching and taking note of appearance, ideas, and behaviors; creates self consciousness

____________ can lead to assault, rape, and murder

Bullying

Identity

Consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.

deviancy training

Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or resist social norms.

(Later or earlier) high school start times have been associated with • Higher graduation rates • Less student absenteeism • Less adolescent depression

Later

Adolescents are the (MOST or LEAST) likely age group to take dramatic risks in order to gain peer approval

MOST

secondary sex characteristics

Observable physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction, but that indicate sexual maturity.

deductive reasoning

Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics; • Sometimes called top-down reasoning.

inductive reasoning

Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or accumulated facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction; • Sometimes called bottom-up reasoning.

hypothetical thought

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality (If-then propositions)

____________ can lead to defiance, which can lead to running away

Stubbornness

suicidial ideation

Thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual, or cognitive overtones.

drug most commonly abused

alcohol

bulimia nervosa

characterized by binge eating at a single setting, and subsequent purging (vomiting, laxative use).

binge eating disorder

characterized by binging more than once per week but does not involve purging.

invincibility fable

conviction that he/she cannot be harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, highspeed driving, or being sent into combat

We have seen (increases or decreased) teen births rates in most countries for the past few decades.

decreased

Growth proceeds from: - core to extremities - extremities to core

extremities to the core

Adolescents are more likely to be (analytical or intuitive) thinkers because of uneven brain maturation.

intuitive

Two-thirds of U.S. high school girls are trying to (lose or gain) weight.

lose

There is a (positive correlation or no correlation) between body fat and onset of puberty among females.

positive correlation

mental illness associated with male during puberty

schizophrenia

cluster suicide

several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief time period.

mental illness associated with females during puberty

severe depression

Suicide

the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Completing suicide is more common in adolescent boys than girls.

parasuicide

(attempted suicide) - any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death. Parasuicide is more common in adolescent girls than in boys.

limbic system

- fear, emotional impulses - matures before the prefrontal cortex

What influences when puberty starts?

- genes - gender - weight - body fat percentage - hormones - stress

Pubertal hormones directly affect the _________________.

amygdala

false confessions

an admission of guilt for a crime for which the confessor is not responsible.

personal fable

an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are more wonderful or awful than others.

child sexual abuse

any erotic sexual activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child (including fondling and photographing); between a juvenile and an adult

anorexia nervosa

characterized by self-starvation and over-exercise.

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Gray matter (increases or decreases) during puberty

decreases

"All mammals are animals. All elephants are mammals. Therefore, all elephants are animals." This is an example of ___________ reasoning.

deductive

(1) All Christians believe in the Bible, and James is a Christian; therefore, James believes in the Bible.

deductive reasoning (1)

(2) Elaine, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work.

deductive reasoning (2)

Stress, especially when prolonged, may contribute to a/an (early or late) onset of puberty.

early

Most men reach their final height by ____ years old.

20

___ out of every ____ teens are sleep deprived.

3 out of 4

How long does puberty take from onset to completion in females?

4 years

About two-thirds of the variation in age of puberty is determined by ________.

genes

The more time teenage girls spend on social media, the (higher or lower) their body dissatisfaction.

high body dissatisfaction

The correct sequence of puberty hormone production is: Hypothalamus then _______, which sends hormones to the _______________, which sends hormones to enlarge the ___________. The ___________ then produce a large rush of sex hormones.

hypothalamus --> pituitary --> adrenal --> gonads, gonads

White matter (increases or decreases) during puberty

increases

Three different girls tell David that The Notebook is their all-time favorite movie. David concludes that all girls love that movie. This is an example of ___________ reasoning.

inductive

____________ is the belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success if necessary to care for one another, to preserve family unity, and protect the family from outside forces.

Familism

Cassandra is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Cassandra tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!"

Hypothetical thinking

Blue spectrum light from electronics have (strong or no) effect on the circadian system.

strong effect

formal operational thought

- Piaget - Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas - Ability to think of possibility instead of only reality

What observable changes occur in females during puberty?

- breast development - growth spurt - first menstrual period

Four aspects of family closeness during Adolescence

- communication - support - connectedness - control

dual processing

- intuitive/emotional response - analytical reasoning

3 major influences on adolescent cognition

- life experiences - educational training & practice - parental involvement

Three signs that predict delinquency

- stubbornness - shoplifting - bullying

Puberty typically begins between ages ___ and ___.

8 and 14

_____________ is when an adult is mostly or only sexually attracted to post-pubescent teenagers— usually those in the age range 15-19.

Ephebophilia

foreclosure

Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis Examples - Working in the family business because it is expected or adopting a parent's political views without question.

identity achievement

Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.

identity versus role confusion

Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

True or false: One physical change that typically occurs during adolescence is that the heart stays the same size.

FALSE One physical change that typically occurs during adolescence is that the heart doubles in size.

primary sex characteristics

Parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the uterus, ovaries, testicles, and the penis.

facilitation

Peers facilitate both destructive and constructive behaviors in one another.

juvenile delinquent

Person under the age of 18 who breaks the law

adolescence-limited offender

Person whose criminal activity stops by age 21

peer pressure

Provides encouragement to conform to one's friends in behavior, dress, and attitude

____________ is characterized by rapid physical growth and sexual maturation.

Puberty

____________ can lead to arson and burglary

Shoplifting

role confusion

Situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is (may have failed some classes, lost a job, sleeps on the couch, and replies to disapproval with "Whatever.").

____________ ______________ is the factor has the greatest impact on whether sexual discovery and exploration is healthy and enjoyable, or shameful and frightening.

Social context

True or false: This increased endurance is BEST explained by the growth of the heart and lungs.

TRUE

selection

Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, abandoning friends who follow other paths.

adolescent egocentrism

Thinking that leads young people (ages10 to 13) to focus on self to exclusion of others

identity diffusion

This identity status is characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values, or concern about the future.

prefrontal cortex

planning ahead, emotional regulation

Cognitive control during adolescence is limited because the ____________ _________ is not yet fully developed.

prefrontal cortex

Important developments within the ________________ ____________ and other regions still take place well into one's 20s

prefrontal cortex

pruning

the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die