Human Ecology Review

The primary aim of the U.S. Forest Service has historically been to provide ______________ based on Pinchot's philosophy of _________________.

timber to logging companies; pragmatic conservation

All are common modern agricultural methods, except

plowing fields.

Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably

invertebrates.

Match the terms below with their definitions.

-Conservation: A philosophy that primarily emphasizes protection of organisms and systems as they are used for human recreation, survival, and development. -Preservation: A philosophy that emphasizes the fundamental rights of all organisms to exist and pursue their own ends without human interference.

Label each reaction with the statement that provides a description of how forests are related to the carbon cycle.

-Photosynthesis: CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ Trees in the forest are carbon sinks pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and storing it in organic molecules. -Cellular Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP Organisms in the forest use carbohydrates to produce cellular energy. They release inorganic carbon that can then be used by plants. -Combustion: Hydrocarbons + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy Burning of forests to clear the land for fields or pasture releases additional inorganic carbon into the atmosphere.

Identify and drag the image that best represents the ecological service described.

-This ecological services increases the amount of agricultural output: Plant-covered soil -Many fruit crops are dependent on this ecological service: Pollination -This economic resource is fed by the surrounding populations (ecological service) : Fish farms -Ecological services for this include stabilizing climate and water supplies: Forests

What is unique about the Mediterranean climate area biome?

It contains a high number of unique species.

Select all of following statements that are true about wetlands?

Wetlands are important as wildlife habitat as well as flood control and water purification for humans.

An advantage of testing for toxicity by exposing animals to chemicals is that using animals is

a trusted and usually reliable way to get results.

Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?

about 1.5 million

Hazardous substances ______________ while toxins are ______________.

are dangerous substances; poisonous substances

Undernourished parents often raise children who are undernourished because the parents

cannot afford to feed their children properly.

Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil.

close to the surface of

Which of the following would not be among the most important characteristics of chemicals in determining their environmental risks is/are

dose.

Monetary inputs to local economies due to the presence of parks and reserves is

ecotourism.

Estrogen-like compounds that can disrupt normal cellular function are called a/an

endocrine disruptor.

Over the past decade, the number of park visitors has _______ and park budgets have ________.

increased by one third; decreased by about 25%

A natural form of fertilizer would be

manure

In general, funding for recovery programs is given to species that are

most well known.

Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to

prevent water and soil loss.

Which of the following are forms of chemical deterioration of soil?

salinization and acidification

This biome is characterized by steady levels of precipitation all year, but seasonal temperatures. Average winter temperatures are below freezing, spring and fall temperatures are mild, and summers are quite warm.

temperate deciduous forest

Considering the general relationship that the amount of land protected is an inverse relationship to the amount of that biome converted for human use, which of the following biome types likely has the least amount of area protected?

temperate grasslands

Detection of toxic chemicals depends upon

the sensitivity of measuring techniques and how many chemicals are present.

In contrast with the ______________, the soil of the ______________ is more nutrient-rich and this type of biome has fewer insects, parasites, and fungal diseases. Therefore, in many places, these areas are highly endangered.

tropical rainforest; tropical seasonal forest

The main reason that there are relatively few invertebrates categorized as endangered species is because

we consider other groups, such as mammals, to be more interesting and desirable.

Drag the causes of famine to rank them in order from most to least causative.

#1: Armed conflict #2: Natural disaster #3: Carrying capacity of land

Of the categories of protected areas, which describes a type that has the most allowed human impact?

cultural landscapes and Recreation areas

Methods of managing topography include all but which of the following?

deep tilling

Match each toxin type below with its effect on the human body.

-Allergens: overstimulate the immune system -Neurotoxins: attack nerve cells -Mutagens: damage or otherwise alter DNA sequence -Teratogens: cause defects during growth and development -Carcinogens: cause unchecked cell growth

Match each major source for environmental health risk with an example of that source.

-Bacteria, protozoa, and virus: infectious agents -Criteria air pollutants: pollution -Car accidents: trauma -Lead: toxins -UV: radiation

Your actions can impact environmental issues such as overharvesting and invasive species. Drag each of the following actions to the environmental issue it helps address.

-Invasive species: Never release fish or vegetation from fish tanks into the wild or sewers/storm drains, use native plants in your garden/yard, don't buy exotic pets/plants. -Overharvesting: Buy farm-raised fish to eat, avoid slow-growing fish species such as swordfish or bluefin tuna, buy sustainably harvested wood products.

People do not always make decisions based on logic. Match the scenario to the psychological reasoning that best explains a person's difficulty in weighing that risk.

-Irrational fears of certain technologies: being more fearful of water with trichloroethylene than firearms. -Exaggerated view of our ability to control our own fate: being more fearful of plane crashes than car crashes. -Biased perspective based on media coverage: being more fearful of nuclear energy than coal burning facilities.

The highest rate of forest loss occurs in

Africa

What technique might you use to determine size and location of a preserve to protect grizzly bears?

GIS

The cutting of rainforests causes a lack of normal water flow into the soil. Puddles of water can stand for long periods. Which of the following statements best explains how rainforest destruction is closely tied with human morbidity and mortality?

Mosquitoes with an aquatic larval form spread many highly contagious diseases.

Biomes can be distinguished based on values from the two most important environmental factors. Which of the following abiotic conditions are the biggest determinants of biome location (select all that apply)?

Precipitation, temperature

Identify and drag the predicted top 5 causes for global disease burden into the box.

Top 5 causes of disease burden for 2020: -Heart disease -Depression -Traffic accidents -Stroke -Chronic lung disease

REDD is a forest protection program sponsored by the

United Nations Environment Program.

The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism is defined as

bioaccumulation.

Which of these is not a benefit found with reduced tillage farming?

decreased insects and weeds

Waterlogging results from

excessive irrigation

An increased number of cowbirds (a species that likes areas where grassland and forests meet) would be an indicator of

increased edge habitat.

Which is a disadvantage of conservation tillage methods?

increased pests and weeds

Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it

is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor.

Policy makers should utilize a(n) ____________ approach to setting environmental risk standards.

precautionary

The location of specific biomes can be predicted based on

precipitation and temperature.

The UNESCO idea of biosphere reserves illustrates which of the following philosophies of environmental protection?

preservation and Utilitarian Conservation

Which of the following is not a benefit of high biodiversity?

production of carbon dioxide

Toxic substances are dangerous because they

react or interfere with specific cell functions.

Studies of topsoil erosion on Iowa farmland shows that as much as 50 metric tons are lost per hectare during winter and spring rains. This loss is due to the loss of millimeters of soil from across the entire surface of the fields. Which type of erosion would this be?

sheet or rill erosion

In terms of species diversity and complexity, a coral reef would be similar to which terrestrial biome?

tropical rainforest

This biome has steady average temperature each month of the year and high annual precipitation that is steady year-round, not seasonal.

tropical rainforest

Obesity is a disease that affects

wealthy, developed nations

A more sustainable form of managing grasslands is

rotational grazing.

This biome is characterized by permanently frozen soil.

tundra

The temperature boundary in freshwater lakes is the

thermocline.

Which of the following statements about trade in endangered species is false?

Overharvesting affects animals more than plants.

Drag and drop the labels of the top 15 leading causes of global disease burden that are caused by pathogens.

Pathogens: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS

Species diversity is most concentrated in

South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.

How is a swamp different from a marsh?

Swamps have trees, while marshes do not.

Which of the following likely has the least amount of land exhibiting edge effects.

a wilderness area that is 9000 km2

Historically, the greatest threat to grasslands has been

conversion to farmland.

One possible solution to the problem of insufficient land area for preserves is to use _______________ to link smaller habitat areas.

corridors

An allergen

over-stimulates the immune system.

Historically, the greatest threats to human health came from

pathogenic organisms.

The biomagnification of DDT demonstrates that

higher trophic level organisms can concentrate toxins in a type of "inverse biological pyramid."

A/an ____________ species is one that requires a large area of generally undisturbed habitat to maintain viable populations. By saving this habitat, many other species benefit.

umbrella

_________ can be defined as the transfer of genes for desirable traits, such as pest resistance, into crop plants from other organisms.

Genetic engineering

With respect to exposure to toxins which statement is correct?

Acute effects are the immediate results of a single exposure, chronic effects are those that are long-lasting.

Wind erosion is most likely to cause problems in

open, arid regions

What is the theoretical basis of the statement that we could feed more people if we would eat grain rather than feeding it to livestock?

the Second Law of Thermodynamics

How is the increase in corn and soy production related to livestock production for meat?

Much of the grain produced is fed to animals raised for meat.

Whether something is toxic- or to what degree something is toxic- relies on factors of the toxic agent, exposure, and the organism that has been exposed. Drag the factors of toxicity to the component (toxic agent, exposure, or organism) they best relate to.

-Factors related to the toxic agent: chemical composition, presence of impurities, solubility -Factors related to exposure: dose, time of day, season or year -Factors related to the organism: resistance to uptake, nutritional status, age, sex, body weight

Classify each medicinal product based on the type of organism from which it was derived.

-Fungus: Penicillin (antibiotic) -Bacteria: Bacitracin (antibiotic), Tetracycline (antibiotic), Erythromycin (antibiotic) -Plant: Digitalis (heart stimulant), Quinine (malaria treatment), Cortisone (anti-inflammatory), Morphine (analgesic) -Animal: Bee venom (arthritis relief), Allantoin (wound healing)

The USDA estimates ______ percent of conventionally grown foods are contaminated with pesticide residue.

73

Which of the following is true?

Humans may have been causing extinctions thousands of years ago, but our impact has recently increased.

Preservation of genetic diversity essential for breeding programs to improve cultivated plants and domestic animals is part of the

IUCN World Conservation Strategy.

Select all of the following that are NOT a major benefit of biodiversity?

It provides the raw material for new foods and medicines, it helps keep the ecosystem more stable, it helps prevent flooding

You can participate in sustainable agriculture by

eating locally lower on the food chain and participating in CSAs.

Infectious diseases that were previously not known or described for at least the prior 20 years

emergent diseases.

For the following statement, select all choices that make the statement true. Human disturbance affects the size and stability of preserves. In comparing two square shaped tracts of land, one a 100 km2 forest preserve and the other a 10 km2 isolated island of forest that has been separated from the preserve by human development, the isolated island of habitat.

has more core habitats and less edge, supports fewer species, supports more species

Label each example as either a description of bioaccumulation or biomagnification.

-Biomagnification: Some fish that have long life-spans accumulate methyl mercury in their tissues, which can be harmful to growth and development. The EPA recommends that pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young children avoid some types of fish known to contain high levels of mercury. -Bioaccumulation: Airborne mercury settles in the ocean water where it is converted into methyl mercury. Plankton absorb the mercury. Small fish consume the plankton, which causes mercury to be stored in the tissue of the fish. The small fish are consumed by larger fish, which causes mercury to be stored in the tissue of the larger fish.

Select all of the following ecosystems that are known to have high levels of biodiversity?

Coral reefs, estuaries, rivers, streams

Place the oceanic zones in the correct order. (top to bottom)

-Littoral -Pelagic -Epipelagic -Bathypelagic -Abyssal -Hadal

Match each ecosystem/biome with its traditional monetary benefit and its ecological service.

-Wetlands: erosion protection, drained for farmland. -Coral reefs: exotic species for pet industry, biodiversity. -Tropical rainforests: lumber, climate and water regulation.

Fifty years ago, there were several hundred varieties of wheat grown in the Middle East. Now a few of the more modern high responder varieties have replaced the indigenous species. What are the implications of this change?

Genetic resources are diminished and an epidemic of wheat disease is highly likely due to the reliance on few species.

Examples of POPs, persistent organic pollutants, include all of the following except

phosphates.

Match the threat to biodiversity to the proposed solution that you can bring about.

-Do not release fish or vegetation from fish tanks into the wild: invasive species. -Buy fish from stable populations such as farm-raised catfish and avoid slow growing top predators such as bluefin and albacore tuna: overharvesting. -Buy shade-grown coffee, which is grown with other vegetation that provide habitats for different species of animals: fragmentation.

Distinguish the following items from forested lands as being either an ecological service or an economic product and drag them to the appropriate box.

-Ecological services: reduces global climate change, shelters biodiversity, buffers local temp, removes carbon from atmosphere. -Economic products: land has oil reserves, cosmetics (from palm oils), provides aluminum (from bauxite ore), used for paper products.

Drag the property to the type of agriculture that it best describes.

-Green revolution: high input of fertilizer, needs increased irrigation, produces higher yields -Sustainable agriculture: little to no pesticide use, likely to use cover crops, less likely to use GMOs

Match the human disturbance to the effect it has on biodiversity.

-Habitat fragmentation or loss: urban development. -Changes in food web dynamics: invasive species. -Typically becomes concentrated in wildlife, killing animals higher in the food chain: pollution. -Animals used for food are unable to maintain a viable population size: overharvesting.

Label each description with the biome it is describing by dragging and dropping the biome name to the correct description.

-Has a basic structure of organisms made up of minute animals living symbiotically with a photosynthetic algae. The structure formed supports extensive biodiversity: Coral reef -Composed of trees that live at marine coasts. These trees have unique root systems that support shallow water communities and serve as nurseries for young organisms: Mangrove -With seasonal rainfall that coincides with warmer summer months and limited trees, this biome supports grasses with deep soil-building roots, but also has been converted to farmland because of the rich soil: Temperate grassland -Cold temperatures year-round has resulted in permafrost - soil that is always frozen. Because of this, no trees are found here: Tundra -Has trees that are adapted to flooding and high biological productivity. Can accept floodwaters at edges of rivers to protect inland ecosystems: Swamp

Match the descriptions to the correct climate graph by dragging and dropping the correct climate graph to label each description.

-Has two distinct seasons with four months above freezing in summer, and average temperatures below freezing the rest of the year: Boreal forest -Shows seasonal temperatures with average temperatures above freezing nine months of the year. However, there is seasonal rainfall with the lowest amount occurring in the summer: Temperate rainforest -Has no seasonal changes in temperature and abundant rainfall the entire year: Tropical rainforest -Has steady, warm temperatures all year, but seasonal rainfall with drought conditions up to six months of a year: Tropical savanna -Has seasonal temperatures with about seven months of the year averaging above freezing. The same seasons with the warmest temperatures also have the most rainfall: Temperate grassland -Has seasonal temperatures with nine months out of the year averaging above freezing and precipitation all year: Temperate deciduous forest

Match the social/ecological changes on the left with the appropriate effect on the prevalence of human disease on the right.

-Increase in speed of spread of a disease outbreak: high levels of international travel -Increase in resistance of vectors and pathogens: overprescribing of antibiotics and overuse of pesticides. -Diseases introduced into new areas exhibit explosive growth: climate change and habitat destruction; upset of ecological balance

Match each dietary issue on the left with its associated health risks.

-Low resistance to disease and infection; potentially permanent mental and/or physical disabilities protein deficiency -Blindness, goiter, neurological defects: vitamin/mineral deficiency -Diabetes, heart attack, osteoarthritis: obesity

Match the habitat description to the oceanic zone it most accurately describes:

-Near the surface, this zone receives high levels of light and therefore is home to many photosynthetic organisms: Epipelagic Zone -This zone occurs over the continental shelf, which is shallow enough for high levels of light. You can find many coral reefs in this zone: Littoral Zone -The daily fluctuations in water level for this zone require many of the organisms to be able to tolerate terrestrial conditions: Intertidal Zone -This is the lowest level in oceanic stratification. Organisms found here have to be adapted to low temperatures, high pressure, and low light: Hadal Zone

You can use purchasing power to lower your personal impact on forests and forest preserves. When purchasing forest products, checking the origins of the product can ensure that your purchase does not contribute to forest degradation. Match the products below with criteria for responsible consumption.

-Product does not come from old-growth trees (particle board is a good choice): Building materials -Harvest comes from agroforestry plantations: Exotiv hardwoods -Product was not grazed on deforested rainforest land: Hamburgers -Products are sustainably harvested from intact forests by native peoples: Nontimber forest products

Match the species designation to the correct description by dragging and dropping the label to the correct description.

-Require large areas of habitat to support them: Umbrella -The elimination of these species would have an effect on many other species in the ecosystem: Keystone -Species like the bald eagle or elephant to which people have an emotional attachment to so are motivated to help conserve them: Flagship -Are reliably found in certain environmental conditions, but not when those conditions change: Indicator

All of the major biomes can be separated based on temperature and precipitation. The average temperatures of the months highlighted in red are above freezing. Match the biome with the appropriate temperature/precipitation profile.

-Tropical forest: temp (30), precip (ablove 100) -Desert: temp (below 10), precip (below 80) -Grassland: temp (above 0), precip (above 10) -Tundra: temp (above 30), precip (above 0)

These ecosystems are some of the most beneficial for biodiversity and environmental stability but are also at the most risk from human development.

-Wetlands: these ecosystems help to filter and purify water removing nutrients and contamination from urban runoff. -Coral reef: these complex structured habitats offer shelter to countless life forms. -Mangroves: these salt-tolerant trees stabilize the shoreline and reduce the severity of storm damages to coastlines. -Estuary: nearly 2/3 of all marine fish and shellfish rely on these sites for reproduction and growth.

In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from

new crop varieties and intensified farming.

Tuna and great white sharks would be found within the

pelagic zone.