Human Environment quiz 1

11. What is meant by the term "interpersonal awareness?" (p. 374) a. It refers to how a child conceives his/her own interpersonal relationships. b. It refers to the degree of individuation a child feels as a member of his family. c. It refers to a child's physical-cognitive development. d. It refers to a child's ability to develop abstract reasoning.

a. It refers to how a child conceives his/her own interpersonal relationships.

15. A disorder typically present form birth resulting in deficits in language, relationship, and motor skills, often associated with repetitive activities is referred to as ____________. (p. 321) a. autism b. mental retardation c. echolalia d. cerebral palsy

a. autism

28. By the time youth reach middle childhood, ethnic minority children: (p. 397) a. become more aware of their appearance and racial identity. b. are able to relate to many characters on TV. c. alienate themselves from peers of the same ethnicity. d. become less aware of their ethnic identify than Caucasian children.

a. become more aware of their appearance and racial identity.

29. Sex role stereotypes: (p. 398) a. characterize our beliefs about what is "male" and what is "female" behavior. b. have no influence on a person's career choice. c. are the culturally defined roles of men and women. d. are negative assumptions that people make about the opposite sex.

a. characterize our beliefs about what is "male" and what is "female" behavior.

8. Researchers question the reliability and validity of a child's testimony in court based on all of the following concerns EXCEPT: (p. 366) a. desire for revenge. b. reliability of memory. c. understanding of obligation to tell the truth. d. vulnerability to suggestion.

a. desire for revenge.

3. Which of the following statements best describes preschool motor development? (p. 298) a. high energy level with gross motor skills outpacing fine motor skills b. high energy level with fine motor skills outpacing gross motor skills c. low energy level with gross motor skills outpacing fine motor skills d. low energy level with fine motor skills outpacing gross motor skills

a. high energy level with gross motor skills outpacing fine motor skills

2. Middle childhood, ages 6-12, is referred to by Erikson as what stage of development? (p. 357) a. industry vs. inferiority b. initiative vs. inferiority c. autonomy vs. self-doubt d. identify vs. role confusion

a. industry vs. inferiority

2. According to Erickson's stage theory, what developmental task must older preschool children master? (p. 297) a. initiative vs. guilt b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. trust vs. mistrust d. industry vs. inferiority

a. initiative vs. guilt

7. Piaget referred to children's how and why questions as typical of which substage of development? (p. 302) a. intuitive thought b. symbolic function c. formal logic d. primitive reasoning

a. intuitive thought

14. ADHD is most commonly diagnosed in which one of the following groups? (p. 379) a. more boys than girls b. more girls than boys c. equal numbers of boys and girls d. more girls between the ages of 6-11 than boys of the same age group

a. more boys than girls

20. The use of power assertion as a way to influence children: (p. 389) a. produces aggressive behavior. b. produces passive behavior. c. increases a child's self-esteem. d. affects school performance in a positive way.

a. produces aggressive behavior.

15. The Child Behavior Checklist is normed, which means: (p. 379) a. scores can be compared against scores obtained from a normal population. b. scores are obtained by dividing the mean score by the sample variance. c. scores are converted to t-values and compared to a standardized table. d. scores can be compared against scores obtained from another population with a highly skewed distribution.

a. scores can be compared against scores obtained from a normal population.

6. Which of the following is FALSE about IQ tests? (p. 363-364) a. Examples include the Stanford-Binet, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, and the Wescler Intelligence Scale for Children. b. Contents reflect material familiar to children from a variety of cultures. c. They have been used to label and classify children. d. Skills examined include memory, reasoning, and verbal comprehension.

b. Contents reflect material familiar to children from a variety of cultures.

26. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about school and middle childhood? (p. 392-397) a. Students' performance is more significantly affected by teacher expectations than self- expectations. b. Students entitled to an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) include those with physical, emotional, and developmental disabilities. c. Although school phobia affects student attendance, researchers have not found a connection to future psychological problems. d. The federal policy, No Child Left Behind, was designed to enhance the quality of education for honor students.

b. Students entitled to an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) include those with physical, emotional, and developmental disabilities.

1. In middle childhood, rules, fairness, and reciprocity (p. 357) a. bother most children b. are focused on in play c. should be ignored in favor of teaching independence and identity development d. are taught mostly through media

b. are focused on in play

19. According to Hoffman, which one of the following characterizes the method of induction, as a form of disciplinary strategy? (p. 389) a. physical punishment b. attempts to influence behavior with rational arguments c. verbal abuse d. attempts to influence behavior with rewards

b. attempts to influence behavior with rational arguments

16. Parents who are warm and nurturing, set reasonable limits, use negotiation and frequent verbal exchanges are labeled as using what type of parenting style? (p.326) a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indifferent d. permissive-indulgent

b. authoritative

14. A child exhibits an extreme fear of strangers and new situations. This child would most likely be diagnosed with _____________. (p.320) a. overanxious disorder b. avoidant disorder c. separation anxiety disorder d. depressive disorder

b. avoidant disorder

17. Peer groups are: (p. 385) a. a group of age-mates that come together for a short period of time. b. characterized by interactions that are based on an established set of social relationships. c. characterized by individuals with very different goals and prejudices. d. characterized by a tendency to have rotating leaders.

b. characterized by interactions that are based on an established set of social relationships.

6. Which statement best describes the concept of egocentrism? (p. 302) a. children want to be the center of attention b. children view the world from their own personal perspective c. children have magical beliefs about their own powers d. children are self-centered

b. children view the world from their own personal perspective

4. "The quantitative aspects of objects that don't change unless something has been added to or subtracted from the object, although other changes may lead to perceptual differences." To which of the following terms does this definition apply? (p. 361) a. deduction b. conservation c. inhibition d. object permanence

b. conservation

12. When children acquire normal skills very slowly or develop a normal skill at an inappropriate age, this is referred to as ________________. (p. 318) a. developmental psychopathology b. developmental delay c. developmental disorder d. developmental milestone

b. developmental delay

25. In the S.T.E.P. parenting training method, natural consequences: (p. 391) a. should not be replaced by logical consequences. b. follow directly from the child's behavior. c. is a type of punishment used to correct a child's behavior. d. is a type of differential reinforcement.

b. follow directly from the child's behavior.

4. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding asthma in preschool children? (p.300) a. asthma is the leading chronic illness among children b. for some children, asthma is purely psychological c. asthma results in swollen lung tissue and narrowed bronchial tubes d. anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in treatment

b. for some children, asthma is purely psychological

22. Children develop internal moral standards and learn to exercise self-control when which one of the following parental strategies is used? (p. 390) a. power assertion b. induction c. love withdrawal d. affect reinforcement

b. induction

5. Eight-year-old Johnny and his mother are making cookies. Johnny's mother gives him two pieces of dough that are rolled into balls. She asks him to take the rolling pin and roll one flat. Johnny recognizes that both pieces of dough are still of equal size. He has mastered conservation of: (p. 361) a. number. b. length. c. mass. d. area.

c. mass.

7. Johnny was sitting in the cafeteria next to Sam. Sam reached across Johnny to get the salt shaker and accidentally spilled Johnny's drink. Johnny began to yell loudly at Sam, responding as if Sam had spilled the drink on purpose. The other children at the table thought to themselves, "Here we go again, Johnny is always blaming somebody for something." According to Dodge, one could say that Johnny may be deficient in which of the following? (p. 364) a. sensorimotor thinking b. intention cue detection c. a clearly defined sense of object constancy d. a sense of fairness

b. intention cue detection

3. Growth in middle childhood is characterized by: (p. 358) a. a growth spurt with very rapid physical growth. b. slow but consistent growth. c. a period of dormancy in which physical growth does not occur. d. a period of dormancy interspersed with periods of rapid growth.

b. slow but consistent growth.

30. Which of the following statements about gender differences is FALSE? (p. 398 & 400) a. Research by Maccoby and Jacklin found that females have greater verbal ability. b. Girls in middle childhood show a preference for masculine interests and activities. c. Boys are more competitive than girls. d. Boys in middle childhood become increasingly masculine.

c. Boys are more competitive than girls.

10. Fear, nightmares, and night terrors in preschool children(p. 307) a. are an indication that something is wrong b. require assessment by a professional c. are a normal part of development d. are related to watching violent cartoons

c. are a normal part of development

12. Which one of the following is NOT one of the developmental levels suggested by Selman that may account for social perspective-taking ability? (p. 374-375) a. self-reflective and reciprocal perspective taking b. differentiated and subjective perspective taking c. concrete operational perspective taking d. societal/symbolic perspective taking

c. concrete operational perspective taking

13. Which one of the following behavioral problems reflects a tendency to act out? (p. 377) a. internalizing problems b. depression c. externalizing problems d. loneliness

c. externalizing problems

23. The major difference between Parent Effectiveness Training (P.E.T.) and behavior modification is: (p. 390-391) a. in behavior modification, the parent focuses on increasing the use of praise, and in P.E.T., the parent refrains from using praise. b. in behavior modification, the parent works to remove the feelings attached to behaviors, and in P.E.T., the parent helps the child understand, accept, and deal with their feelings. c. in behavior modification, the parent uses his/her power to decrease problem behavior through rewards and consequences, and in P.E.T., the parent relinquishes power to the child to resolve his/her own problems. d. none of the above.

c. in behavior modification, the parent uses his/her power to decrease problem behavior through rewards and consequences, and in P.E.T., the parent relinquishes power to the child to resolve his/her own problems.

27. The Education for All Handicapped Act was important because: (p. 396) a. it guaranteed the right to an education for handicapped children for a set minimal fee. b. it guaranteed that all handicapped children have access to public educational facilities, such as libraries. c. it guaranteed that all handicapped children have access to free public education. d. it guaranteed that educational buildings will have handicapped-accessible public space.

c. it guaranteed that all handicapped children have access to free public education.

16. Groups become more formalized and roles emerge more clearly in: (p. 385) a. early childhood b. early middle childhood c. late middle childhood d. adolescence

c. late middle childhood

18. Children who are rejected by their peers: (p. 387-388) a. cannot usually be taught the necessary social skills for success in life. b. do not usually show significant adjustment problems. c. may not develop the social skills necessary for cooperation with their peers. d. rarely benefit from school programs that attempt to teach social skills.

c. may not develop the social skills necessary for cooperation with their peers.

9. As described in the text according to Shaffer, __________ is the ability to "go beyond the information" and allows as child to become increasingly cognizant of such things as abstract connotations and the multiple meanings of words. (p. 367) a. abstract processing b. metatheoretical linguistics c. metalinguistic awareness d. thoughtful reasoning

c. metalinguistic awareness

19. Piaget proposes that play (p. 332) a. can be over-emphasized in some families b. should always be solitary in nature c. promotes social, cognitive, and language skills d. should always be social in nature

c. promotes social, cognitive, and language skills

13. About 4% of children will develop somatic complaints, sadness, and fears as a result of being away from their primary caretakers. These children are diagnosed with ____________. (p. 320) a. overanxious disorder b. avoidant disorder c. separation anxiety disorder d. depressive disorder

c. separation anxiety disorder

11. What is the best way to help preschool children deal with negative emotions and fears? (p.306) a. ignore the problems and they will go away b. remind them they are too old to cry c. talk to them about their feelings and suggest ways to express their emotions productively d. encourage them to express their feelings freely in any manner they choose

c. talk to them about their feelings and suggest ways to express their emotions productively

10. Step One of the Coping Cat Program helps children to recognize how their body responds to anxiety. An example response might be: (p. 368) a. "I was able to speak in class today without getting angry." b. "I am scared, but I have gone to the dentist before without freaking out." c. "I do not want to go to school because people will laugh at me." d. "When I am anxious, my heart starts beating fast."

d. "When I am anxious, my heart starts beating fast."

24. S.T.E.P. parental training: (p. 391) a. encourages parents to completely reject parental power over the child. b. assumes that there is no such thing as children's misbehavior. c. encourages the parent to determine "who own the problem." d. assumes that a misbehaving child is a discouraged child.

d. assumes that a misbehaving child is a discouraged child.

1. According to Erickson's stage theory, what developmental task must children master during early childhood? (p. 297) a. independence vs. dependence b. trust vs. mistrust c. initiative vs. guilt d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

21. The major parental disciplinary style that involves the use of explanation and rationality is: (p. 389 ) a. love withdrawal b. authoritative c. power-assertive d. induction

d. induction

18. Which of the following is FALSE about the concept of logical consequences as a disciplinary tool? (p. 326) a. logical consequences teach children the beginnings of cause and effect thinking b. logical consequences are those that happen naturally c. logical consequences teach children about problem-solving in the real world d. logical consequences promote power struggles between parents and children

d. logical consequences promote power struggles between parents and children

17. Parents who are very involved in their child's life, encouraging creativity and confidence and place few demands on their child are labeled as using what type of parenting style? (p. 326) a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive-indifferent d. permissive-indulgent

d. permissive-indulgent

20. Which of the following would NOT be considered a form of child maltreatment or abuse? PAGE 347) a. denigration b. molestation c. abandonment d. poverty

d. poverty

5. According to Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development, what stage characterizes children between the ages of 2-7? (p.302) a. formal operations b. concrete operations c. intuitive operations d. preoperational

d. preoperational

9. Which of the following does NOT encourage language development in preschool children? (p. 305) a. ask children lots of questions b. use slightly more complex sentences than the children do c. restate children's statements into new grammatical forms d. preventing a child from learning a second language until grade school

d. preventing a child from learning a second language until grade school

8. Once children master the cognitive substage of ___________, they can talk about people, places and objects not immediately present. (p. 302) a. concrete operations b. intuitive thought c. egocentrism d. symbolic function

d. symbolic function