Human Geography Chapter 4

Social forms

ethnicity and political institutions (maintain values and protect the artifacts)

Folk food customs

- food preferences are inevitably affected by the availability of products, but people do not simply eat what is available in their particular environment. - food preferences are strongly influenced by cultural traditions - what is eaten establishes ones social, religious, and ethnic memberships.

Hijabs

- garments that cover the face are typically worn by women who adhere to traditional folk customs in southwest Asia and North Africa. - the niqab is a veil that covers the bottom half of the face. - the burqa covers the entire face and body, leaving a mesh screen to see through.

Hearth

A center of innovation.

What produces a group's material culture?

A collection of social customs products a group's material culture; for example, jeans typically represent American informality and a badge of youth.

Folk housing

Distinctive environmental and cultural features influence the provision of housing in folk cultures.

What does each cultural element have?

Folk and popular culture both have different origins, diffusion, and distribution.

folk culture diffusion

Folk culture is transmitted from one location to another relatively slowly and on a small scale, primarily through relocation diffusion.

Diffusion of facebook

- Facebook, founded in 2004 by Harvard university students, has diffused rapidly. - 5 years after facebook's founding, the u.s. had 34% of all users worldwide. The U.S. had 55 million Facebook users in 2009, well ahead of second place U.K., with 18 million. The U.S. had 152 million in 2014. - as Facebook diffused to other countries, the share of users in the U.S has declined, to 20% in 2011 and 10% in 2014. - in 2014, India became the second country to have more than 100 million Facebook users. Behind India were other developing my countries, including Brazil, Indonesia, and Mexico. - between 2009 and 2014, the U.K. fell from 2nd to 7th in number of users, and canada fell from 3rd to 11th.

Material culture

- Includes three most important necessities of life: clothing, food, and shelter - material elements of folk culture typically have unknown or multiple origins among groups loving in relative isolation, and they diffuse slowly to other locations through the process of relocation diffusion. - popular clothing, food, and shelter vary more in time than in place. They originate through the invention of a particular person or corporation, and they diffuse rapidly across earth to locations with a variety of physical conditions. Access depends on an individual having money to acquire the material possessions associated with pop culture. - some regional differences in clothing, food, and shelter persist in pop culture, but differences are much less than in the past.

Religious food taboos

- Jews are prohibited from eating animals that do not chew their cud or that have cloven feet, and fish lacking fins or scales. These biblical taboos were developed through oral tradition and by rabbis into the kosher laws observed today by some Jews. - muslims have a taboo against pork because pigs are unsuited for the dry lands of the Arabian peninsula. Pigs would compete with humans for food and water, without offering compensating benefits, such as being able to pull a plow, carry loads, or provide milk and wool. Widespread raising of pigs would be an ecological disaster in Islam's hearth. - Hindu taboos against consuming cattle are also partly due to environmental factors. Cows are the source of oxen, the traditional choice for pulling plows as well as carts. A large supply of oxen must be maintained in India because every field has to be plowed at approximately the same time- when the monsoon rains arrive. Religious sanctions have kept india's cattle population large as a form of insurance against the loss of oxen and increasing population. - the taboos against meat by Muslims, Hindus, and Jews cannot be explained primarily by environmental factors. Social values must influence the choice of diet because people in similar climates and with similar levels of income consume different foods. The biblical food taboos helped the Jews maintain their identity and communal affiliation.

OpenNet initiative

- OpenNet initiative has identified 3 types of internet content that are routinely censored in other countries: 1.) political content that expresses views in opposition to those of the current government or that is related to human rights, Redon of expression, minority rights, and religious movements. 2.) social content related to sexuality, gambling, and illegal drugs and alcohol, as well as other topics that may be socially sensitive or perceived as offensive. 3.) security content related to armed conflicts, border disputes, separatist movements, and militant groups.

Folk culture distribution

- a combination of local physical and cultural factors influence the distributions of folk culture.

Folk music

- according to Chinese legend, music was invented in 2697 b.c., when the emperor huang ti sent ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that would produce a sound matching the call of the Phoenix bird. - In reality, folk songs usually originate anonymously and are transmitted orally. - a song may be modified from one generation to the next as conditions change, but the content is most often derived from events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people. - as people migrate, folk music travels with them as part of the diffusion of folk culture. - folk songs may tell a story or convey info about life cycle events, such as birth, death, and marriage, or environmental features such as agriculture and climate.

Violated user rights

- according to freedom on the net, governments are turning to harassing their citizens through physical attacks and imprisonment because of their internet activity. In may countries, governments have enacted laws that provide s justification for attacks. - for example: a law in Gambia makes it a criminal offense to use the internet to criticize public officials. A law in Ethiopia permits the government to search computers, internet sites, and other social media for anything that it considers damaging to the country. - a number of countries require transnational corporations to maintain a local server in order to do business. The government has the right to access the data that is stored on the local server. - freedom on the net as also determined that women and the lgbt community have been targeted. A women was stoned to death in Pakistan in 2013 for possessing a cell phone. Gay men in Russia have been lured through social media to in person meetings, where they have been assaulted by hate groups. - the 3 worst offending countries are Iran, Syria, and china. In Iran, people are punished if they promote causes opposed by the government. In Syria, government supporters have launched malware cyberattacks against the computers of thousands of antigovernment protesters. In China, individuals are arrested for posting antigovernment messages.

Food taboos

- according to many folk customs, everything in nature carries a signature, or distinctive characteristic, based on its appearance and natural properties. Consequently, people may desire or avoid certain foods in response to perceived beneficial or harmful natural traits. - some folk cultures may establish food taboos because of the concern for the natural environment. - to preserve scarce animal species, only a few high ranking people in some tropical regions are permitted to hunt, and the majority cultivate crops.

Wine production: cultural factors

- although grapes can be grown in a wide variety of locations, the production of wine is based principally on cultural values, birth historical and contemporary. - the distribution of wine production shows that the diffusion of popular customs depends less on the distinctive environments of a location than on the presence of beliefs, institutions, and material traits conducive to accepting those customs. - wine production is discouraged in regions of the world dominated by religions other than Christianity. Hindus and Muslims in particular avoid alcoholic beverages. Thus wine production is limited in South Asia and southwest Asia & North Africa primarily because of cultural values, especially religion.

Popular culture's presence

- at a global scale, popular culture is becoming more dominant- at least for people with the income to have access to it- threatening the survival of unique folk culture.

New England (U.S. hearths/folk housing)

- can be found throughout the Great Lakes region as far west as Wisconsin because this area was settled primarily by migrants from New England. - its distinctive style was box shaped with a central hall.

Certain foods eaten by folk cultures

- certain foods are eaten in folk cultures because the natural properties are perceived to enhance qualities considered desirable by the society. Some examples: - the Abipone people in Paraguay eat bulls, jaguars and stags to make them strong, brave, and swift. The abipone believe that consuming hens or tortoises will make them cowardly. - the ainu people in Japan avoid eating otters because they are believed to be forgetful animals, and consuming them could cause loss of memory. - the mbum kpau women in chad do not eat chicken or goat before becoming pregnant. Abstaining from consumption of these animals is thought to help escape pain in childbirth and to prevent birth of a child with abnormalities. During pregnancy, the mbum kpau avoid meat from antelopes with twisted horns, which could cause them to bear offspring with deformities.

Hip hop's origin and diffusion

- considered to have originated on August 11th, 1973, at 1520 Sedgwick avenue, in New York city's Bronx borough, during a block party with Kool Herc (Clive Campbell) - hip hop music diffused from the Bronx to nearby Philadelphia during the 1970s and to other U.S. cities during the 1989s. - the music was introduced into Western Europe and Japan and diffusion back to Caribbean countries, a principal source of inspiration. - in more recent decades, hip hop reached Latin America, Asia, and Africa, where local cultural styles influenced the music from the original Bronx hearth. - meanwhile, as sometimes occurs with popular culture, as the style diffuses around the world, it can become less important in its hearth. In fact, sales of hip hop music have declined sharply in the United States since 2005.

Sustainability challenges

- elements of folk and pop culture face challenges in maintaining identities that are sustainable into the future. - for folk culture: the challenges are to maintain unique local landscapes in an age of globalization. - for popular culture: the challenges derive from the sustainability of practices designed to promote unique landscapes.

Elements of material culture

- folk culture is more likely to be influenced by environmental conditions, but popular culture is not immune to these influences. - geographers also observe that folk and pop culture can come into conflict with each other.

Dowries in India (challenging cultural values)

- global diffusion of popular social surimi's has had an unintended negative impact for women in India: an increase in demand for dowries. - traditionally, a dowry was a small gift from the groom to the bride's family, as a sign of respect. In the twentieth century, the custom reversed, and the family of a bride was expected to provide a substantial dowry to the husband's family. - the government of India enacted anti dowry laws in 1961, but the ban is widely ignored. - husbands and in-laws angry over the small size of dowry payments have killed an average of 8,000 women per year in India since 2000. - disputes over dowries have led to 100,000 cases per year of torture and cruelty toward women by men, few of who are prosecuted, let alone convicted, for their attacks.

Banned technology

- governments can effectively prevent unwanted electronic technology by regulating the underlying tech platforms that are supported by the infrastructure in the country. - even some travelers between free countries, such as from the United States to Western European countries, find that their electronic devices fail to operate because of incompatible cellular infrastructure.

Soil (environmental factor of wine production)

- grapes can be grown in a variety of soils, but the best wine tends to be produced from grapes grown in soil that is coarse and well drained- a soil that is not necessarily fertile for other crops.

Important people

- houses are a product of both cultural traditions and natural conditions (jean brunhes) - Fred kniffen considered the house to be a good reflection of cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of the environment.

Sacred walls or corners (cultural influences of folk housing)

- houses may have sacred walls or corners. In the south central part of the island of java, for example, the front door always faces south, the direction of the south sea goddess, who holds the key to earth. The eastern wall of a house is considered sacred km Fiji, as is the northwestern wall in parts of china. Sacred wall or corners are also noted in parts of the Middle East, India, and Africa

Food and the environment

- in Asia, rice is grown in milder, moister regions, whereas wheat thrives in colder, drier regions. - in Europe, traditional preferences for quick frying foods in Italy resulted in part from fuel shortages. - in Northern Europe, an abundant wood supply encouraged the slow stewing and roasting of foods over fires, which also provided home heat in the colder climate. - since fuel is scarce in Asia, asians have adapted to this environmental challenge by deriving from soybean foods that do not require extensive cooking. - Bostan are small gardens inside Istanbul, turkey. In a Bostan, 15 to 20 different types of vegetables are planted at different times of the year, and the choice is varied from year to year, in order to reduce the risk of damage from poor weather.

Madagascar's cultural influences on folk housing

- in Madagascar, the main door is on the west, which is considered the most important direction, and the northeastern corner is the most sacred. The northern wall is for honoring ancestors, in addition, important guests enter a room from the north and are seated against the northern wall. The bed is placed against the eastern wall of the house, with the head facing north.

Vietnam folk music

- in Vietnam, where most people are subsistence farmers, info about agricultural tech was traditionally conveyed through folk songs. - English- language folk songs have similar themes, even if the specific info conveyed about the environment differs. - festivals throughout Vietnam feature music in locally meaningful settings, such as hillsides or on water.

Folk culture distribution in the Himalayas

- in a study of artistic customs in the Himalayan mountains, geographers P. Karan. And Cotton Mather revealed that distinctive views of the physical environment emerge among neighboring cultural groups that are isolated. - the study area, a narrow corridor of 2,500 km (1,500 miles) in the Himalayan mountains of Bhutan, Nepal, northern India, and southern Tibet (china) contains four religious groups: Tibetan buddhists in the north, Hindus in the south, muslims in the west and southeast Asian folk religionists in the east. - despite their spatial proximity, limited interaction among these groups produces distinctive folk customs. - through their choices of subjects of paintings, each group reveals how its culture mirrors the religions and individual views of the group's environment. - the distribution of artistic subjects in the Himalayas shows how folk customs are influenced by cultural institutions such as religion, and by environmental processes such as climate, landforms, and vegetation. These groups display similar uniqueness in their dance, music, architecture, and crafts.

Sustainability challenges for folk culture

- increased connection with pop culture can make it difficult to maintain centuries-old practices. - the Amish in the United States is an example of a cultural group that is trying to maintain cultural traditions in the midst of a dominant popular culture. - marriage customs in India are an example of a folk culture practice that is also undergoing acculturation, but many would like to see fuller assimilation into pop culture.

Folk Culture's spread

- landscapes dominated by folk culture change relatively little over time. - folk culture is more likely to vary from place to place at a given time

Freedom on the Net

- measures the level of internet and digital media freedom in 65 countries. - excluded are countries with limited internet connectivity and countries with connectivity but insufficient evidence. - each of the 65 countries receive a numerical score from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free). - countries are classified free if they have a score of 30 or below. - classified partly free if they have a score between 31 and 60 - classified not free if they have a score above 60 - only 19 countries were classified free. 31 were partly free and 15 were not free. - freedom on the net identifies 3 categories of restrictions on the free use of the internet: banned technology, blocked content, and violated user rights.

Middle Atlantic (U.S. hearths/folk housing)

- middle Atlantic migrants carried their house type westward across the Ohio valley and southwestward along the Appalachian trails. - the principal house type was known as the "I"-house, typically two full stories in height, one room deep and at least two rooms wide.

U.S. folk houses

- older houses in the United States display local folk culture traditions. In contrast, housing built in the u.s. since the 1940s demonstrates how popular customs vary more in time than in space. - geographer Fred kniffen identified three major hearths, or nodes, of folk house forms in the United States: New England, middle Atlantic, lower Chesapeake and tidewater. - when families migrated westward in the 1700s and 1800s, they cut trees to clear fields for planting and used the wood to build houses, barns, and fences. - the style of pioneer homes reflected whatever style was prevailing at the place on the east coast from which they migrated.

Folk and popular clothing

- people living in folk cultures have traditionally worn clothing in part in response to distinctive agricultural practices and climatic conditions. - in popular culture, clothing preferences generally reflect occupations rather than particular environments.

folk clothing preferences

- people wear distinctive folk clothing for a variety of environmental and cultural reasons. - the continued use of folk costumes in some parts of the globe may persist not because of distinctive environmental conditions or traditional cultural values but to preserve past memories or to attract tourists.

Popular music

- pop music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to or performed in front of a large number of people. - it frequently displays a high degree of technical skill through manipulation of sophisticated electronic equipment. - popular music as we know it today originated around 1900. At the time, the main popular musical entertainment in North America and Europe was the variety show, called the music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the U.S. - to provide songs for music halls and vaudeville, a music industry was developed in a district of New York that became known as Tin Pan Alley. - the diffusion of American pop music worldwide began in earnest during the 1940s, when the Armed Forces Radio Network broadcast music to American soldiers and to citizens of countries where American forces were stationed or fighting during world war 2. - popular musicians cluster in communities where other artists reside, regardless of style. - Nashville has the highest concentration of popular musicians, especially those performing country and gospel. - New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco have relatively high total number of musicians.

Sustainability challenges for popular culture

- popular culture can significantly modify or control the environment, with little regard for local environmental conditions, such as climate and soil. It may be imposed on the environment rather than spring forth from it, as with many folk customs. - the diffusion of some popular customs can adversely impact environmental quality in two ways: pollution of the landscape and depletion of scarce natural resources.

Why is access to folk and popular culture unequal?

- popular culture diffuses rapidly around the world in the twenty first century primarily through electronic media. The latest fashions in material culture and leisure activities can be viewed by anyone in the world who has access to one or more forms of electronic media. - electronic media increase access to popular culture for people who embrace folk culture and at the same time increase access to folk culture for people who are part of the world's popular culture scene. - the distribution of pop culture around the world is not uniform. - the principal obstacle to pop culture is lack of access to electronic media. Access is limited primarily by lack of income. In some developing countries, access is also limited by lack of electricity.

Popular culture's spread

- popular culture is based on rapid simultaneous global connections through communications systems, transportation networks, and other modern technology. - rapid diffusion facilitates frequent changes in popular culture. - popular culture is more likely to vary from time to time at a given place.

Popular culture distribution

- popular culture is distributed widely across many countries, with little regard for physical factors. - - The distribution is influenced by the ability of people to access the material elements of popular culture. - The principal obstacle to access is lack of income to purchase the material.

popular food preferences

- popular food preferences are influenced more by cultural values than by environmental features. - still, some regional variations can be observed between and within countries, and environmental influences remain important in selected items.

The Amish peoples' views

- shunning mechanical and electrical power, the Amish travel by horse and buggy and continue to use hand tools for farming. - the Amish have distinctive clothing, farming, religious practices, and other customs. - Amish people do not with to pose for photos because the act of posing is seen as fostering "graven images".

Folk culture: origin of soccer

- soccer originated as a folk custom in England during the eleventh century. It became a part of the global pop culture beginning in the 19th century. - according to football historians, after the danish invasion of England between 1018 and 1042, workers excavating a building site encountered a danish soldier's head, which they began to kick. "Kick the dane's head" was imitated by boys, one of whom got the idea of using an inflated cos bladder. - early football games resembled mob scenes. A large number of people from two villages would gather to kick the ball. The winning side was the one that kicked the ball into the center of the rival village.

Blocked content

- some websites are censored or prevented altogether from being seen on devices in particular countries. Blocking internet content continues a widespread practice with tv. - Japan, the U.S., the U.K., have dominated tv in developing countries, including supplying much of the programming. - leaders of many developing countries view American control of much of the world's tv programming as a new method of economic and cultural imperialism.. - American tv programs present characteristically American beliefs and social forms, such as upward social mobility, relative freedom for women, glorification of youth, and stylized violence. - to avoid offending traditional folk culture, many satellite and cable providers in developing countries block offending networks such as MTV and censor unacceptable programs.

Lao's cultural influences on folk housing

- the Lao people in the northern Laos arrange beds perpendicular to the center ridge pole of the house. Because the head is considered high and noble and the feet low and vulgar, people sleep so that their heads will be opposite their neighbor's heads and their feed opposite their neighbor's feet. - A child who builds a house next door to his or her parents sleeps with their dad toward the parents feet, as a sign of obeying the customary hierarchy.

Diffusion of twitter

- the United States was the source of 1/3 of all twitter messages in 2014. Another 1/3 originated in 6 other countries: India, Japan, Germany, U.K., Brazil, Canada. - the second leading twitter country is one of the world's poorest, India. This may be a preview of future trends, in which electronic communications advances diffuse rapidly to developing countries, not just to other developed countries. - Americans dominate the most popular twitter postings

Diffusion of the internet

- the changing distribution and diffusion of internet service follows the pattern established by television a generation earlier, but at a more rapid pace. The diffusion of tv from the United States to the rest of the world took a half-century, whereas the diffusion of the internet took only a decade. - in 1995, most countries did not have internet service, and the United States had 63% of the world's users. - between 1995-2000, internet users increased rapidly in the United States, from 9% of the population (25 million people) to 44 percent (124 million people). But the worldwide increase was much greater, so the share of the world's internet users clustered in the u.s. declined from 63% to 35%. - between 2000 and 2014, internet usage continued to increase rapidly in the United States, to 87% (280 million people). Again, the u.s. increase was more modest than in the rest of the world, and the share of the world's internet users in the u.s. continued to decline, to less than 10% in 2014. China now accounts for 22% of the world's internet users.

Historical Amish distribution

- the contemporary distribution of Amish folk culture across the U.S. is explained by relocation diffusion. - several hundred Amish families migrated to North America in two waves. - the first group, primarily from bern and the palatinate, settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s, enticed by William penn's offer of low priced land. - because of lower land prices, the second group, from Alsace, settled in Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa in the United States and Ontario, Canada, in the early 1800s. From these core areas, groups of Amish migrated to other locations where inexpensive land was available.

Folk culture's presence

- the disappearance of local folk culture reduces local diversity in the world and the intellectual stimulation that arises from differences in backgrounds.

Wine production (environmental factors)

- the distinctive character of a wine derives from a vineyard's terroir-the unique combination of soil, climate, and other physical characteristics at the place where the grapes are grown:

Cultural influences (folk housing)

- the distinctive form of folk houses may derive primarily from religious values and other customary beliefs.

Effects of popular and folk culture

- the dominance of pop culture can threaten the quality of the environment. - each cultural group takes particular elements from the environment into its culture and in turn constructs landscapes (built environments) that modify nature. - some landscapes are sustainable while others are not. - folk culture derived from local natural elements may be more sustainable in the protection and enhancement of the environment. - popular culture is less likely to reflect concern for the sustainability of physical conditions and is more likely to modify the environment in accordance with global values.

Origin of social media

- the origin of social media in the twenty first century had followed the pattern of electronic media in the late twentieth century.

Wine geography

- the spatial distribution of wine production shows the influence of both environmental and cultural elements. - grape suitable for making decent wine grow better in some places than in others. - wine is made today primarily in locations that have a tradition of excellence in making it and people who like to drink it and can afford to purchase it.

Popular culture: diffusion of soccer

- the transformation of football from an English folk custom to global popular culture began in the 1800s. - football and other recreation clubs were founded in the U.K., frequently by churches, to provide factory workers with organized recreation during leisure hours. Sport became a subject that was taught in school. - increasing leisure time allowed people not only to participate in sporting events but also to view them. With higher incomes, spectators paid to see first class events. To meet public demand, football clubs began to hire professional players. - several British football clubs formed an association in 1863 to standardize the rules and to organize professional leagues. - the word soccer originated when the word association was shortened to assoc, which became twisted around into the word soccer. - organization of the sport into a formal structure in the U.K. marks the transition of football form folk to pop culture. - beginning in the late 1800s, the British exported association football around the world, first to continental Europe and then to other countries. - Dutch students returning from studies in the U.K. were the first to play football in continental Europe in the late 1870s. - in Bilbao, Spain, miners adopted the sport in 1893, after seeing it played by English engineers. - in the twentieth century, soccer like other sports, was further diffused by new communication systems, especially tv.

Environmental influences (folk housing)

- the type of building materials used to construct folk houses is influenced partly by the resources available in the environment. Stone, grass, sod, and skins may be used but the two most common building material in the world are wood and brick. - the style of construction can also be influenced the environment. For example: the construction of a pitched roof is important in wet or snowy climates to facilitate runoff and to reduce the weight of accumulating snow. Windows may face South in temperate climates to take advantage of the sun's heat and light. In hot climates, roofs may be flat, and window openings may be smaller to protect the interior from the full heat of the Sun.

TV

- the world's most important electronic media format by far is TV.

Lower Chesapeake and tidewater (U.S. hearths/folk housing)

- these houses were spread by migrants along the southeast coast. - the style typically comprised one story, with a steep roof and chimneys at either end.

Contemporary Amish distribution

- today Amish communities are visible on the landscape in at least 19 U.S. States. - living in rural and frontier settlements relatively isolated from other groups, Amish communities have retained their traditional customs, even as other European immigrants to the u.s. have adopted new ones. - Amish folk culture continues to diffuse slowly through interregional migration within the United States. In recent years, a number of Amish families have sold their farms in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania-the oldest and at one time largest Amish community in the United States-and migrated to southwestern Kentucky.

Climate (environmental factor of wine production)

- vineyards are best cultivated in temperate climates of moderately cold, rainy winters and fairly long, hot summers. - hot, sunny weather is necessary in the summer for the fruit to mature properly, whereas winter is the preferred season for rain because plant diseases that cause the fruit to rot are more active in hot, humid weather.

Topography (environmental factor of wine production)

- vineyards are planted on hillsides to maximize exposure to sunlight and to facilitate drainage. - a site near a lake or river is also desirable because water can temper extremes of temperature.

Conflicting folk and popular cultural values

- wearing folk clothing in countries dominated by popular culture can be controversial, and conversely so can wearing popular clothing in countries dominated by folk style clothing.

Two elements of culture

1.) daily necessities, including food, clothing, and shelter: all people consume food, wear clothing, and find shelter, but different cultural groups do so in distinctive ways. 2.) leisure activities, such as arts and recreation: each cultural group has its own definition of meaningful art and stimulating recreation.

Popular culture

Is found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Taboos

A restriction on behavior imposed by religious law or social custom.

Folk culture's origin

Folk culture often has anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators. It may also have multiple hearths, originating independently in isolated locations.

Mid twentieth century: United States dominates (distribution and diffusion of tv)

In 1954, the first year that the United Nations published data on the subject, the United States has 86% of the world's 37 million TV sets.

Buddhists

In the northern region, buddhists paint idealized divine figures, such as monks and saints. Some of these figures are depicted as bizarre or terrifying, perhaps reflecting the inhospitable environment.

Hindus

In the southern region, Hindus create scenes from everyday life and familiar local scenes. Their paintings sometimes portray a deity in a domestic scene and frequently represent the religion's violent and extreme climatic conditions.

Custom

Is a repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group, such as many students typically wearing jeans to class.

Habit

Is a repetitive act that a particular individual performs, such as wearing jeans to class every day.

Globalization of soccer

Many sports originated as isolated folk customs and were diffused like other folk culture, through the migration of individuals. The contemporary diffusion of organized sports, however, displays the characteristics of popular culture.

Wushu (surviving folk sports)

Martial arts that combine forms such as kicking and jumping with combat such as striking and wrestling, is China's most popular sport

Baseball (surviving folk culture)

Once confined to North America, became popular in Japan in the late 19th century after it was introduced by American Japanese returning from studies in the U.S., as well as Americans working in Japan.

Early twenty first century: near universal access (distribution and diffusion of tv)

Ownership rates climbed sharply in developing countries.

Folk religionists

People from Myanmar (Burma) and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, who have migrated to the eastern region of the study area, paint symbols and designs that derive from their religion rather than from the local environment.

Rapid diffusion of popular clothing styles

Popular clothing habits reflect: 1.) occupation- a lawyer in New York is more likely to dress like a lawyer in California than like a factory worker in New York. 2.) income- for social purposes, people with sufficient income may update their wardrobe frequently with the latest fashions. - improved communications have permitted the rapid diffusion of clothing styles from one region of earth to another.

Popular culture's origin

Popular culture is typically traceable to a specific person or corporation in a particular place. It is most often a product of developed countries, especially in North American and Europe.

Popular culture diffusion

Popular culture typically spreads through a process of hierarchical diffusion, diffusing rapidly and extensively from hearths or nodes of innovation with the help of modern communications. - in the late twentieth century, western dance music diffused rapidly from the United States to Europe, especially detroit's techno music and Chicago house music. - techno music was heavily influenced by soul, gospel, and ultimately African folk music. - house music was heavily influenced by hip hop that emerged in New York and other urban areas, which in turn diffused from funk, jazz, and again ultimately African folk music.

What creates elements of popular culture?

Popular music and other elements of popular culture, such as food and clothing, arise from a combination of advances in industrial technology and increased leisure time. - industrial tech permits the uniform reproduction of objects in large quantities. Many of these objects help people enjoy leisure time, which has increased as a result of the widespread change in the labor force from predominantly agricultural work to predominantly service and manufacturing jobs.

Cricket (Surviving folk sports)

Popular primarily in the United Kingdom and former British colonies, especially in South Asia, the South Pacific, and Caribbean islands.

Ice hockey (surviving folk sports)

Prevails, logically, in colder climates, especially in Canada, the northern u.s, Northern Europe and Russia.

Acculturation

Process of adjustment to the dominant culture, while retaining features of a folk culture, or syncretism, which is the creation of a new cultural feature through combining elements of two groups.

Assimilation

Process of giving up cultural traditions, such as food and clothing preferences, and adoption of the social customs of the dominant culture of the place.

cultural diffusion

Spread of an idea or innovation from its source

Lacrosse (surviving folk sports)

Traditionally played by the Iroquois, who called it guhchigwaha, which means "bump hips." European colonists in Canada picked up the game from the Iroquois and diffused it to a handful of u.s. Communities, especially in Maryland, upstate New York, and Long Island

Culture

The body of material traits, customary beliefs, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.

Terroir

The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.

Material traits

The visible elements that a group possesses and leaves behind for the future.

Muslims

To the west, folk art is inspired by the region's beautiful plants and flowers. In contrast with the paintings from the buddhist and Hindu religions, these paintings do not depict harsh climatic conditions.

Folk culture

Traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous group's living in isolated rural areas.

Late twentieth century: diffusion to Europe (distribution and diffusion of tv)

Tv diffused to Europe by 1970, but most of Africa and Asia has little if any tv broadcasting.

Early twentieth century: multiple hearths (distribution and diffusion of tv)

Tv technology was developed simultaneously in the U.K., France, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union, as well as in the United States.

Origin and diffusion

Two basic factors that help explain the different spatial distribution of popular and folk cultures.

Customary beliefs

Two important components of a group's beliefs and values are Language and religion

Distribution and diffusion of tv

Watching tv is especially important for popular culture for two reasons: 1.) watching tv is the most popular leisure activity in the world. The average human watched 3 hours of tv per day in 2014, and the average American watched 5 hours. 2.) tv has been the most important mechanism by which popular culture, such as professional sports, has rapidly diffused across earth. - through the second half of the twentieth century, tv diffused from the U.S. to Europe and other developed countries and then to developing countries.