Human Geography Exam 2

Which of the following best identifies the data for the Eastern Great Rift Valley, shown on the map? A High arithmetic density B Low arithmetic density C Low carrying capacity D High total fertility rate E Low total fertility rate

A High arithmetic density

Physiological population density is viewed as a superior measure of population density for which of the following reasons? A It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land. B It yields the average population density. C It is more reflective of the world's largest population concentrations. D It measures the average by dividing total land area by total number of people. E It best reflects the percentage of a country's population that is urbanized.

A It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land

In the early part of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, Thomas Malthus developed a theory that population increases exponentially, while food production can increase only arithmetically. Which of the following statements best explains how the Industrial Revolution reduced the threats forecast by Malthus? A The resulting rural-to-urban migration for jobs in factories led to a decline in birth rates and lowered population growth rates below what Malthus predicted. B Industrialization led to the manufacture of weaponry used in warfare, resulting in higher mortality during the conflicts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that dramatically reduced populations. C The migration of people from rural areas to factory cities allowed farmers to expand their farm size and increase food production above Malthus' predictions. D Industrialization enabled and promoted European imperialism, and Europeans migrated to overseas colonies, reducing the European population. E Mechanization expanded to agriculture, increasing the need for agricultural labor to run the equipment, leading rural families to have more children and increasing population growth.

A The resulting rural-to-urban migration for jobs in factories led to a decline in birth rates and lowered population growth rates below what Malthus predicted.

The increasing percentage of urban dwellers in more-developed countries is best explained by A greater access to job opportunities, resources, and facilities B a critical need for workers in the primary economic sector C an abundance of arable land for agricultural use D a desire for more living space and a slower lifestyle E inadequate health care and few educational resources

A greater access to job opportunities, resources, and facilities

Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand? Low population-growth rates B Primate urban systems C High infant-mortality rates D Membership in the European Union (EU) E More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming

A- Low population-growth rates

Based on the population pyramid above, which of the following will pose the greatest demographic challenge to China beginning in 2029? Providing for the needs of its aging population B Finding enough teachers to educate the young C Limiting out-migration of the 60- to 64-year-old age cohort D Providing prenatal medical care E Controlling population growth

A- Providing for the needs of its aging population

Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries? A Early stages of epidemiological transition B Long life expectancies C High total fertility rates D Rapid population growth E Early stages of the demographic transition

B Long life expectancies

Which of the following regions had the smallest percentage of people living in urban areas at the end of the twentieth century? A Australia B South Asia C North America D Europe E South America

B South Asia

Which of the following explains why a country with a high physiological density (e.g., Japan, Egypt, or the Netherlands) risks exceeding its carrying capacity? A The population is clustered in key areas, so rural populations will not have easy access to public services such as schools and hospitals. B The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking severe environmental degradation. C The population is evenly dispersed throughout the country, so it is difficult to maintain infrastructure such as roads and telecommunication networks for the entire country. D There is a large number of people per unit of total land area, so there is no available land for farmers to raise crops and other food products. E The amount of farmers per unit of land area in these countries is too low to be able to support their populations.

B The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking severe environmental degradation.

The early United States population was predominantly Protestant. In the nineteenth century, urban populations became increasingly Roman Catholic, especially in the cities of the Northeastern United States. This shift in the pattern of religion was caused by A internal rural-to-urban migration from farming areas of the eastern United States B transnational migration from Ireland, southern Germany, and Italy C transnational migration from Latin America and the Caribbean D religious conversion of urban residents E out-migration of Protestants to rural farming areas of the Midwestern United States

B transnational migration from Ireland, southern Germany, and Italy

In which of the following contexts could a neo-Malthusian perspective most successfully explain population characteristics? A A country experiencing population decline, where birth rates are low B A country with a low rate of natural population increase, where a small percentage of citizens work in agriculture C A country with a high rate of natural population increase, where food supplies are at risk D A country experiencing significant out-migration, where economic conditions lead many job seekers to move to other countries E A country recovering from an environmental disaster, where infrastructure must be rebuilt

C A country with a high rate of natural population increase, where food supplies are at risk

Which of the following best describes a country with a rate of natural increase of 0.4 ? A Negative population growth B Low life expectancy C Slow population growth D Increasing fertility rates E Decreasing percent elderly population

C Slow population growth

Which of the following explains a significant positive impact that the immigration of large populations of Chinese people had on places like Vancouver and Los Angeles? A The increase of large populations of Chinese people established Cantonese as the lingua franca, allowing immigrants and local people to communicate. B The assimilation of Chinese immigrants created stability in their new city neighborhoods, giving the immigrants political power. C Most Chinese immigrants converted to the dominant religions of their new cities, prompting the construction of many new churches. D Chinese immigrants established businesses and religious centers that provided their new cities with greater access to elements of Chinese culture such as arts, cuisine, and religion. E Chinese neighborhoods were established on the outskirts of these cities as agricultural trade centers, introducing Asian crops to North America.

Chinese immigrants established businesses and religious centers that provided their new cities with greater access to elements of Chinese culture such as arts, cuisine, and religion.

Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition? Hyperinflation B Unemployment C Youth dependency D Aging population E Overpopulation

D Aging population

A country in the first stage of the demographic transition demonstrates which of the following? A An old population age structure B High birth rates, but low death rates C Low birth rates, low death rates, and low rates of population growth D High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth E High birth rates, high death rates, and high rates of population growth

D High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth

A country at the end of the demographic transition usually has which of the following? A High birth and low death rates B A high infant mortality rate C A high crude birth rate D Low birth and death rates E High population density

D Low birth and death rates

Which of the following describes the spatial pattern shown in the map of total fertility rates? A The highest total fertility rates are shown in Latin America, North Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. B The lowest total fertility rates are shown in Latin America, North Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. C The lowest total fertility rates are shown in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Middle East. D The lowest total fertility rates are shown in Europe, Russia, East Asia, Australia, and Canada. E The highest total fertility rates are shown in Europe, Russia, East Asia, Australia, and Canada.

D The lowest total fertility rates are shown in Europe, Russia, East Asia, Australia, and Canada.

Which of the following describes a pull factor affecting migration to some of the more developed countries? A Loss of factory jobs B Severe famine C The rise of an authoritarian regime D Universal health care E Religious persecution

D Universal health care

In recent decades, all of the following have played a major role in the rapid growth of Sun Belt cities of the United States EXCEPT A immigration from Latin America B high levels of per capita federal spending in the South and West C cheap land and labor D climatic changes leading to colder northern winters E the increasing demand for retirement and resort centers

D climatic changes leading to colder northern winters

The Malthusian view of the world argues that A the contemporary problem of famine in developing countries is a result of the colonial legacy B the problem of population growth is a result of economic underdevelopment C one way to solve population growth in developing countries is to reduce their foreign debt D famine in developing countries can be explained by examining their patterns of population growth E population growth is helpful to developing countries because it provides a larger rural workforce

D famine in developing countries can be explained by examining their patterns of population growth

Based on the data provided, which of the following best describes how changing roles for women influence patterns of social values? A Similar birth rates shown in the table for France, Russia, Brazil, and China indicate that women in these countries have access to similar levels of education. B High death rates shown in the table for Nigeria and Russia reveal a similar lack of women's rights and access to health care in these countries. C Women living in France choose to have less children but die at higher rates than in Egypt due to greater pollution in industrialized countries such as France. D Higher birth rates in African countries suggest that women in African countries have less access to education and employment than European women. E All women in developing countries have higher fertility rates due to the lack of medical care and political rights.

D- Higher birth rates in African countries suggest that women in African countries have less access to education and employment than European women.

The international Syrian refugee crisis that started in 2011 is best explained by which of the following migration factors? A An economic pull factor from the European Union, where jobs and housing are available in cities B A demographic push factor from Syria, where the total fertility rate is high C A political pull factor from the United States, where there is a history of Syrian immigration D A political pull factor from Turkey, where there are free and open elections E A political push factor from Syria, where armed conflict imperils personal safety

E A political push factor from Syria, where armed conflict imperils personal safety

Country X has a high youth-dependency ratio. Country Z has fears of running out of agricultural resources. Which of the following explains why Countries X and Z would implement anti-natalist policies? A Antinatalist policies promote higher birth rates so the country will have an adequate future workforce. B Antinatalist policies promote immigration so the country will be able to sustain its population. C Antinatalist policies correct skewed sex ratios so the number of each sex will be relatively even. D Antinatalist policies promote health and sanitation to lower the number of deaths from infectious diseases. E Antinatalist policies promote family planning and education of women to reduce fertility rates.

E Antinatalist policies promote family planning and education of women to reduce fertility rates.

n 2018, a large number of migrants from Afghanistan and Iraq applied for asylum in the European Union. Which of the following is a pull factor that explains this migration? A A high rate of natural increase in the Middle East, leading to overpopulation B Armed conflict, driving many people from their home regions in the Middle East C Drought and food shortages in the Middle East, leading many people to search for food security D Immigration reforms and fenced borders around Europe, controlling the flow of migrant workers E Economic growth and employment opportunities in Europe, attracting immigrant workers

E Economic growth and employment opportunities in Europe, attracting immigrant workers

In the first decade of the twenty-first century, which of the following countries had the lowest fertility rate? A Somalia B Niger C Angola D Democratic Republic of Congo E South Africa

E South Africa

Sri Lanka and Australia have about the same population. What data would help you determine which country has a higher physiological population density? A The area of each country B The number of farmers in each country C The total fertility rate of each country D The amount of arid land in each country E The amount of arable land in each country

E The amount of arable land in each country

The sex ratio represented in the age-sex graph above for Country X is most likely the result of A high infant mortality B undercounting of females C an epidemic with high mortality D a period of war E a large guest-worker population

E a large guest-worker population

The dependency ratio is most useful for indicating the A reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels B degree of gender equality within a country C relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate D percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a country's economy E relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country's population

E relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country's population

Based on the data shown, which of the following describes the most likely population context for the countries listed? High youth dependency ratio and a lack of economic resources to provide for large families B Rapid population growth in cities as people migrate from rural to urban areas for industrial jobs C Shortage of arable land on which to raise crops and other food products to support the population D Unstable food supply due to a rapidly growing population E Stage five of the demographic transition model due to very low birth rates

E- Stage five of the demographic transition model due to very low birth rates

Which of the following explains the major effect of migration flow to Southwest Asia from other regions in Asia? A Students migrate to attend school in the region, increasing the technology labor force. B Women and children migrate to reunify with male relatives living in the region, forming permanent urban settlements. C People with chronic illnesses travel as medical tourists to obtain medical care, growing the health care industry. D Guest workers migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil fields, increasing the volume of exports from the region. E Older adults migrate to areas with warmer climates after retiring from their jobs, growing the service industry.

Guest workers migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil fields, increasing the volume of exports from the region.

Which statement best describes population growth patterns in the world today? A In the world as a whole, women have an average of five or more children, leading to Malthusian crises. B Fertility rates in low- and middle-income countries worldwide are higher now than 25 years ago. C In the world as a whole, fertility rates have fallen in the last 25 years. D In sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific, fertility rates have doubled in the last 25 years. E

In the world as a whole, fertility rates have fallen in the last 25 years.

Which of the following types of migration are correctly explained by the example given? A International migration and forced migration: Family AA from Beijing moves to Minneapolis so that the parents can attend graduate school. B International migration and voluntary migration: Family AA from Mumbai has convinced their close friends Family BB to emigrate to London as they did in order help start up their business. C Internal migration and forced migration: Couple AA from Berlin has convinced their close friends Couple BB to move to Greece and live in the same retirement community. D Internal migration and voluntary migration: Family AA from Baghdad are resettled by the United States for political asylum in Detroit. E Internally displaced persons and forced migration: Couple AA from rural Brazil move to São Paulo to find better job opportunities.

International migration and voluntary migration: Family AA from Mumbai has convinced their close friends Family BB to emigrate to London as they did in order help start up their business.

In the century after the arrival of Europeans, which of the following changes occurred to the indigenous population of the Americas? A It increased dramatically because of new trade routes and industries B It increased slowly with the introduction of new crops C It remained about the same, since very few Europeans actually moved there D It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases E It decreased slowly due to increased competition for land

It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases

Which of the following best explains a possible limitation of the trends assumed from the population pyramid and estimates in the data table? A A period of war followed by a baby boom, similar to that of the 1940s and 1950s, is likely to occur within a generation, increasing the youth-aged cohorts. B Modernization of health-care systems may result in improvements in women's health and pregnancy and result in more children being born, increasing the youth-aged cohorts. C Labor shortages may cause the government to reduce the legal barriers to immigration, and immigrant populations could increase the working-age cohorts. D Decreasing populations may cause an economic decline, prompting many citizens to emigrate to other more developed countries and decreasing the working-age cohorts. E Production efficiencies gained from computerization and robotization of manufacturing may free parents from long work hours and result in more time to have additional children, increasing the youth-aged cohorts.

Labor shortages may cause the government to reduce the legal barriers to immigration, and immigrant populations could increase the working-age cohorts.

Which of the following best explains why, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Thomas Malthus proposed his population theory? A Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase beyond the ability to feed itself. B Malthus theorized that the ability of a population to feed itself would increase with the expansion of the population; more people would mean greater knowledge invested in expanding food production. C Malthus theorized that reductions of infant mortality would eventually result in slower population growth rates. D Malthus theorized that agricultural developments in the mid-to-late eighteenth century would result in a significant expansion of food production, therefore alleviating the threat of overpopulation. E Malthus theorized the only way to prevent overpopulation would be to create policies that would limit the number of children a family could have.

Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase beyond the ability to feed itself.

Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur in Country A? A Guest workers from less developed countries are needed to fill the labor shortages in urban areas. B Falling birth rates and declining youth populations result in an increase in school construction in urban areas. C Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases. D Provincial and national politicians must tailor their political campaigns to appeal to rural voters. E Suburban house construction declines as elderly populations downsize and seek to be closer to urban amenities.

Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases.

Which of the following best explains a likely effect of Brazil's population distribution? A More uniform economic growth throughout the entire country as urban areas expand westward B Increased cultural unity as more people live in close proximity to one another in eastern Brazil C Uneven economic development as eastern Brazil experiences more growth than the sparsely inhabited western regions D The expansion of available farmland as people move to the cities, allowing more rural land to be farmed E More efficient political administration and improved governance as the population becomes more clustered

Uneven economic development as eastern Brazil experiences more growth than the sparsely inhabited western regions

In 1798 Thomas Malthus argued that populations grew exponentially while food supplies grew arithmetically. Consequently, Malthus argued that food shortages would develop until famine and other checks slowed population growth. What statement correctly explains why Malthus' prediction did not come true in 1800s Europe? A Urbanization resulted in smaller household sizes, and the mechanization of agriculture increased food production. B Immigration to Europe and the abolition of slavery resulted in a more productive agricultural labor force. C Rising education levels among women and increased numbers of single-person households reduced fertility and the demand for food. D Antinatalist population policies placed limits on the number of children per family and reduced the demand for food. E Global trade in manufactured food products increased the food supply and offset the demand for food.

Urbanization resulted in smaller household sizes, and the mechanization of agriculture increased food production.

The demographic transition is a general model that seeks to explain A the relationship between the size of age cohorts and natural population change B how variations in population size and food supply can lead to periods of crisis C the effects of changes in population size on the gross domestic product D variations in population size, population migration rates, and the rate of natural increase E how differences in birth and death rates result in natural population change

how differences in birth and death rates result in natural population change

Which factor is most responsible for the increase in Japan's dependency ratio? A An increase in life expectancy B An increase in the death rate C An increase in the rate of natural increase D A decrease in the doubling time E An increase in the total fertility rate

A An increase in life expectancy

What changes could local governments, businesses, and corporations make to reverse Japan's national birth patterns? A Decreasing transportation costs to allow workers to commute from locations farther outside of densely populated urban centers B Adding low-cost or zero-cost infant day care and preschool centers to allow mothers to return to the workforce C Reducing the time off allowed for maternity leave and incentivizing working mothers to return to the workforce D Enforcing a two-child policy for all families, requiring a minimum of two children per family to become eligible to receive school services and work benefits E Increasing access to family planning clinics and making doctor's office visits free for women patients

Adding low-cost or zero-cost infant day care and preschool centers to allow mothers to return to the workforce

Which of the following describes a concern for a country with an aging population? As a country's population ages, the life expectancy for the younger population of the country decreases and healthcare costs decline. B As a country's population ages, the infant mortality rate decreases and there is an increased need for daycare centers. C As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population. D As the proportion of older people in the country increases, the sex ratio becomes disproportionally skewed toward males. E As the proportion of older people increases, the total population decreases because older people do not have children.

C- As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population.

Which of the following describes a characteristic of a country moving from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition model? A Shorter life expectancy B Increasing birth rate C High level of female education D Declining death rate E Increasing dependence on farm labor

Declining death rate

Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is A female B male C over the age of 15 D under the age of 15 E receiving adequate medical care

under the age of 15