Instrument Ground ch. 1
(Refer to Figure 13.) What effect will a microburst encounter have upon the aircraft in position 4? A- Strong tailwind B- Strong updraft C- Significant performance increase
A
A pilot reporting turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude should report it as A- light turbulence B- moderate turbulence C- light chop
A
A temperature inversion will normally form only A- in stable air B- in unstable air C- when a stratiform later merges with a cumuliform mass
A
Clouds, fog, or dew will always form when A- water vapor condenses B- water vapor is present C- the temperature and dew point are equal
A
During IFR cross-country flight you picked up rime icing which you estimate is 1/2" thick on the leading edge of the wings. You are now below the clouds at 2000 feet AGL and are approaching your destination airport under VFR. Visibility under the clouds is more than 10 miles, winds at the destination airport are 8 knots right down the runway, and the surface temperature is 3 degrees Celsius. You decide to: A- use a faster than normal approach and landing speed B- approach and land at normal speed since the ice is not thick enough to have any noticeable effect C- fly your approach slower than normal to lessen the "wind chill" effect and break up the ice
A
Fair weather cumulus clouds often indicate A- turbulence at and below the cloud level B- poor visibility C- smooth flying conditions
A
Frontal waves normally form on A- slow moving cold fronts or stationary fronts B- slow moving warm front and strong occluded fronts C- rapidly moving cold fronts or warm fronts
A
If a pilot encounters freezing drizzle, he can assume that A- there is warmer air above B- the freezing drizzle will accumulate as rime ice C- since freezing drizzle is supercooled it is not a concern for structural icing
A
If squalls are reported at your destination, what wind conditions should you anticipate? A- Sudden increases in wind speed of at least 16 knots, rising to 22 knots or more, lasting for at least 1 minute B- Peak gusts of at least 35 knots for a sustained period of 1 minute or longer C- Rapid variation in wind of at least 20° and changes in speed of at least 10 knots between peaks and lulls
A
In what localities is advection fog most likely to occur? A- Coastal áreas B- Mountain slopes C- Level inland area
A
In which situation is advection fog most likely to form? A- An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter B- A light breeze blowing colder air out to sea C- Warm, moist air settling over a warmer surface under no-wind conditions
A
On initial climb-out after takeoff and with the autopilot engaged, you encounter icing conditions. In this situation you can expect A- ice to accumulate on the underside of the wings due to the higher AOA B- the autopilot to hold the vertical speed , if the anti-icing boots are working C- the increased airflow under the wings to prevent the accumulation of ice
A
Preventing ice from causing a hazard for aircraft certificated for flight into known icing conditions is accomplished by (1) Spraying alcohol or glycol solution on the aircraft before takeoff. (2) A driving system on the aircraft. (3) An anti-icing system on the aircraft. Which statement is true? A- All three statements are true B- Only statements 2 and 3 are true C- Only statement 1 is true
A
The general characteristics of unstable air are A- good visibility, showery precipitation, and cumuliform-type clouds B- good visibility, steady precipitation, and stratiform-type clouds C- poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, and cumuliform-type clouds
A
The most frequent of ground- or surface- based temperature inversion is that produced by A- radiation on a clear, relatively still night B- warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain C- the movement of colder air under warm air, or the movement of warm air over cold air
A
The primary cause of all changes in the Earth's weather is A- variation of solar energy received by the Earth's regions B- change in air pressure over the Earth's surface C- movement of air masses
A
To which meteorological condition does the term "dew point" refer? A- The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated B- The temperature at which condensation and evaporation are equal C- The temperature at which dew will always form
A
Under what conditions does advection fog usually form? A- Moist air moving over colder ground or water B- Warm, moist air settling over a cool surface under no-wind conditions C- A land breeze blowing a cold air mass over a warm water current
A
Unsaturated air flowing up slope will cool at the rate of approximately (dry adiabatic lapse rate) A- 3°C per 1,000 feet B- 2°C per 1,000 feet C- 2.5°C per 1,000 feet
A
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion? A- A stable later of air B- An unstable layer of air C- Air mass thunderstorms
A
What is most likely reason for buffering or vibrations after extending the flaps during or exiting icing conditions? A- Incipient tailplane stalk B- Aerodynamic stalk due to increased angle of attack C- Aerodynamic instability due to ice accumulation forward of the ailerons
A
What situation is most conductive to the formation of radiation fog? A- Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights B- Moist, tropical air moving over cold, offshore water C- The movement of cold air over much warmer water
A
What temperature condition is indicated if wet snow is encountered at your flight altitude? A- The temperature is above freezing at your altitude B- The temperature is below freezing at your altitude C- You are flying from a warm air mass into a cold air mass
A
When flying through stratiform clouds, the best way to alleviate icing is by A- changing altitude to one with above-freezing temperatures or where temperatures are colder than-10°C B- slowly climbing out of the icing layer C- always descending to find warm air below
A
When using inflight driving systems in icing conditions, you should be aware that A- there will be residual or some stage of intercycle ice on the wings B- residual or intercycle ice accumulation is unlikely if the driving system is engaged prior to entering icing conditions C- ice accumulation during cruise flight can be expected to have little effect during approach or landing operations
A
Which is a characteristic of low-level wind shear as it relates to frontal activity? A- With a warm front, the most critical period is before the front passed the airport B- With a cold front, the most critical period is just before the front passed the airport C- Turbulence will always exist in wind-shear conditions
A
Which is true with regards to icing? A- Heavy icing on the leading edge is not as bad as light icing on the upper surface B- Smooth ice on the upper surface will cause minimal if any problems C- Light icing is worse than heavy icing
A
Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low-level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high? A- Smooth air and poor visibility due to fog, haze, or low clouds B- Light wind shear and poor visibility due to haze and light rain C- Turbulent air and poor visibility due to fog, low stratus-type clouds, and showery precipitation
A
Which weather phenomenon is always associated with a thunderstorm? A- Lightning B- Heavy rain showers C- Supercooled raindrops
A
Which weather phenomenon is always associated with the passage of a frontal system? A- A wind change B- An abrupt decrease in pressure C- Clouds, either ahead or behind the front
A
Which weather phenomenon signals the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm? A- The start of rain at the surface B- Growth este of cloud is maximum C- Strong turbulence in the cloud
A
While flying a 3° glide slope, a headwind shears to a tailwind. Which conditions should the pilot expect on the glide slope? A- Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to go below glide slope B- Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go above glide slope C- Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to remain on the glide slope
A
(Refer to Figure 13.) How will the aircraft in position 4 be affected by a microburst encounter? A- Performance increasing with a tailwind and updraft B- Performance decreasing with a tailwind and downdraft C- Performance decreasing with a headwind and downdraft
B
A generally recommended practice for autopilot usage during cruise flight in icing conditions is A- keeping autopilot engaged while monitoring the system B- periodically disengaging the autopilot and hand flying the airplane C- periodically disengaging and immediately reengaging the altitude hold function
B
During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts? A- Cumulus B- Dissipating C- Mature
B
Expect clear ice to form on the leading edge of airfoils when A- liquid water and snow combine with ice B- temperatures are close to freezing, there is a large volume of liquid water precipitation, and the aircraft is at higher airspeeds C- the precipitation is small droplets and the aircraft is at low airspeeds
B
Fog is usually prevalent in industrial areas because of A- atmospheric stabilization around cities B- an abundance of condensation nuclei from combustion products C- increased temperatures due to industrial heating
B
How should driving boots be used after exiting flight in icing conditions? A- Boots do not need to be operated after leaving icing conditions B- Continue to cycle the boots several times to remove residual ice left behind after normal boot operation C- Only continue to cycle the boots if you are concerned ice may continue to accumulate
B
If icing is suspected on an airplane equipped with deicing equipment, the pilot should A- first confirm ice with the ice light prior to deploying the pneumatic boots B- operate the pneumatic driving system several times to clear the ice C- operate the pneumatic driving system once to allow time for the ice removal
B
If severe turbulence is encountered during your IFR flight, the airplane should be slowed to the design maneuvering speed because the A- maneuverability of the airplane will be increased B- amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing will be decreased C- airplane will stall at a lower angle of attack, giving an increased margin of safety
B
If the air temperature is +8°C at an elevation of 1,350 feet and a standard (average) temperature lapse rate exists, what will be the approximate freezing level? A- 3.350 feet MSL B- 5,350 feet MSL C- 9,350 feet MSL
B
If you fly into severe turbulence, which flight condition should you attempt to maintain? A- Constant airspeed (Va) B- Level flight attitude C- Constant altitude and constant airspeed
B
Stability can be determined from which measurement of the atmosphere? A- Low-level winds B- Ambient lapse rate C- Atmospheric pressure
B
The amount of water vapor which air can hold largely depends on A- relative humidity B- air temperature C- stability of air
B
The best technique for using driving boots is to A- allow ice to build first to reduce likelihood of "ice bridging" B- use then immediately upon visual detection of any ice C- cycle several times after exiting to obtain a clean wing
B
The first place ice is likely to form on an aircraft is the A- wings B- tailplane C- windshield
B
The formation of frost on an airplane wing will cause A- a change in the basic aerodynamic shape of the wing B- a disruption of the smooth airflow over the wing C- the airplane to become airborne at a slower speed
B
The presence of standing lenticular altocumulus clouds is a good indication of A- a jet stream B- very strong turbulence C- heavy icing conditions
B
The strength and location of the jet steam is normally A- stronger and farther north in the winter B- weaker and farther north in the summer C- stronger and farther north in the summer
B
The suffix "nimbus", used in naming clouds, means a A- cloud with extensive vertical development B- rain cloud C- dark massive, towering cloud
B
Thrust is managed to maintain IAS, and glide slope is being flown. What characteristics should be observed when a headwind shears to be a constant tailwind? A- PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases; REQUIRED THRUST: Increased, then reduced; VERTICAL SPEED: Increases; IAS: Increases, then decreases to approach speed B- PITCH ATTITUDE: Decreases; REQUIRED THRUST: Increased, then reduced; VERTICAL SPEED: Increases; IAS: Decreases, then increases to approach speed C- PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases; REQUIRED THRUST: Reduced, then increased; VERTICAL SPEED: Decreases; IAS: Decreases, then increases to approach speed
B
What action should the pilot take in the event of suspected tailplane icing during an approach? A- Leave the autopilot on to assist flying the approach B- Use partial or no flaps and no autopilot C- Hand fly the approach until the IAF and then use the autopilot
B
What causes surface winds to flow across the isobars at an angle rather than parallel to the isobars? A- Coriolis forcé B- Surface friction C- The greater density of the air at the surface
B
What determines the structure or type of clouds which form as a result of air being forced to ascend? A- The method by which the air is lifted B- The stability of the air before lifting occurs C- The amount of condensation nuclei present after lifting occurs
B
What enhances the growth rate of precipitation? A- Advective action B- Upward currents C- Cyclonic movement
B
What is an indication that downdrafts have developed and the thunderstorm cell has entered the mature stage? A- The anvil top has completed its development B- Precipitation begins to fall from the cloud base C- A gust front forms
B
What is an operational consideration if you fly into rain which freezes on impact? A- You have flown into an area of thunderstorms B- Temperatures are above freezing at some higher altitude C- You have flown through a cold front
B
What is the purpose of a weeping wing? A- The weeping wing can be used in place of spoilers to slow the aircraft B- The weeping wing provides leading edge protection against icing C- The weeping wing provides additional camber for aerodynamic lifting
B
What relationship exists between the winds at 2,000 feet above the surface and the surface winds? A- The winds at 2,000 feet and the surface winds flow in the same direction, but the surface winds are weaker due to friction B- The winds at 2,000 feet tend to parallel the isobars while the surface winds cross the isobars at an angle toward lower pressure and are weaker C- The surface winds tend to veer to the right of the winds at 2,000 feet and are usually weaker
B
What should pilots do if icing is detected while also experiencing a rolling condition? A- Lower the flaps to decrease airspeed B- Set power and angle of attack for a controlled descent C- Retract flaps and increase power
B
When a climb or descent through an inversion or wind-shear zone is being performed, the pilot should be alert for which of the following change in airplane performance? A- A fast rate of climb and a slow rate of decent B- A sudden change in airspeed C- A sudden surge of thrust
B
When flying through supercooled water droplets, the first sign of structural ice accumulation would be A- the leading edge of the wings B- on probes and antennas C- the windshield
B
When passing through an abrupt wind shear which involves a shift from a tailwind to a headwind, what power management would normally be required to maintain a constant indicated airspeed and ILS glide slope? A- Higher than normal power initially, followed by a further increase as the wind shear is encountered, then a decrease B- Lower than normal power initially, followed by a further decrease as the wind shear is encountered, than an increase C- Higher than normal power initially, followed by a decrease as the shear is encountered, then an increase
B
Which are characteristics of an unstable cold air mass moving over a warm surface? A- Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and poor visibility B- Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility C- Stratiform clouds, smooth air, and poor visibility
B
Which clouds have the greatest turbulence? A- Towering cumulus B- Cumulonimbus C- Altocumulus castellanus
B
Which family of clouds is least likely to contribute to structural icing on an aircraft? A- Low clouds B- High clouds C- Clouds with extensive vertical development
B
Which is a characteristic of stable air? A- Fair weather cumulus clouds B- Stratiform clouds C- Unlimited visibility
B
Which thunderstorms generally produce the most severe conditions, such as heavy hail and destructive winds? A- Warm front B- Squall lines C- Air mass
B
Winds at 5,000 feet AGL on a perpendicular flight are southwesterly while most of the surface winds are southerly. The difference in direction is primarily due to A- a stronger pressure gradient at higher altitudes B- friction between the wind and the surface C- stronger Coriolis force at the surface
B
(Refer to Figure 13.) If involved in a microburst encounter, in which aircraft positions will the most severe downdrafts occur? A- 4 and 5 B- 2 and 3 C- 3 and 4
C
(Refer to Figure 13.) The aircraft in position 3 will experience which effect in a microburst encounter? A- Decreasing headwind B- Increasing tailwind C- Strong downdraft
C
(Refer to Figure 13.) When penetrating a microburst, which aircraft will experience an increase in performance without a change in pitch or power? A- 3 B- 2 C- 1
C
A characteristic of the stratosphere is A- an overall decrease of temperature with an increase in altitude B- a relatively even base altitude of approximately 35,000 feet C- relatively small changes in temperature with an increase in altitude
C
A common type of ground or surface based temperature inversion is that which is produced by A- warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain B- the movement of colder air over warm air, or the movement of warm air under cold air C- ground radiation on clear, cool nights when the wind is light
C
A high cloud is composed mostly of A- ozone B- condensation nuclei C- ice crystals
C
A jet stream is defined as wind of A- 30 knots or greater B- 40 knots or greater C- 50 knots or greater
C
An air mass is a body of air that A- has similar cloud formations associated with it B- creates a wind shift as it moves across the Earth's surface C- covers an extensive area and has fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture
C
An aircraft that encounters a headwind of 45 knots, within a microburst, may expect a total shear across the microburst of A- 40 knots B- 80 knots C- 90 knots
C
Hazardous wind shear is commonly encountered near the ground A- during periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots B- during periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots and near mountain valleys C- during periods of strong temperature inversion and near thunderstorms
C
How much colder than standard temperature is the forecast temperature at 9,000 feet, as indicated in the following excerpt from the Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast? FT 6000: 0737-04 9000: 1043-10 A- 3°C B- 10°C C- 7°C
C
If tailplane icing or a tailplane stall is detected, the pilot should A- lower the flaps to decrease airspeed B- decrease power to Vfe C- retract flaps and increase power
C
In which meteorological environment is aircraft structural icing most likely to have the highest rate of accumulation? A- Cumulonimbus clouds B- High humidity and freezing temperature C- Freezing rain
C
Maximum downdrafts in a microburst encounter may be as strong as A- 8,000 feet per minute B- 7,000 feet per minute C- 6,000 feet per minute
C
Some of the characteristics you would expect to see with an unstable air mass are A- nimbostratus clouds and good surface visibility B- turbulent and poor surface visibility C- turbulent and good surface visibility
C
Standing lenticular clouds, in mountainous areas, indicate A- an inversion B- unstable air C- turbulence
C
Steady precipitation, in contrast to showers, preceding a front is an indication of A- stratiform clouds with moderate turbulence B- cumuliform clouds with little or no turbulence C- stratiform clouds with little of no turbulence
C
Tailplane icing can be detected by A- a slow and steady decrease in altitude B- flaps failing to operate C- a sudden change in elevator force or I commanded nose-down pitch
C
Test data indicate that ice, snow, or frost having a thickness and roughness similar to medium or coarse sandpaper on the leading edge and upper surface of an airfoil A- reduce lift by as much as 50 percent and increase drag by as much as 60 percent B- increase drag and reduce lift by as much as 25 percent C- reduce lift by as much as 30 percent and increase drag by 40 percent
C
The average height of the troposphere in the middle latitudes is A- 20,000 feet B- 25,000 feet C- 37,000 feet
C
The most hazardous aspect of structural icing is that A- it can cause breakage of antennas B- it can cause blockage of the pitot tube and/or C- it can result in aerodynamic degradation including loss of lift
C
The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that A- there are thunderstorms in the area B- a cold front has passed C- there is freezing rain at a higher altitude
C
What are good characteristics of stable air? A- Good visibility, steady precipitation, and status-type clouds B- Poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, and cumulus-type clouds C- Poor visibility, steady precipitation, and stratus-type clouds
C
What are the four families of clouds? A- Stratus, cumulus, nimbus, and cirrus B- Clouds formes by updrafts, fronts, cooling layers of air, and precipitation into warm air C- High, middle, low, and those with extensive vertical development
C
What are the requirements for the formation of a thunderstorm? A- A cumulus cloud with sufficient moisture B- A cold front pushing into an area of moist, stable air C- Sufficient moisture, an unstable lapse rate, and a lifting action
C
What autopilot function should you turn off if icing is suspected? A- HDG (heading) mode B- AUTO Approach (APP) mode C- Turn autopilot off
C
What is an important characteristic of wind shear? A- It is an atmospheric condition that is associated exclusively with zones of convergence B- The Coriolis phenomenon in both high- and low- level air masses is the principle generating force C- It is an atmospheric condition that may be associated with a low-level temperature inversion, a jet stream, or a frontal zone
C
What is an important characteristic of wind shear? A- It is primarily associated with the lateral vortices generated by thunderstorms B- It usually exists only in the vicinity or thunderstorms, but may be found near a strong temperature inversion C- It may be associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere
C
What is indicated by the term "embedded thunderstorms"? A- Severe thunderstorms are embedded within a squall line B- Thunderstorms are predicted to develop in a stable air mass C- Thunderstorms are obscured by massive cloud layers and cannot be seen
C
What is the expected duration of an individual microbursts? A- Two minutes with maximum winds lasting approximately 1 minute B- One microburst may continue for as long as 2 to 4 hours C- Seldom Linder than 15 minutes from the time the burst strikes the ground until dissipation
C
What type clouds can be expected when an u stable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope? A- Layered clouds with little vertical development B- Stratified clouds with considerable associated turbulence C- Clouds with extensive vertical development
C
What type of clouds will be formed if a very stable moist air is forced up slope? A- First stratified clouds and then vertical clouds B- Vertical clouds with increasing height C- Stratified clouds with little vertical development
C
What types of fog depend upon wind in order to exist? A- Steam fog and down slope fog B- Precipitation-induced fog and ground fog C- Advection fog and up slope fog
C
When icing is detected, particularly while operating an aircraft without deicing equipment, the pilot should A- fly to an area with liquid precipitation B- fly to a lower altitude C- leave the area of precipitation or go to an altitude where the temperature is above freezing
C
Where can wind shear associated with a thunderstorm be found? Choose the most complete answer. A- In front of the thunderstorm cell (anvil side) and on the right side of the cell B- In front of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell C- On all sides of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell
C
Where do squall lines most often develop? A- In an occluded front B- In a cold air mass C- Ahead of a cold front
C
Where does wind shear occur? A- Exclusively in thunderstorms B- Wherever there an abrupt decrease in pressure and/or temperature C- With either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere
C
Which conditions are favorable for the formation of radiation fog? A- Moist air moving over colder ground or water B- Cloudy sky and a light wind moving saturated warm air over a cool surface C- Clear sky, little or no wind, small temperature/dew point spread, and over a land surface
C
Which conditions result in the formation of frost? A- The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing and small droplets of moisture are falling B- When dew forms and the temperature is below freezing C- Temperature if the collecting surface is below the dewpoint of surrounding air and the dewpoint in colder than freezing
C
Which feature is associated with the tropopause? A- Absence of wind and turbulent conditions B- Absolute upper limit of cloud formation C- Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate
C
Which force, in the Northern Hemisphere, acts at a right angle to the wind and deflects it to the right until parallel to the isobars? A- Centrifugal B- Pressure gradient C- Coriolis
C
Which of the following combinations of weather producing variables would likely result in cumuliform-type clouds, good visibility, rain showers, and possible clear-type icing on clouds? A- Unstable, moist air, and no lifting mechanism B- Stable, dry air, and orographic lifting C- Unstable, moist air, and orographic lifting
C
Which precipitation type normally indicates freezing rain at higher altitudes? A- Snow B- Hail C- Ice pellets
C
Which procedure is recommended if a pilot should unintentionally penetrate embedded thunderstorm activity? A- Reverse aircraft heading or proceed toward an area of known VFR conditions B- Reduce airspeed to maneuvering speed and maintain a constant altitude C- Set power for recommended turbulence penetration airspeed and attempt to maintain a level flight attitude
C
Which weather condition can be expected when moist air flows from a relatively warm surface to a colder surface? A- Increased visibility B- Convective turbulence due to surface heating C- Fog
C
While flying a 3° glide slope, a constant tailwind shear to a calm wind. Which conditions should the pilot expect? A- Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to go below glide slope B- Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go below glide slope C- Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go above glide slope
C
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight operation? A- Frost changes the basic aerodynamic shape of the airfoil B- Frost decreases control effectiveness C- Frost causes early airflow separation resulting in a loss of lift
C