Human Growth and Development- Chapter 6

To act prosocially, people need to do which of the following?

feel confident that they can help

Which of the following is NOT an ability that involves executive functions?

freely expressing a child's emotions

Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking through and inhibiting actions?

frontal lobes

The danger with externalizing problems is unrealistically _____ in self-esteem.

high

The rejected fourth-grader who has the WORST teenage and adult prognosis is a:

highly physically aggressive kid.

Mary Ann tells you that she plans to completely toilet train Kimbra by her second birthday. Based on this chapter, the main problem with this plan for Kimbra is that the:

frontal lobes are just beginning to develop.

Which third-grader is MOST likely to develop a hostile attributional bias?

As a toddler, Elliott was fearless and disciplined harshly; now he is rejected by his peers.

What does the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior suggest?

Both genders are equally prosocial, but in different areas.

Which fourth-grader is LEAST likely to be rejected?

Patryk, who is relationally aggressive

Which sixth-grader is NOT at risk for being rejected?

Paulina, who did not make the soccer team

Prosocial behavior:

appears spontaneously at very young ages.

Coach Odoyo catches Matt, age 9, peeking into the girls' locker room after gym. Which is the BEST reaction the coach can make to promote prosocial behavior in the child?

"I am disappointed that you would violate someone's privacy. I know you know better."

Nancy's preschooler has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and she asks, "Will my son have this condition as he gets older?" Which is the BEST answer?

"It is unclear since symptoms can take many paths."

According to Susan Harter, how would a 3-year-old describe himself?

"My hair is curly."

Dr. Hernandez is giving a lecture on prosocial behavior. Which statement is she LEAST likely to make?

"Older children are naturally more prosocial."

Dr. Smart is giving a talk on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). She would most likely make which of the following statements?

"This condition involves deficits with executive functions."

A teacher says that he's horrified that his fourth-graders are always making comparisons among one another. A developmentalist should answer:

"When children reach concrete operations, that's normal."

Which response involves induction?

"You made fun of that kid, so think of how terrible he must feel."

In order, which are examples of studying by using (1) rehearsal, (2) selective attention, and (3) inhibition?

(1) repeating the chapter definitions; (2) focusing only on material that needs to be known; (3) deciding to keep studying even though there is a party to go to

Which terms BEST fit each reaction? (1) "You should be ashamed of yourself for being so mean"; (2) "I'm surprised at you since you are usually such a nice kid."

(1) shame inducing; (2) guilt inducing

A recent study from Germany found that less than half of second graders spent four days a week playing outside for:

1 hour

Bettina says, "Lindy is my best friend because she's always there when I need to talk to someone." Bettina is probably about _____ years old.

10

Obesity rates in the United States rose the most dramatically during the:

1980s.

Amy is continually hitting and shoving other children. Amy MOST likely is about what age?

2

Piaget labeled the age of _____ as the age of "reason."

7

At which age does relational aggression become MOST common?

9

Hank has always had very high self-esteem. But recently he's begun to make negative comments about himself. Hank is MOST likely _____ years old.

9

Lately, Barbara has become intensely focused on being popular. Barbara MOST likely is _____ years old.

9

Which theorists viewed middle childhood as entry into the adult world?

Erikson and Piaget

Sara's son has just been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A developmentalist can predict which of the following of Sara's son?

He has trouble getting ready for school.

Which child is most at risk of being labeled "highly aggressive" in elementary school?

Jaidyn, an exuberant toddler, who was regularly spanked

As a preschooler, Juan demonstrated what his parents thought were superior motor skills. He was great at kicking, hitting, and throwing balls. Which of the following is likely?

Juan is more likely to be physically active during middle childhood.

Which fifth-grader is MOST vulnerable to low self-esteem?

Kayla, who is a terrific student, but isn't performing well in her top priority—art

Which child is MOST likely to recover from a blow to self-esteem?

Myron, whose has a warm, close relationship with his parents, who value him as a person

Which person is showing prosocial behavior?

Quentin, who goes out of his way to be nice to the new boy in class

Which is the BEST example of information that is currently in working memory?

Seki keeps the number of her classroom in her mind as she walks to class.

Brittany loved playing softball when she was younger (age 10). What can you predict about her physical activity level while she is in high school?

She will be as physically active as others in high school who played sports when they were younger.

During dinner, a father, who is a psychologist, tells his 4- and 8-year-old sons, "Only pay attention to what I say," then later tests how much each boy remembers of his own and everyone else's conversation. Based on the selective-attention research, which are the MOST likely test results?

The 8-year-old will do better at remembering his father's conversation, but each boy will remember everyone else's conversation equally well.

Claire and Mario are expecting their first child. They enjoy hiking and riding bikes together. What can you predict about their unborn child?

Their child will more than likely have better motor skills compared to children whose parents are not physically active.

An information-processing researcher would state that learning:

and memory go through stages.

Guilt helps socialize prosocial behavior because it allows people to:

apologize and make amends.

Popularity FIRST becomes an absorbing concern at what age?

around 9 or 10

Neural pruning in the frontal lobes begins:

at around age 9.

When the fifth grade ranks their classmates, a few people put Dakota on "my favorite person" list, and a few rank him as "most disliked"; but, typically, Dakota doesn't appear in either category. Dakota's social status is:

average

A sixth-grade child who is rejected for being very different from the group:

can sometimes flourish as an adult.

The BEST strategy to prevent bullying is to:

change the classroom norms so peers don't reinforce this behavior.

Bully prevention programs:

change the classroom norms, so bullying becomes unacceptable among the group.

Which of the following is a core symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

difficulties with selective attention

According to Susan Harter, self-esteem first becomes an important issue for children:

during elementary school.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST often diagnosed among:

elementary school boys.

When Mario says, "I feel your pain," he is expressing _____.

empathy

In classes where bullying is strongly reinforced by the other kids:

everyone is apt to bully.

Goran can't resist racing around the classroom while he is supposed to sit still and listen to his teacher. Goran is having trouble with which two executive functions?

inhibition and selective attention

An 8-year-old is making negative comments such as, "I'm not that smart or pretty." Based on Harter's research, the child:

is acting normally.

Cyberbullying is worse than traditional bullying because it:

is more public and anonymous.

Prosocial behavior:

is universal and built into the human genome.

Inez gets a terrific grade in math after studying for days. Based on the research, the MOST effective response is to tell Inez that she:

is wonderful for working very hard.

Nick is very self-critical, feels powerless to affect what happens to him, and doesn't try to improve himself. Nick suffers from:

learned helplessness, and probably has internalizing tendencies.

A child who believes that he will fail no matter how hard he tries has developed:

learned helplessness.

Andrea is 8-years-old and is entering _____. According to Erikson, she will learn that reaching her goals requires _____.

middle childhood; industry

Rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications is called:

moral disengagement.

Young children can run and jump well before they can follow the rules of games because the:

motor cortex develops before the frontal lobes.

Erikson labeled the developmental task of middle childhood "industry versus inferiority" because at this age children first:

need to work to be successful.

The text implies that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a:

partial function of a poor childhood-society fit.

If most of José's classmates rank him among the two or three fifth-graders they most like, and no one labels him as disliked, then Jose is in the _____ group.

popular

Dante wants a cupcake, so he shoves Tom aside. Tom reacts by bopping Dante over the head. Tom is showing _____ aggression.

reactive

Which of the following strategies can help children with ADHD focus?

regular exercise

Carlo is the MOST aggressive "out of control" child in kindergarten. In elementary school, Carlo will probably be:

rejected by his teachers and his peers.

Claus and Jorge are candidates for president of their fifth-grade class. Jorge starts a rumor that, if elected, Claus plans to ask the teacher to shorten recess so that the class has more time for math. Jorge's behavior is an example of _____ aggression.

relational

Which of the following is a core benefit of older children's friendships?

teaching one another how to handle conflicts.

A mother confides to her 12-year-old and 5-year-old children that she is planning a surprise for Grandma's birthday, and swears the siblings to secrecy. Who will MOST likely keep the secret?

the 12-year-old

Marta is 9 years old. According to Susan Harter, Marta is MOST apt to describe herself as:

the best kid in the world.

Prosocial behavior FIRST appears during _____.

toddlerhood

In the information-processing framework on memory, the executive processor:

transforms items in working memory bins into material to be remembered later.

Mary's son, Adam, is 2 years old. If Mary falls down and hurts herself, Adam MOST likely will then _____ her.

try to comfort

According to the text, peer rejection is _____ in promoting reactive aggression and antisocial behavior.

very important

Which of the following is TRUE of working memory?

where cognitive action takes place

According to Erikson, a preschooler's challenge is to try new things; in elementary school, a child's challenge is to _____.

work hard to succeed

In the information-processing framework, _____ memory is the name for the process of transforming material into information that can later be remembered.

working

Sibyl, age 3, is an exuberant child who has trouble controlling herself. Due to an evocative process, when Sibyl misbehaves, her parents may be likely to:

yell, shame, and hit her.