Human Physio- E109

Blood flowing out of the right ventricle enters the right atrium. True False

False right atrium to right ventricle through semilunar valve to pulmonary artery

Difference b/w somatic and sensory neurons

Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to spinal chord and brain motor neurons carry signals from CNS to effector organs

Match the appropriate slogan or descriptive phrase to the efferent pathway. Can be voluntary, fight or flight, and rest and digest Somatic sympathetic parasympathetic adrenal sympathetic

Somatic --Can be voluntary sympathetic --fight or flight parasympathetic--rest digest adrenal sympathetic--fight or flight

Which of the following statements are TRUE. Select all that apply -Integration centers are only found in the brain. -Acetylcholine excites skeletal muscle. -Norepinephrine activates β2 receptors. -Norepinephrine plays a role in some afferent pathways.

- Acetylcholine excites skeletal muscle. -integration centers sometimes do not involve the brain (ex. monosynaptic reflexes) - Norepinephrine activates alpha and beta one receptors -NE plays a role in efferent not afferent

When your body gets warm, [ Select ] ["Hypothalamic Thermoreceptors", "Cutaneous Thermoreceptors", "Hypothalamic Thermoregulatory Center"] in the skin send information to the ____ ( what integration center? )which then triggers [ Select ] ["Cutaneous Thermoreceptors", "Sympathetic Motor Neurons", "Somatic Motor Neurons"] neurons that activate sweat glands throughout the body.

- Cutaneous thermoreceptors - Hypothalamic Thermoregulatory Center - sympathetic motor neurons (sweating does not involve muscles it involves glands)

Smooth muscles in the GI tract have β2 (but not β1 or α) receptors. Which of the following affect digestion? Select all that apply - Norepinephrine -Epinephrine

- Epinephrine Epinephrine involves beta 2 receptors, no NE Beta 1 receptors have a low sensitivity to beta receptors and NE alpha receptors have no sensitivity to E and high sensitivity to NE

Select all of the following TRUE statements. - Ground substance may be a liquid. -All connective tissue includes cells. -Adipose tissue has a crystalized matrix.

- Ground substance may be a liquid. -All connective tissue includes cells. False statement made. true: Adipose tissue...

Which of the following are ONLY found within the CNS. Select all that apply - myelination -spinal cord -Frontal cortex -Cutaneous thermoreceptors

- Spinal cord -Frontal cortex: part of brain--vital to consciousness and spoken language -myelination is not unique to CNS, noth neurons in CNS and peripheral nervous system can be myelinated -cutaneous is skin

Which of the following statements is TRUE about a population of uncharged particles in a solution. Select all that apply - The center of the population remains constant -The rate of expansion increases with temperature -Particles tend to move toward other particles -the edges of the population expand over time

- The center of the population remains constant -The rate of expansion increases with temperature -the edges of the population expand over time

Which of the following factors act to increase stroke volume in a healthy heart? -The length-tension relationship -Artial systole -Summation in the cardiac muscles -The Frank-Starling Law -An increase in heart rate.

- The length-tension relationship (Within the anatomical range, greater elongation of the muscle results in greater force, which increases stroke volume.) -Artial systole (contraction) -The Frank-Starling Law (This Law observes that a greater stroke volume results from greater filling of the ventricle before systole.) -Heart rate doesnt rlly affect stroke volume -There is no summation in cardiac muscles

What would happen if Na+ -K+ ATPase stopped working in a digestive epithelial cell? Select all the apply - [Glu] in the cell would begin to decrease. -[K+] would decrease in the interstitial fluid -[Na+] in the cell would begin to increase. -The Na+ - glucose carrier protein would decrease activity.

- [Glu] in the cell would begin to decrease. -[Na+] in the cell would begin to increase. -The Na+ - glucose carrier protein would decrease activity. False statements made true: Traditionally there is a high concentration of Na outside the cell and high [K] inside of the cell. The Na+ -K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell moving against their concentration gradients. If it stopped working the [K+] would not be moved. inside the cell. The ATPase decreases [K+] in interstitial fluid when it is WORKING

The integration center of musculo-skeletal reflexes are located in the [ Select ] ["Muscles", "Spinal Cord", "Somatic Sensory Cortex", "Thalamus", "Hypothalamus"] where efferent signals are sent to [ Select ] ["Thalamus", "Somatic Sensory Cortex", "Muscles", "Hypothalamus", "Spinal Cord"] and ascending commands first travel through the [ Select ] ["Somatic Sensory Cortex", "Spinal Cord", "Hypothalamus", "Thalamus", "Muscles"] before being processed in the ___ allowing us to consciously feel reflexes.

- spinal cord -muscles: Efferent is action, muscle is the effector organ -thalamus: relay station of all incoming motor ans sensory information - somatic sensory cortex: where the reflex if consciously experienced/felt in the brain

When running from a bear your [ Select ] ["sympathetic", "parasympathetic", "autonomic"] nervous system is activated releasing [Select]["Epinephrine (E)", "norepinephrine (NE)"] which can bind to the [ Select ] ["α, β1 and β2", "β1", "α and β1", "α", "β2"] receptor(s).

- sympathetic : "Shit!!"/stressful- system - norepinephrine (vasoconstrictor -> inc BP) - alpha and beta one receptors: Both sensitive to NE, Beta 2 is not sensitive to NE

Increases in which of the following increase the rate of chemical diffusion? Select all that apply. -Temperature -Molecular mass

- temperature Inc in m.mass decreases rate, dec in MM inc rate of chemical diffusion

Local anesthetic, like novocaine or lidocaine used by the dentist, work by local diffusion to nearby neurons when injected. What happens to the center of concentration and the maximum concentration over time, after injection? Select all that apply - the center of concentration does not move -The maximum concentration reduces - the center of concentration moves - the maximum concentration remains the same

- the center of concentration does not move -The maximum concentration reduces False statements made true:

Imagine a genetic disorder that created a loss in stiffness (i.e., the expansion per intensity of tension) and elasticity (i.e., the ability to return stored elastic energy and the return to the initial shape) of the connective tissue of just the heart. What might be some effects of that disorder? -A reduction in stroke volume. -A reduction in heart rate. -A reduction in diastolic pressure -A reduction in systolic pressure.

-A reduction in stroke volume. -A reduction in systolic pressure. (less passive filling of chambers during diastole. -Heart rate affected by action potentials and pacemaker cells not stiffness and elasticity - diastolic pressure in the heart is low so a reduction in stiffness wont have much affect. (if affected aorta then systemic diastolic pressure would be affected)

Which of the following statements about the patellar-tendon reflex is FALSE? Select all that apply - It relies on the muscle spindle organ -A region of the brainstem serves as an integration center -The cell body of the motor neuron is in the grey matter of the spinal chord

-A region of the brainstem serves as an integration center The brainstem does not serve as an integration center, it uses a monosynaptic reflex which provides direct communication between sensory and motor neurons- innervating the muscle

Which statement(s) are FALSE? Select all that apply -All action potentials show the same maximum depolarization. -An action potential measured at the distal end of an axon is identical to one measured at the spike-initiating zone. -Action potentials travel in 2 directions routinely. -The level of maximum depolarization of an action potential can vary depending on the graded potential at the spike-initiating zone.

-Action potentials travel in 2 directions routinely. (They go in one direction unless stimulated in the middle which would not happen naturally only when stimulated by an electrode) -The level of maximum depolarization of an action potential can vary depending on the graded potential at the spike-initiating zone. (All action potentials show the same max depolarization)

What are the functional benefits of the anatomical range of the heart? -Allows over-extension of cardiac muscle when tension is highest. -Allows for increasing force generation as length increases within anatomical range. -Stops over-extension of cardiac muscle where force decreases. -Decreases force generation as length increases within anatomical range.

-Allows for increasing force generation as length increases within anatomical range. -Stops over-extension of cardiac muscle where force decreases. - Anatomical range of the heart prevents over extension -increases force generation

Select all of the ways that CO2 is transported through the blood. -As bicarbonate dissolved in the blood. -Bound to hemoglobin (Hb). -Directly transported in plasma.

-As bicarbonate dissolved in the blood. -Bound to hemoglobin (Hb). -Directly transported in plasma. Note: Remember from lecture the three ways CO2 can be transported in blood. Carbonic acid is what happens when CO2 dissolves in water and since it is a strong acid it dissociates further into bicarbonate and a proton (acid, which lowers pH).

Al is having trouble breathing and feels "starved for air". If he has low alveolar PO_2 and low levels of O2 in the blood, he could have (select all that apply) -Pulmonary Edema -Fibrotic Lung Disease -Asthma -Emphysema

-Asthma (constriction of the bronchioles leads to low partial pressure of oxygen in the allveoli) -Emphysema (stiffening of the smooth muscle leads to low partial pressures of oxygen in the alveoli ex. smoking) pulmonary edema has normal exchange surface but an inc in diffusion distance from fluid collection Fibrotic lung disease has normal Po2 in the alveoli but thick mucus causes Po2 to be low in the blood

You are measuring pressures in capillaries and notice that the hydrostatic pressure on the arteriole side of the capillary is below 25 mm Hg. What would this directly effect? Choose all that apply. -Net absorption -Each of these answers could be correct -Bulk flow out of the capillary -Net filtration

-Bulk flow out of the capillary -Net filtration (Capillary hydrostatic pressure is involved with bulk flow moving towards venous end. The arterial end is involved in FILTRATION and the venous end is involved in ABSORPTION)

Which of the following are driving forces for the motion of molecules across membranes? Select all that apply - Elastic -gravity -Chemical diffusion -colloid osmotic pressure -electromotive force

-Chemical diffusion -colloid osmotic pressure -electromotive force

Which of the following components for sensing body temperature in the peripheral nervous system? Select all that apply - Cutaneous thermoreceptors -Hypothalamic thermoreceptors -Ascending tract of spinal chord

-Cutaneous thermoreceptors: Sense temperature on the skin - Hypothalamic thermoreceptors: A part of CNS not peripheral nervous system - Ascending tract of spinal cord: Also CNS

Which of the following are responses that the Pons may elicit if the partial pressure of oxygen is high and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was simultaneously low? -Only stimulating the dorsal ventilatory group. -Only stimulating the ventral ventilatory group. -Decreasing ventilation via CPG. -Increasing ventilation via CPG.

-Decreasing ventilation via CPG. You would not want to ONLy stimulate one or the other just dec one or. the other. Not enough CO2 and too much O2 means dec ventilation Note: See below how the Pons only directly affects the CPG coordinating the stimulation/inhibition of the dorsal ventilatory root (DRG below) and the ventral ventilatory group (VRG below). The above conditions of high PO2 and low PCO2 match conditions of hyperventilation (see detailed loop in bottom right).

Which of the following factors increase the rate of diffusion across a membrane? Select all that apply. -Increasing membrane permeability -Increasing the solute concentration difference across the membrane -Increasing membrane thickness -Increasing the membrane area

-Increasing membrane permeability -Increasing the solute concentration difference across the membrane -Increasing membrane area False made true: increasing membrane thickness decreases the rate of diffusion across a membrane

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the electromotive force? -The electromotive force always acts in the opposite direction from chemical diffusion. -Ions of opposite charge are attracted to one-another. -Proteins have no charge.

-Ions of opposite charge are attracted to one-another. False statements made true: electromotive force does not always act in the opposite direction from chemical diffusion - Proteins can have charge

Which of the following statements about the patellar-tendon reflex is TRUE? -It relies on the muscle spindle organ. -A region of the brainstem serves as an integration center. -The cell body of the motor neuron is in the gray matter of the spinal cord

-It relies on the muscle spindle organ. -The cell body of the motor neuron is in the gray matter of the spinal cord - does not involve brainstem

What would be the implications if your atria ceased to contract? Select all apply -Lower stroke volume. -Reduced contractility in the ventricles. -The AV valves would cease to open. -The SA node would have no purpose.

-Lower stroke volume. - contractility of ventricles not affected if atria stopped contracting. just less blood pushed into ventricles - (i got this right on the quiz but now im like if the atria didnt contract how would the AV valve open, isnt the contraction what causes it to open?) - SA node affects the whole heart not just the atria

What are the consequences of hypoventilation? -Lowering of blood pH. -Increased partial pressure of O2 in lungs and body. -Decreased partial pressure of CO2 in lungs and body.

-Lowering of blood pH. Hypoventilation does the opposite of the options. The options describe Hyperventilation

What if tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was completely inactive? Select all that apply -One could have problems with fibrinolysis (clot dissolution) -One would have lower formation of plasmin from plasminogen -This could cause the liver to make less pro-Thrombin, the zymogen of precursor of Thrombin -One could have low gene expression of plasminogen

-One could have problems with fibrinolysis (clot dissolution) -One would have lower formation of plasmin from plasminogen - the precursor of thrombin is prothrombin not the tPA. - tPA works with plasminogen to make plasmin

How does one measure the maximum force generated by a muscle fiber? Select all that apply -Stimulate the muscle with a series of action potentials. -Record the maximum value during a single twitch. -Load isometrically.

-Stimulate the muscle with a series of action potentials. -Load isometrically. A single twitch of a muscle fiber does not vary, only with summation of series of action potentials

Select all the following that are true regarding the nodes and fibers that drive heart contractions. -The AV node stimulates the SA node. -The AV node prompts ventricular contraction via the Purkinje fibers. -The SA node transmits action potentials through gap junctions in the Pukinje fibers. -Action potentials from internode fibers stimulate the AV node.

-The AV node prompts ventricular contraction via the Purkinje fibers. -Action potentials from internode fibers stimulate the AV node. - SA node stimulates the AV node -Note: The SA node initiates the heart beat by stimulating both gap junctions that connect to contractile cardiac cells in the atria as well as action potentials in the internode fibers that then stimulate the VA node to send action potentials down the Purkinje fibers and contract the ventricles.

What effects would result if the semilunar valve on the left side of the heart were to stay open? -The diastolic pressure in the body would decrease. -The systolic pressure in the left ventricle would increase. -The heart would beat more quietly. -The QRS complex would shift to a later point in time. -Blood flow would not remain unidirectional

-The diastolic pressure in the body would decrease. -The heart would beat more quietly (would not close so wouldn't make sound) -Blood flow would not remain unidirectional (back flow would not be prevented) - valves staying open would decrease pressure not inc - QRS complex involves heart rate not pressure or volume

Which statement is NOT TRUE about action potentials. Select all that apply. -Voltage-gated channels for Na+ and K+ have a similar threshold Vm. -Repolarization is driven by K+ permeability. -The inactivation gate reduces permeability in the voltage-gated K+ channel

-The inactivation gate reduces permeability in the voltage-gated K+ channel Note: The K+ voltage-gated channel does not have an inactivation gate.

Which of the following statements are true of molecular diffusion? - The spatial distribution. of particles remains. the. same over. time -The rate of motion depends on temperature -Individual particles in solution move. in random direction

-The rate of motion depends on temperature -Individual particles in solution move in random direction False. statement made true: Spatial distribution of particles changes over time

You've discovered a new genetic mutation that leads to a lack of nuclear and organelle expulsion from erythrocytes. If erythrocytes had nuclei and mitochondria, what might this affect? Choose all that apply. -The space available for hemoglobin in red blood cells, and possibly the shape of the cells -White blood cells would no longer be white -The presence of mitochondria would mean O2 could be consumed within the erythrocytes -None of these answers are correct

-The space available for hemoglobin in red blood cells, and possibly the shape of the cells -The presence of mitochondria would mean O2 could be consumed within the erythrocytes

How can smooth muscles contract in multiple directions over a greater length than other types of muscle? Select all that apply. -There are no sarcomeres in smooth muscle. -Calmodulin is more efficient at stimulating cross-bridge cycling. -Smooth muscles do not rely on ATP as much as other muscle types. -Thick and thin filaments are arranged in various directions.

-There are no sarcomeres in smooth muscle. -Thick and thin filaments are arranged in various directions. Note:Smooth muscle does not have sarcomeres which allow thick and thin filaments to slide further along eachother producing greater muscle contraction. Additionally, thick and thin filaments are arranged in various directions to allow the muscle to contract in multiple directions. Calmodulin would not affect the total contraction distance or direction of contraction. While smooth muscle does not require as much ATP because of its 'latching' this also would not affect the total contraction distance or direction of contraction.

Choose all of the properties that correctly describe how valves prevent back-flow in the heart? -Valves maintain a seal against flow in one direction. -Valves only open when there is a pressure difference across the valve.. -Valves are muscularly controlled to close when back-flow is sensed.

-Valves maintain a seal against flow in one direction. -Valves only open when there is a pressure difference across the valve. - valves are not muscularly controlled they open. from pressure differences and the pushing of fluid in one direction

Why does the partial pressure of oxygen in the arteries remain constant even as exercise intensity increases? -Ventilation rate increases. -More frequent contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles. -Ventilation rate decreases.

-Ventilation rate increases. -More frequent contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles. inc ventilation accounts for lowering of Venous PO2 Note: Ventilation rate increases (see figure below) and this increased ventilation rate is due to more frequent contractions of muscles controlling both inspiration (e.g. the diaphragm) and expiration (e.g. the abdominals).

Select all the principles that correctly describe how the heart pumps blood. -chamber contraction decreases volume -chamber contraction increases pressure -blood moves toward lower pressure -valves prevent back-flow

-chamber contraction decreases volume -chamber contraction increases pressure -blood moves toward lower pressure -valves prevent back-flow All of these.

In terms of Mean Arterial Pressure, the parasympathetic response directly impacts: (select all that apply) -Stroke Volume -Venous elasticity -Arteriole resistance -Heart rate

-heart rate parasympathetic response only impacts heart rate. Arteriole resistance and stroke volume are involved in sympathetic response. Venous elasticity permits the veins to hold very high % of blood in circulation. Venous system can accommodate a large vol of blood at relatively low pressures

What type(s) of transport can carrier proteins use? -secondary active transport -facilitated diffusion -primary active transport

-secondary active transport -facilitated diffusion -Primary active transport

Which part(s) of the brain are involved in the pathway of sensing and feeling reflexes? Select all that apply - Thalamus -Hypothalamus -Somatic sensory cortex -Motor cortex -Spinal Chord

-thalamus: the thalamus is the integrating center and relay station for sensory and motor signals -somatic sensory cortex: this processes somatic sensations. It detects touch The hypothalamus is the integration center for thermoregulation. Motor cortex is involved in planning, control and EXECUTION of voluntary movements, not sensing and feeling Spinal cord not a part of brain

Assume that two muscles are equal in cross-sectional area, but muscle B is 4-times as long as muscle A. What is the ratio of (contraction speed of A)/(contraction speed of B)? Enter your answer in decimal notation (e.g. 44, or 0.44, not 1/4) without units.

.25

If Muscle A were half the radius of Muscle B, by what factor is the force generated by A different from B, assuming a circular cross-section for the muscles?

0.25 Math: Force is proportional to cross-sectional area, so F = k*pi*R^2, where k is a constant, F is force and R is radius. Therefore: F of A / F of B = kπR^2 / kπ(2R)^2 = 1/4=0.25

the rate of diffusion for a molecule that fluxes across a 1mm x 1mm area of membrane is 5 Moles/s and the membrane has a thickness of 10 nm. What rate of diffusion (in Moles/s) would you predict if the molecular size were to double?

0.5 Note: According to Fick's Law, the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to membrane thickness. So, a 2-fold increase in thickness generates a 1/2 change in the rate of diffusion. In other words, the final rate = (1/2) * (the initial rate).

Select the correct order of responses your body will exhibit if visiting Joshua Tree National Park when the temperature is 38C (100F). ["signal travels through ascending tract of spinal cord", "efferent pathway stimulates sympathetic nervous system", "cutaneous thermoreceptors are excited", "vasodilation of blood vessels", "hypothalamus integrates sensory info"]

1. "cutaneous thermoreceptors are excited", 2. "signal travels through ascending tract of spinal cord", 3. hypothalamus integrates sensory info"] 4. "efferent pathway stimulates sympathetic nervous system", 5. "vasodilation of blood vessels", Note: Sensory receptors recognize condition(s) first and become activated, which send an action potential into the spinal cord which then 'ascends' along the ascending tract to the brain where the hypothalamus integrates the sensory information and if it determines the current state is too far from the set point it sends out an efferent signal to the prompt some change, in this case it is vasodilation of blood vessels which allow you to dissipate heat by bringing blood to the surface of your skin.

Imagine a situation where the equilibrium potential for Na+ is equal to +122 mV. By what factor is the outside concentration of Na+ greater than the inside?

100. Math: Use formula eq potential = 61 log(base10) * ([Na] out/[Na]in) 122= 61 * log(base10) * ([Na] out/[Na]in) 10^(122/61) = 10^(logbase10 * [Na] out/[Na]in) [Na] out/[Na]in = 100

Assume that two muscles equal in length, but muscle B has 4 times the radius of muscle A. By what factor is the maximum force of B greater than A? Enter your answer in decimal notation (e.g. 44, or 0.44, not 1/4) without units.

16 Math: Muscle force is proportional to the cross-sectional area (pi*R^2) and NOT to muscle length, so F = k*pi*R^2, where k is a constant. Therefore, forceB/forceA= kπ(4R)^2 / kπR^2 = 16

Imagine two epithelial membranes that serve to transport a nutrient via chemical diffusion. Membrane A is twice as thick as Membrane B, but A is exposed to a solute concentration difference that is four-times greater than Membrane B. By what factor is the rate of diffusion for A greater than B? Hint: Solve for (rate of diffusion in A) / (rate of diffusion in B)

2 Math: The concentration difference for A is 4 times that of B, which favors a 4-fold greater rate of diffusion by A. However, B has half the membrane thickness of A, which suggests that A has 1/2 the rate of B. When we combine the two conditions we should get that A will have 4 * (1/2) = 2 times the rate of diffusion of B.

Imagine the rate of diffusion for a molecule that fluxes across a 1mm x 1mm area of membrane is 5 Moles/s and the membrane has a thickness of 10 nm. What rate of diffusion (in Moles/s) would you predict if the molecular size were to double?

2.5 Math:

Imagine you monitored your heart rate so that you could estimate the duration of the pacemaker potential. Assume that the action potential is always 300 ms long, and you recorded 36 heart beats over 18 seconds. What is the average duration of the pacemaker potential in ms?

200 Note: The total duration of a recording (T) is equal to the beat period times the number of heart beats (n) and the beat period is the duration of the action potential (AP), plus the pacemaker potential (PP), so: T=n(τAP+τPP),where τAP is the period of the AP(0.3s) andτPP is the period of the PP. So . . .18=36(0.3+τPP) τPP=18/36−0.3 τPP=0.5−0.3=0.2s=200ms

If a myocardial contractile cell has a refractory period of 250 ms, what is the fastest heart rate that it should be theoretically capable of (in beats per second)?

4 Note: At the fastest rate, the beat period would be equal to the refractory period (0.25 s). The heart rate is the inverse of the beat period, which is 1/0.25 = 4.

How does temporal summation in the dendrites work for an excitatory chemical synapse? A. Na+ ions build in concentration from repeated activations B. Cl- ions build in concentration from repeated activations

A

If a person's normal pulmonary dead space is 150 ml and tidal volume is 500 ml, what would be their tidal volume in milliliters to achieve the same volume of inhaled air reaching the alveoli if that person was breathing through a snorkel with a volume of 230 ml?

730 Notes: Remember that the trachea provides 'dead space' within the pulmonary system because air must move in through the trachea but gas exchange does not occur within the trachea, only at the alveoli. By using a snorkel you have increased the dead space of the system by adding in another tube that does not allow for gas exchange. So in order to bring the same amount of air (500ml - 150ml = 350ml) to the alveoli you would have to increase your tidal volume by the newly added dead space (500ml + 230ml = 730ml). Thus to achieve a volume in the alveoli of 350 ml while using the snorkel the person would have to maintain a tidal volume of 730 ml.

Imagine that muscle A has a radius of 2 cm in cross-section and can generate a maximum tension of 8N. If muscle B is similar, what radius (in cm) does muscle B have if it can generate a tension of 32N?

8

If one has a blood pressure reading of 120/80, what is the mean arterial pressure?

93.3 Formula: in BP reading: systolic/diastolic MAP = 2/3Diastolic pressure + 1/3Systolic pressure

John fills the cuff of his sphygmomanometer and then lets the air out. The Korotkoff sound starts and finishes when the dial says 160 and 100, respectively. What are John's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure? (you can round to get whole numbers) A.60; 120 B.40; 130 C.60; 130 D.20; 80 E.none of the answer choices are correct

A.60; 120 I got it right but i forgot how i got this...

You discover a new line of cardiac cells that have only β2 receptors. What efferent pathway would you expect to excite this type of cell? A. Parasympathetic B. Adrenal Sympathetic C. Sympathetic D. Autonomic

Adrenal sympathetic I DONT KNOW WHY THIS IS THE ANSWER even tho i got it right on the test...

Complete the following sentence. As a pacemaker cells membrane potential gradually rises because of ____ channels that allow [ Select ] ["only K+ to flow out", "Ca2+ to flow inward", "Na+ to flow in and K+ to flow out"] , and once the membrane potential reaches -40mV it triggers [ Select ] ["Voltage-gated Ca2+", "I_f (funny)", "Voltage-gated K+"] channels to open, which allows [ Select ] ["only K+ to flow out", "Ca2+ to flow inward", "Na+ to flow in and K+ to flow out"] and generate the action potential. Finally slow [ Select ] ["Voltage-gated Ca2+", "I_f (funny)", "Voltage-gated K+"] channels open, which allows _____

As a pacemaker cells membrane potential gradually rises because of -I_f (funny) channels that allow -Na+ to flow in and K+ to flow out , and once the membrane potential reaches -40mV it triggers -Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open, which allows -Ca2+ to flow inward and generate the action potential. Finally slow [ Select -Voltage-gated K+ channels open, which allows -only K+ to flow out . Note: See time on x-axis, and associated channels and ions throughout action potential generation in a pacemaker cell.

Choose the answer that best describes what a central pattern generator (CPG) is and its function. A. A group of interneurons which helps to regulate ventilation only. B. A group of interneurons that produces spontaneous oscillatory patterns. C. Produces rhythmic activity without efferent (descending) inputs.

B. A group of interneurons that produces spontaneous oscillatory patterns. Note: A central pattern generator (CPG) is a group of interneurons generally found within the spinal cord that produces a spontaneous (without descending or efferent command) rhythmic or oscillatory pattern (behavior). "A group of interneurons which helps to regulate ventilation only." is NOT correct because we have CPG's that help us walk, run and do many other functions including reflexes besides just breathing. "Produces rhythmic activity without efferent (descending) inputs." correctly describes a CPG FUNCTION but does not describe that it is a collection of interneuron(s), or 'WHAT' it is. So the best answer for this question is "A group of interneurons that produces spontaneous oscillatory patterns."

In what blood vessel(s) would flow velocity be highest? A.Veins B. Aorta C. Capillaries D. Arteries

B. Aorta smallest cross sectional area (denominator in flow velocity)

You have two tubes of the same cross sectional area. Tube A has afferent and efferent pressures of 100 and 55 mm Hg, respectively. Tube B has afferent and efferent pressures of 60 and 10 mm Hg, respectively. Which tube would have more flow? A. They have the same flow B. Tube B C. Tube A

B. Tube B Difference is higher

Choose the answers that best complete the following sentence. Blood coming into the left atrium is initially stopped by the ____ before opening when [ Select ] ["the ventricle contracts increasing its pressure relative to the artery", "the atrium contracts increasing its pressure relative to the vein", "the ventricle contracts increasing its pressure relative to the atrium", "the expansion of the relaxed ventricle decreases its pressure relative to the atrium"] , allowing blood to flow into the left ventricle. Then the left ventricle fills with blood coming from the atrium because _____ stops the blood flowing out of the left ventricle, until the ventricle starts contracting, at which point the [ Select ] ["semilunar valve closes and AV valve opens", "both valves open", "AV valve closes and semilunar valve opens", "both valves close"] .

Blood coming into the left atrium is initially stopped by the -closed AV valve before opening when -the expansion of the relaxed ventricle decreases its pressure relative to the atrium allowing blood to flow into the left ventricle. Then the left ventricle fills with blood coming from the atrium because -closed semilunar valve stops the blood flowing out of the left ventricle, until the ventricle starts contracting, at which point the -AV valve closes and semilunar valve opens", "both valves close

Choose the answers that best complete the following sentence. Blood coming into the right atrium is initially stopped by the ____ before opening when _____ , allowing blood to flow into the right ventricle. Then the right ventricle fills with blood coming from the atrium because _____ stops the blood flowing out of the right ventricle, until the ventricle starts contracting, at which point _____ .

Blood coming into the right atrium is initially stopped by the -closed AV valve before opening when -the expansion of the ventricle decreases its pressure relative to the atrium (dec pressure means inc volume-- higher pressure in atrium makes the blood want to flow from high to low pressure) , allowing blood to flow into the right ventricle. Then the right ventricle fills with blood coming from the atrium because -closed semilunar valve stops the blood flowing out of the right ventricle, until the ventricle starts contracting, at which point the -AV valve closes and semilunar valve opens .

What does homeostasis in body temperature suggest? A. That your body temperature never changes B. That your body temperature never remains constant C. That your physiology tries to maintain body temperature against perturbations from activity

C

Your blood is rich in dissolved proteins, but the interstitial space around your capillaries is devoid of proteins. The capillary walls are thin and permeable to water. If blood pressure were negligible, what would you predict about the exchange of water between the blood and interstitial fluid? A. Water should move from blood to the interstitial fluid B. There is no reason for water to move between blood and interstitial fluid. C. Water should move from the interstitial fluid to the blood.

C Note: That is what is favored by the colloid osmotic pressure

You have spherocytosis. This means that the erythrocytes ___, and this could lead to ___ symptoms. A. None of these answers are correct B. Are shriveled; elevated hematocrit C. Are swelled, anemic D. Are Sickle shaped; hemophilia

C. Are swelled, anemic spherical shape rather than biconcave = swelled

Under sympathetic stimulation, the pacemaker of autorhythmic cardiac cells (like the SA node) will A. Slow down, decreasing cardiac output B. Slow down, allowing Perkinje fibers to take over C. Speed up, increasing cardiac output D. No longer involve Ca2+ channels

C. Speed up, increasing cardiac output

Jerry is anemic. A trip to the doctor reveals normal free iron levels in his plasma. The doctor observes that when Jerry consumes iron-rich food, he efficiently absorbs the iron into the enterocytes of his digestive tract. If he is absorbing the iron fine, why does he present anemic symptoms? A. high levels of transferrin in his blood B. low ferritin levels in his liver C. an inefficient transferrin receptor in his bone marrow, meaning iron isn't getting to be used in hemoglobin synthesis D. an inefficient divalent metal transporter E. a high hematocrit

C. an inefficient transferrin receptor in his bone marrow, meaning iron isn't getting to be used in hemoglobin synthesis

Match the following characteristics to either carrier, channel membrane proteins, or both Change conformation: __ Allow ions to leak:__ transmembrane protein:___

Change conformation: Carrier protein Allow ions to leak: Channel protein Transmembrane protein: Both

What generates sound during a heart beat? select all that apply - Opening of the semilunar valve - Contraction of the atria - Closure of the AV valve - Contraction of the ventricles

Closure of AV valve opening has no sound -the contraction itself has no sound

Multiple types of ___ tissue include collagen fibers, which provide stiffness and elasticity. ___tissue is largely composed of extracellular components , such as ground substance, whereas transport ___ tissue functions by transporting molecules through cells.

Connective connective epithelial

Match the function to the appropriate cardiac cell(s); autorhythmic (pacemaker) cells, contractile cells, or both. Creates heart beat through autonomous activation.: Generates force: Has `funny' (If) channels:

Creates heart beat through autonomous activation: Autorhythmic Generates force: Contractile Has `funny' (If) channels: Autorhythmic Note: Autorhythmic cardiac cells are responsible for autonomously generating action potentials at set intervals (hence the name) to then stimulate the contractile cardiac cells. The contractile cardiac cells contribute to significant force and contraction of the heart. The funny channels If are present in the autorhythmic (pacemaker) cells and allow for the pacemaker potential that gradually increases to -40mV to trigger the Ca2+ channels.

You measure your friend's pulmonary anatomy and find that their functional residual capacity (lung volume at the end of passive expiration) is 2500 ml in volume and their dead space is 200 ml, if they have a tidal volume of 1000 ml while jogging what is the volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli with each breath? A. 1500ml B.1000ml C.2300 D.800

D. 800 Zaki showed a different way of doing this and i cant remember how but im thinking Tidal vol = 1000 dead space = 200 tidal vol = deoxygenated air + oxygenated air 1000 = fresh air + 200 800

Each of the following would be part of a sympathetic response and its effects on blood pressure, EXCEPT: A. Increased contractile force of the ventricles B. Norepinephrine release causing increased arteriole resistance C. An increase in venous tone D. Acetylcholine release slowing the firing rate of the SA node

D. Acetylcholine release slowing the firing rate of the SA node (slowing the heart rate, which Ach does, would be apart of the parasympathetic response) Increased contractile force of the ventricles-- inc BP Norepinephrine release causing increased arteriole resistance-- inc BP An increase in venous tone- inc in blood back to the heart, i believe

Administering a patient Nitric Oxide would do what to their blood pressure? A. None of these answers are correct B.Increase it C. Cause a massive sympathetic response, thereby lowering their blood pressure precipitously D. Decrease it

D. Decrease it Nitric oxide is a vasodilator. Inc radius(volume) of the vessel decreases pressure - also a parasympathetic response would be triggered not sympathetic

Which of the following does the Pons directly stimulate in the ventilatory control pathway? A. Chemoreceptors in the medulla and aorta. B. The dorsal ventilatory group. C. The ventral ventilatory group. D. The central pattern generator (CPG).

D. The central pattern generator (CPG). Pons directly stimulates CPG which stimulates the DRG(dorsal respiratory group) or VRG(ventral respiratory groups) - medulla is involved in sensing. CO2 from capillaries enters the cerebrospinal fluid in which it reacts with water and forms bicarb and acid and the H+ stimulates the integrating center in the medulla

Sally has unusually low blood pressure, which results in hydrostatic pressure of less than 25 mm Hg in the arteriole end of her capillaries. This would generally decrease ____________ but allow ___________ to occur in her capillary beds. A. absorption; filtration B. bulk flow; outflux C. gas diffusion; off loading D. filtration; absorption

D. filtration; absorption 25mmHg is the osmotic pressure in the capillaries. going below that decreases filtration but more is being absorbed in venous end (Partial pressure of capillary dec in venous end compared to arterial end)

One can decrease mean arterial pressure by A. Increasing the global sympathetic response B. Increasing venous tone C. Leaving stroke volume constant, but increasing heart rate D.Excreting more liquid from the body (e.g., more urination)

D.Excreting more liquid from the body (e.g., more urination) -inc. global sympathetic response inc MAP and/or BP -inc. venous tone inc blood volume inc BP - leaving stroke volume constant doesnt and inc heart rate lower BP

Match the following muscles to their effect on the volume of the thoracic cavity and whether or not it helps with inspiration or expiration. Diaphragm: Intercostals: External Intercostals: Scalene muscles: Abdominals: [ Select ] ["increases thoracic cavity volume for inhalation", "increases thoracic cavity volume for exhalation", "decreases thoracic cavity volume for inhalation", "decreases thoracic cavity volume for exhalation"]

Diaphragm: increases thoracic cavity volume for inhalation (rises when contracting) Intercostals: decreases thoracic cavity volume for exhalation External intercostals: increases thoracic cavity volume for inhalation Scalene muscles: increases thoracic cavity volume for inhalation Abdominals: decreases thoracic cavity volume for exhalation Inspiration: Diaphragm, external intercostals, Scalene Expiration: internal intercostals and abs

If the membrane of the autorhythmic cells in the SA node became more permeable to potassium ions, A. The intracellular concentration of calcium ion would increase. B. The heart rate would increase. C. The membrane would depolarize. D. The stroke volume would increase. E. The heart rate would decrease.

E. The heart rate would decrease. K+ ions stimulate hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. If the membrane was more permeable to them (letting them in easily) then the heart rate would be slowed because it would be hyperpolarized faster

True or False: All tubes receiving the same volumetric flow rate will have the same flow velocity. True False

False Flow rate = volume of fluid / time Flow velocity = distance / time the flow velocity may be different when its moving slower

Using the above Hemoglobin-Oxygen Saturation curves answer the following question. Given that intense exercise produces lactic acid and CO2 that lowers the pH. Is it TRUE of FALSE that the blue curve (higher curve) would represent the Hb-O2 saturation curve during intense exercise and the red curve represents the conditions at rest?

False lowering pH shifts the curve to the left, lower affinity Note: The Bohr effect is the physiological phenomenon of reduced Hb-O2 saturation at low pH or high concentrations of CO2. Both of these cause a RIGHT-ward shift in the Hb-O2 saturation curve since more O2 will be released at the same partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). See the below diagram explaining the directions of the shift based off pH, CO2 and temperature (disregard the HbF and 2,3 DPG).

A carrier protein using secondary active transport hydrolyzes ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient.. T or F

False. The electrochemical gradients set up by primary active transport store energy, which can be released as the ions move back down their gradients. Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in these gradients to move other substances against their own gradients.

Imagine you start being chased by a bear. What organs should have an increase in blood flow? -Lungs -Small intenstines -Skeletal muscles

Lungs and skeletal muscles -small intestines is rest and digest (parasympathetic)

Match the following characteristics to either polysynaptic, monosynaptic reflexes or both. Multiple synapses in parallel: Multiple neurons: Multiple synapses in series:

Multiple synapses in parallel: Both Multiple neurons: Both Multiple synapses in series: Polysynaptic Monosynaptic reflexes only handles one synapse. They are in direct communication. Polysynaptic uses 1 or more interneurons and afferent and efferent is indirect (integrates CNS) GO OVER THIS TO MAKE SURE KNOW WHAT TALKING ABOUT

How do positive feedback and negative feedback differ? Select all that apply -Positive feedback changes until the set point is achieved. -Negative feedback tends to oscillate around a set point. -Once positive feedback crosses a threshold it will continue increasing/decreasing at a constant rate.

Negative feedback tends to oscillate around a set point. Why wrong: Positive feedback exponentially rises. Inc state variable after reaching threshold. No modulation. Positive feedback does not decrease.

Imagine a group of arterioles that possess α receptors but neither β1 nor β2receptors. What is the effect of epinephrine release on these arterioles? -Nothing. -Vasoconstriction. -Vasodialation.

Nothing alpha receptors have no sensitivity to epinephrine

What events are occurring within the heart during particular waves in an ECG recording? Choose from answer bank P-wave: QRS Complex : T-wave: Start of atrial systole Ends with opening of semilunar value Ends with closure of semilunar valve Start of atrial pressure exceeding ventricular pressure Start of ventricular systole Ends with opening of AV valve

P-wave: Start of atrial systole QRS Complex: Start of ventricular systole T-wave: Ends with closure of semilunar valve

Choose the answers that best complete the following sentences. Reciprocal inhibition is necessary when ___ and serves to inhibit ____ (antagonist or agonist) from contracting. This ensures the ___ (agonist or skeletal muscle) can contract effectively.

Reciprocal inhibition is necessary when -generating stretch reflexes and serves to inhibit -antagonist muscles from contracting. This ensures the -agonist muscle can contract effectively.

As a wave of action potential travels from the atria to the ventricles, it is momentarily delayed as a result of slow conduction through what? A. Purkinje fibers B. The AV node C. The left and right bundle branches

The AV node The AV node slows the impulse conduction to allow sufficient time for complete atrial depolarization and contraction (systole) prior to ventricular depolarization and contraction

When a stimulating electrode placed in the middle of an axon depolarizes the membrane, explain what happens and why. The action potential(s) propagate A. Toward both the axon terminal and cell body B. Toward the axon terminal and not the cell body C. Toward the cell body and not the axon terminal. The... A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ ions that depolarize the membrane diffuse in all directions and drive... A.Both K+ and Na+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. K+ voltage-gated channels to threshold. The action potential(s) can activate any portion of the membrane that is at its resting membrane potential. .

The action potential(s) propagate A. Toward both the axon terminal and cell body. The... B. Na+ ions that depolarize the membrane diffuse in all directions and drive... A.Both K+ and Na+ voltage-gated channels to threshold. The action potential(s) can activate any portion of the membrane that is at its resting membrane potential. .

Given that intense exercise produces CO2 and lactic acid which both contribute to lowering the pH, is it TRUE or FALSE that intense exercise promotes greater oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin at the same partial pressure? True False

True

Ground substance may be a liquid. T or F

True. Plasma is a liquid ground substance

When your body gets cold, _____in the skin send information to the ____which then triggers ____(Sympathetic Motor Neurons or somatic motor neurons) neurons that prompt muscles throughout the body to involuntarily contract resulting in shivering and heat production.

When your body gets cold, - Cutaneous Thermoreceptors in the skin send information to - Hypothalamic Thermoregulatory Center which then triggers -Somatic Motor Neurons neurons that prompt muscles throughout the body to involuntarily contract resulting in shivering and heat production.

Difference between diastolic and systolic

diastolic- when it is resting /not contracting systolic- contraction. When measuring blood pressure, it measures the blood against artery walls while ventricles contract pushing blood out of body

Your friend Mohammad is a sprinter on the Track team and interested in running faster. You suggest a training regimen that would increase his ____ fiber types that have a ____ concentration of mitochondria but generate ___ tension and accelerations while running.

fast-twitch glycolytic low high

Which of the following efferent pathways are ONLY involuntary? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Sympathetic Sensory Parasympathetic Automatic

sympathetic parasympathetic sympathetic is fight or flight parasympathetic is rest and digest. No control of either. Sensory is muscle, we control if we want to move or contract those (unless its a reflex like patellar tendon) Automatic mathway is not a thing. Theres autonomic and thats sympathetic and parasympathetic Sensory neurons- chain of neurons from receptor organ to cerebral cortex- responsible for perception of sensations