Human Physiology II (BS2050)

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: (1) Dipeptide (2) Protein (3) Amino acid (4) Polypeptide Select one: 4, 1, 2, 3 3, 1, 4, 2 2, 4, 3, 1 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 4, 1, 3

2,4,1,3

The blastocyst implants in the uterus on about the ________ day of the 28-day menstrual cycle. At this time, the endometrium is ________ and progesterone levels are ________. Select one: 21st; thin and proliferating; low. 28th; thick and secretory; low. 14th; thick and secretory; low. 21st; thick and secretory; high. (This is correct: implantation occurs at around 7 days after fertilsation (/ovulation).) 28th; thin and proliferating; high.

21st; thick and secretory; high

Which is a false statement about skeletal muscle structure? Select one: A cross-bridge is a portion of the myosin molecule Thin filaments contain actin, tropomyosin and troponin Most skeletal muscles attach to bones by connective-tissue tendons Each end of a thick filament is surrounded by six thin filaments A myofibril is composed of multiple muscle fibres (A skeletal muscle fibre is composed of many myofibrils)

A myofibril is composed of multiple muscle fibers

During contraction of striated muscle Select one: The force generated does not depend on the initial sarcomere length ATP binding by myosin causes it to detach from actin (ATP depletion prevents this and causes rigor mortis after death) The length of both the A- and I- bands decreases ATP is broken down by the myosin ATPase during the power stroke, i.e. as the myosin cross bridge is pulling on the actin Crossbridge formation occurs after the elevation of sarcoplasmic calcium

ATP binding by myosin causes it to detach from actin

Which one of the below occurs mainly in the small intestine? Select one: Hydrogen ions (H+) are secreted from epithelial cells into the lumen. Pepsinogen is activated. Acidic chyme is neutralized. (This is correct: this links back to what you have learnt about the intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion.) Gastrin is secreted. Bile salts are manufactured.

Acidic chyme is neutralized

Complete the following sentence: faeces consist of: Select one: Water. Undigestible food. Bacteria. Sloughed-off epithelial cells. All of the above.

All of the above

Complete the following statement: a deficiency in dietary iodine can cause: Select one: Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism). A slowing of mental functions. A low metabolic rate. A goitre. All of the above.

All of the above

Sarah has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The first treatment is to remove 90% of her pancreatic tissue surgically. Due to the loss of exocrine tissue, which of the following foods will Sarah have more difficulty digesting post-surgery? Select one: Lipids. Proteins. Peptides. Starches. All of the above. (This is correct: the (exocrine) pancreas secretes digestive enzymes which would hydrolyze all of these.)

All of the above

Which one of the statements below bests describes colostrum? Select one: It is composed of dark-colored solid waste ejected from a fetus's bowels shortly after it is born. It is an oestrogen-rich fluid that fills the antrum of a mature ovarian follicle. It is the watery remnant of breast milk that continues to be expelled from the breasts after a baby is weaned. It is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that inhibits prolactin secretion. It is a yellowish, protein-rich fluid secreted from maternal breasts after delivery of a baby. (This is correct. Remember, colostrum/breast milk provides/has advantages for the infant, because of what it contains.)

It is a yellowish, protein rich fluid secreted from maternal breasts after delivery of a baby

Which one of the statements below accurately describes the enzyme lipase: Select one: It is mainly produced in the liver, and secreted into the small intestine. It is secreted by the endocrine pancreas. It is produced in the exocrine pancreas, and catalyzes the degradation of chylomicrons into proteins and fats. It emulsifies lipids. It catalyzes the breakdown of triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.

It catalyzes the breakdown of triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids

Which one of the options below accurately describes the median eminence of the hypothalamus? Select one: It is the stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. It is a site where neurohormones are released into blood vessels. (This is correct: this is where hypophysiotropic hormones are released.) It is the site of synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It is the site where vasopressin is released into blood vessels. It is the main site where thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) first enters the bloodstream.

It is a site where neurohormones are released into blood vessels

If other factors are equal, which of the following vessels would have the lowest resistance? Select one: Length = 1 cm, radius = 2 cm Length = 8 cm, radius = 1 cm Length = 4 cm, radius = 1 cm Length = 1 cm, radius = 1 cm Length = 0.5 cm, radius = 2 cm (According to Poiseuille's equation, resistance decreases as the fourth power of an increase in radius (inversely proportional relationship), and in direct proportion to a decrease in vessel length.)

Length = 0.5cm, radius = 2 cm

In the figure below of the human intestine, what is the structure labelled E, and what is its function? Peritoneum; protects the surface of the intestine Mucosa; produces mucus Microvillus; increases absorptive surface area Villus; contracts, contributing to the wave of peristalsis Cilium; moves chyme through the intestine

Microvillus; increases absorptive surface area (Quiz 2, question 4)

Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli? Select one: Adventitia. Submucosa. Serosa. Mucosa. (This is correct: this is the innermost layer of the gut wall.) Muscularis externa.

Mucosa

Which correctly pairs an ECG phase with the cardiac event responsible? Select one: T wave: Repolarisation of the atria QRS wave: Repolarisation of the ventricles QRS wave: Depolarisation of the ventricles (The QRS wave is also the wave with the largest amplitude so will describe the contraction of the largest muscle) P wave: Depolarisation of the ventricles P wave: Depolarisation of the AV node

QRS wave: Depolarization of the ventricles

Which feature below best characterizes the hormone insulin? Released by exocrine cells of the pancreas Activates enzymes that promote the synthesis of glucose in the liver Released during the postabsorptive state Released in response to increases in blood glucose levels Prevents the use of glucose as a metabolic fuel

Released in response to increases in blood glucose levels

Which of the following contains blood with the lowest oxygen content? Select one: Systemic arterioles Aorta Right Ventricle (Blood in the right ventricle is relatively deoxygenated after returning from the tissues.) Pulmonary veins Left atrium

Right Ventricle

Why does the stomach NOT digest itself? Select one: The stomach wall lacks proteins, so enzymes will not attack it. The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. The stomach is protected by hydrochloric acid (HCl). The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus. The digestive enzymes in the stomach are not efficient enough.

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus

Motor units: Select one: Containing glycolytic muscle fibres tend to be recruited before those containing oxidative muscle fibres Can contribute to an increased force of contraction by increasing action potential amplitude Contain alpha motoneurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord In large postural muscles have a low innervation ratio Consist of a muscle fibre and all the motorneurons which innervate it.

Contain alpha motoneurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does NOT reflect a role of stomach acid: Select one: Stomach acid denatures proteins making the polypeptide chain more accessible to the digestive enzyme pepsin. The low acidic pH mostly stops the catabolic activity of salivary α-amylase. Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin. Many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid. The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down all food stuffs in preparation for absorption.

The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down all food stuffs in preparation for absorption

Which statement is false about L-type calcium channels in cardiac ventricular muscle cells? Select one: The open in response to depolarisation of the membrane They are found in the T-tubule membrane They are open during the plateau of the action potential They allow calcium entry that triggers sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release They contribute to the pacemaker potential

They contribute to the pacemaker potential

Complete the following statement: The placenta is: Select one: a site where maternal blood enters the fetal circulation. formed from maternal circulatory stem cells, and serves as an exchange organ between mother and fetus. a site of diffusion and transport of wastes, oxygen, and nutrients between fetal and maternal blood. (This is correct: remember though the placenta has 2 major roles/functions.) a site formed by the proliferation of the maternal endometrium and myometrium. a site where fetal blood can enter the maternal circulation.

a site of diffusion and transport of wastes, oxygen, and nutrients between fetal and maternal blood

Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct? a. stroke volume decreases b. preload increases c. end diastolic volume (EDV) decreases d. Heart rate decreases e. venous return decreases

b

Which of the following terms best describes rapid and irregular or out-phase contraction of ventricular heart muscle cells? a. Quiescent period b. Fibrillation c. Ischaemia d. Infarction e. Ectopic focus

b

Which of these statements about drugs and their actions for treating cardiac failure are correct? Select one: Diuretics would increase plasma volume beta1-adrenoceptor antagonists would improve heart contractility Cardiac glycosides such as digoxin reduce total peripheral resistance. beta1-adrenoceptor agonists would increase heart contractility (For treating heart failure the main aim is to reduce the work of the heart.) Potassium channel blockers would reduce heart rate and cardiac work

beta1-adrenoceptor agonists would increase heart contractility

Complete the following sentence: blockage of the ileocaecal valve would prevent: Select one: a.Pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum. b. Chyme from entering the ileum. c. Chyme from entering the large intestine. (This is correct: the ileocaecal valve allows the contents from the ileum (of the small intestine) to enter the first division (the caecum) of the large intestine.) d. Bile from entering the duodenum. e. Lymph from entering the jejunum.

c

Fill in the blank: Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is secreted by the hypothalamus, causes the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH in turn, leads the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4), and high T4 levels eventually cause reduced TRH secretion. This chain of events is an example of _______ feedback. short-loop positive long-loop positive short-loop negative direct long-loop negative

long-loop negative

The enterohepatic circulation reabsorbs bile salts in the distal portion of the small intestine (the ileum). Which one of the following statements about this circulation is FALSE? Select one: Reabsorption of bile salts reduces the need to synthesize new bile salts. Reabsorbing bile salts in the ileum gives more time to emulsify lipid and aid in their absorption within a greater length of the small intestine. All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation. (This is incorrect, i.e. this statement is FALSE. ~95% of bile salts (a component of bile) are recycled by this circulation.) Regulation of bile secretion mainly depends on the return of bile salts to hepatocytes. The reabsorption of bile salts allows them to be reused within new bile.

All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation

Which one of the following statements regarding hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal function is true: Select one: The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulates the secretion of the hormone secretin, which causes contraction of the gall bladder. The hormone somatostatin stimulates the secretion of H+ into the lumen of the stomach. The presence of amino acids in the small intestine stimulates secretion of gastrin, which in turn decreases hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells. The presence of fatty acids in the stomach stimulates secretion of cholecystokinin, which in turn stimulates enzyme secretion by cells in the antrum of the stomach. An increase of H+ in the small intestine stimulates secretion of the hormone secretin, which in turn stimulates bicarbonate (HCO3-) secretion by the pancreas. (This is correct: entry of acidic chyme into the duodenum stimulates secretin secretion.)

An increase of H+ in the small intestine stimulates secretion of the hormone secretin, which in turn stimulates bicarbonate (HCO3-) secretion by the pancreas.

Which feature characterizes pernicious anemia? Can be caused by an inability to absorb vitamin K Associated with a strict vegetarian diet, such as one without dairy or over-the-counter vitamins Most commonly caused by a lack of vitamin B2 in the diet Associated with a peptide called intrinsic factor, which blocks absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine Red blood cells (RBCs) develop prematurely

Associated wiht a strict vegetarian diet, such as one without dairy or over-the-counter vitamins

When a person engages in strenuous, prolonged exercise, Select one: a. Cardiac output is reduced b. Systolic arterial blood pressure is reduced c. Total peripheral resistance increases d. Blood flow to the kidneys is reduced (Increased sympathetic nerve firing during exercise constrict vascular beds in the kidneys, GI tract and other tissues to compensate for the large dilation of muscle vascular beds.) e. Blood flow to the brain is reduced

Blood flow to the kidneys is reduced

How is the concentration of a hormone in plasma determined? Select one: Only by its rate of secretion. By its secretion and clearance rates, and whether or not it binds to carriers and/or other plasma proteins. Only by the rate of its degradation by the liver and kidneys. By the number of its target cells in the body. Only by its rate of synthesis

By its secretion and clearance rates, and whether or not it binds to carriers and/or other plasma proteins

In addition to producing thyroxine (T4), the mammalian thyroid gland produces: Prolactin Secretin Calcitonin Adrenaline Iodine

Calcitonin

Complete the following statement: The majority of gastric secretions occurs in the: Duodenal phase Intestinal phase Gastric phase Pancreatic phase Cephalic phase

Gastric phase

With regards to thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, which of the following events occurs last: Select one: Iodide is actively transported into thyroid follicle cells. Thyroglobulin is taken into thyroid follicular cells by endocytosis. Iodine is bound to tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin. Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4. T3 and T4 are stored within thyroid follicles.

Enzymes break down thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4

Which one of the following statements about pancreatic enzymes (under normal physiological conditions) is FALSE? Select one: Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form. (This is the correct, unless if there is an underlying condition that results in auto-digestion (recap acute necrotising pancreatitis).) Pancreatic lipase digests fats. Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form. Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase. Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates.

Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form.

Which of the following processes is NOT associated with gastrointestinal (GI) function: Select one: Absorption. Digestion. Secretion. Filtration. (This is NOT one of the processes associated with gastrointestinal function.) Motility.

Filtration

Fill in the blank: The inclusion of ________ in a woman's diet during the early stages of her pregnancy significantly reduces the risk for neural tube defects in her developing embryo. Vitamin E Vitamin A Vitamin D Folic acid Calcium

Folic acid

During an afternoon class, Lisa started to feel hungry and was worried that her blood sugar level might have been dropping. Which hormone below helped Lisa to prevent a sudden drop in her blood sugar level? Select one: Leptin. Thyroxine. Aldosterone. Glucagon. This is correct: glucagon is the most potent hyperglycaemic hormone. Insulin.

Glucagon

A patient appears in a clinic complaining of irritability and chronic sweatiness. He also has a lump in his neck near his larynx. Blood tests show he has low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in his plasma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Select one: Graves' disease. Primary hypothyroidism. Secondary hypothyroidism. An iodine-insufficient diet. Hyposecretion of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH).

Graves' disease

Which one of the following statements regarding the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach is true: Select one: The pH of the blood leaving the area of the parietal cells is lower than the normal extracellular fluid (ECF) value of 7.4. H+ is actively co-transported into the lumen by secondary active transporters coupled to K+. H+ is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the mucosal membrane. Cl- and bicarbonate (HCO3-) are exchanged across the luminal membrane of epithelial cells via a passive transport protein. H+ diffuses passively from mucosal epithelial cells into the lumen of the stomach, following chloride (Cl-).

H+ is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the mucosal membrane.

Which one of the options below are secretions of parietal cells located in the gastric mucosa: Select one: The hormone gastrin and intrinsic factor. HCl and the hormone gastrin. HCl and intrinsic factor. Pepsinogen and intrinsic factor. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen.

HCl and intrinsic factor

Andrew has his gall bladder removed after developing several large gallstones. After surgery, he cannot release large batches of bile into the duodenum, instead, bile is added slowly in small amounts. Which one of the following statements might be true: Select one: Carbohydrate digestion may be compromised. He may become deficient in water-soluble vitamins such as B12. He may become deficient in fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E. (This is correct: remember that fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into micelles.) He may start to suffer from protein deficiency. None of the above would occur.

He may become deficient in fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E

Sarah is a pregnant woman entering her third trimester. She is experiencing a number of physiological changes compared to her non-pregnant state. She checks in with her doctor to make sure everything she is experiencing is considered normal. Which one of the options below is NOT expected in a healthy pregnancy? Select one: Increased appetite. Increased blood volume. Hypoventilation. (This is correct: in fact, tidal volume increases during pregnancy, as does respiratory rate.) Increased cardiac output. All of the above are expected.

Hypoventilation

In human development, an embryo is said to be most sensitive to chemicals, radiation, and pathogens during the first trimester, because this is the time when: Organs are increasing in size Fetal movements begin The fetus grows rapidly Implantation occurs Important tissues are differentiating

Important tissues are differentiating

High potassium concentrations in the plasma of will affect the ECG by: Select one: Increasing the size of the T wave amplitude by accelerating repolarisation in the ventricles (High potassium plasma levels will accelerate repolarisation of the cell membranes) Lengthening the P-R wave interval by delaying depolarisation in the atria Increasing the size of the QRS complex amplitude by slowing depolarisation in the ventricles Reducing the size of the P wave amplitude by accelerating repolarisation in the atria Reducing the size of the QRS complex amplitude and accelerating repolarisation in the ventricles

Increasing the size of the T wave amplitude by accelerating repolarization in the ventricles

Complete the following statement: The majority of pancreatic exocrine secretions occurs in the: Intestinal phase Pancreatic phase Gastric phase Duodenal phase Cephalic phase

Intestinal phase

Julia is a new mother who plans to continue lactation for at least a year after her baby is born. At a post-parturition doctor's visit, the doctor says her blood test indicates declining levels of oestrogen and progesterone. Will this interfere with her plans to lactate? Select one: Yes, high levels of oestrogen and progesterone are required for milk production. Yes, without sufficient levels of oestrogen and progesterone this leads to complete involution of the mammary gland, even if suckling continues. No, because the secretion of oxytocin and prolactin are more important for lactation. (This is correct (of relevance for galactokinesis (i.e. let-down) and galactopoiesis, respectively).) No, because even in the absence of hormones, suckling at the breast is sufficient stimulus for milk production. Yes, high levels of oestrogen and progesterone are required for milk ejection.

No, because the secretion of oxytocin and prolactin are more important for lactation

With regards to fetal circulation, which one of the statements below is correct: One of the fetal shunts is the Foramen ovale, which is a vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk(/artery) to the aorta There are in total 4 fetal (vascular) shunts that help to differentiate the fetal from the adult circulation Oxygenated blood is returned to the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein It is not efficiently adapted to make the best use of a poor oxygen supply, as blood is circulated to non-functional organs such as the lungs and liver Deoxygenated blood returns to the fetal heart through the inferior vena cava, thus entering the left atrium

Oxygenated blood is returned to the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein

Which hormone below is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? Prolactin Oestradiol Progesterone Oxytocin Human placental lactogen (hPL)

Oxytocin

Which one of the following statements regarding the control of parturition is FALSE? Select one: Stretching of the myometrium is one signal that begins uterine contractions. Oxytocin decreases the expression of myometrial oestrogen receptors. Coordinated uterine contractions cause the cervix to dilate. Prostaglandins stimulate myometrial contractions. Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by cervical dilation

Oxytocin decreases the expression of myometrial oestrogen receptors.

Which one of the following pathways is activated during the cephalic phase of gastrointestinal control? Select one: Secretion of the hormone secretin. Secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Short reflexes between the small intestine and stomach. Parasympathetic nerves to ENS. Sympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system (ENS).

Parasympathetic nerves to ENS

The type of smooth muscle contraction occurring in the oesophagus during swallowing is called: Select one: Segmentation. Peristalsis. Eccentric. Mass movement. Distension.

Peristalsis

Prior to the introduction of iodized table salt, it was more common to see people with goitres. If using iodized salt causes a person's goitre to disappear, what can you likely conclude about that person's condition? Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's T4 levels were high but T3 levels were low. Upon the disappearance of the goitre, this person's TSH levels were high. Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's T4 levels were high. Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's TSH levels were high. (This is correct: hypothyroid goitres can be caused by dietary iodide deficiency) Upon disappearance of the goitre, this person's T3 levels were low.

Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's TSH levels were high

Select the correct statement about skeletal muscle metabolism: Select one: Is likely to be anaerobic in fibres which contain a high density of mitochondria Uses glucose as the main energy source under resting conditions Produces large reductions in ATP levels during contractile activity Is mainly anaerobic in Type I (slow-twitch) fibres Produces lactic acid at high workloads (Lactic acid is produced as a result of anaerobic glycolysis)

Produces lactic acid at high workloads

Which one of the options below is true regarding events occurring in the menstrual cycle? Select one: Ovulation occurs exactly in the middle of the follicular phase of the cycle. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) reaches its highest concentration 3 days before menstruation begins. Each peak in oestrogen concentration is accompanied by an even greater peak in progesterone concentration. The corpus luteum normally degenerates on day 14 of the cycle. Progesterone is low during the first half of the cycle, and rises to a peak during the second half. (This is correct: is it important to understand the relative (not necessarily the actual, i.e. numerical) levels of these key hormones.)

Progesterone is low during the first half of the cycle, and rises to a peak during the second half

Which one of the following statements relating to the hormonal control of lactation is FALSE? Lactation can be suppressed by dopamine agonists Prolactin stimulates the synthesis and secretion of all the major constituents of milk Prolactin stimulates milk ejection Oxytocin is secreted in response to suckling Suckling is the single most important stimulus for milk secretion and ejection

Prolactin stimulates milk ejection

What is mainly responsible for the delay between the atrial and ventricular contractions? Select one: Slow action potential conduction in the Purkinje fibre network of the ventricles Slow action potential conduction velocity along atrial muscle cell membranes Slow action potential conduction velocity of AV node cells (The AV node is the only conduction point between the atria and the ventricles and slow propagation through it delays the beginning of ventricular contraction.) The shallow slope of the AV node pacemaker potentials Greater parasympathetic nerve firing to the ventricles than the atria

Slow action potential conduction velocity of AV node cells

How is the ventricular (Starling) function curve affected by heart failure? Select one: The curve is shifted upwards and towards the right as the heart is unable to compensate for the increases in central venous pressure The curve is shifted downwards as the heart is unable to compensate for the increases in stroke volume The curve is shifted downwards and towards the right as the heart is unable to compensate for the increases in central venous pressure (The Starling curve will shift to the right and the plateau phase will move downwards as output from the heart fails to compensate for the increases in preload pressure._ The curve is shifted downwards and towards the right as the heart is unable to compensate for the increases in cardiac output The curve is shifted downwards and towards the left as the heart is unable to compensate for the increases in central venous pressure

The curve is shifted downwards and towards the right as the heart is unable to compensate for the increases in central venous pressure

Which one of the following fetal shunts connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava? Select one: The foramen ovale. The umbilical artery. The ductus arteriosus. The umbilical vein. The ductus venosus.

The ductus venosus

The main source of enzymes that cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides is: Select one: Gastric secretory cells. The salivary glands. The liver. The luminal membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine. (This is correct: this refers to the brush border enzymes (on the microvilli)). The pancreas.

The luminal membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine

Which one of the following statements relating to the placenta is correct: The placenta nourishes the fetus by establishing a non-dialysis pattern for exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations The placental barrier is very thin and freely permeable to glucose and amino acids The oestrogens secreted by the placenta tend to decrease uterine excitability during late pregnancy The placenta secretes about ten times as much progesterone as the corpus luteum The partial oxygen pressure (PO2) of the blood of the umbilical vein is the same as that in the maternal arterial blood Feedback

The placenta secretes about ten times as much progesterone as the corpus luteum

The symptoms of congestive heart failure can be treated by: Select one: a. Increasing blood plasma volume and increasing cardiac contractility b. Reducing blood plasma volume and decreasing heart rate c. Increasing blood plasma volume and decreasing vascular resistance d. Increasing cardiac contractility and reducing blood plasma volume (The main goal here is to reduce cardiac work by increasing the force of contraction and reducing the volume of blood that needs to be pumped by the heart.) e. Reducing blood plasma volume and increasing vascular resistance

d

QUIZ 5 Q 6 Refer to the table below. In mice, a single-gene mutation can lead to obesity. The Ob gene codes for the protein hormone leptin. The recessive ob allele is a loss-of-function allele, so ob/ob mice do not produce leptin, and they become obese. In an experiment, leptin was injected into ob/ob (mutant, i.e. experimental group) and Ob/Ob (wild-type, i.e. control group) mice daily. The data in the table below were collected before the injections began (i.e. baseline) and 10 days later. [Assume that the Ob allele is dominant]. What conclusion can be drawn from the data in the table? Though a mutant mouse that is unable to produce leptin eats more than a wild-type mouse, injecting leptin causes the mutant mouse to eat normally (i.e. less) Metabolic rates in mutant mice are negatively correlated with their body temperatures When leptin levels are increased above normal, a mouse eats less and loses weight Metabolic rates are lower in wild-type mice than in mutant mice The mutant mice gain more weight, although they do not eat more, when compared to wild-type mice

Though a mutant mouse that is unable to produce leptin eats more than a wild-type mouse, injecting leptin causes the mutant mouse to eat normally (i.e. less)

Elizabeth has been diagnosed with a gastric ulcer and her friend Carl has been diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. Such ulcers are: Select one: Found in the large intestine. Usually treated by interventions that inhibit digestive enzymes. Caused by hyposecretion of gastric acid. Usually treated by interventions that inhibit acid secretion. Caused by the removal of the gall bladder.

Usually treated by interventions that inhibit acid secretion.

Complete the following sentence: saliva: Select one: a. Moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. (This is correct: regarding the latter, this is because of salivary α-amylase. b. Is produced only when there is food in the mouth). c. Increases ulceration in the mouth. d. Is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth. e. Does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.

a

Complete the sentence. The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to: a. pump blood with greater pressure b. pump blood through a smaller valve c. pump blood into the pulmonary circulation d. expand the thoracic cage during diastole e. accommodate a greater volume of blood

a

Select the correct statement: The Frank-Starling Law states that, if other factors are constant, a: a. higher end diastolic volume will produce a higher stroke volume b. higher end diastolic volume will produce a lower stroke volume c. a higher atrial volume will produce a lower end diastolic volume d. higher stroke volume will produce a lower end diastolic volume e. higher stroke volume will produce a higher end diastolic volume

a

Which of the following statements regarding neural regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) function is true: Select one: a. Networks of neurons in the wall of the GI tract innervate the wall's smooth muscle. (This is correct: the nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system (ENS) interconnect all along the GI tract and regulate digestive activity throughout its length.) b Smooth muscle of the GI tract is innervated by both sympathetic and somatic motor nerves. c. If the autonomic nerves to the GI tract were cut, digestion and absorption of food could no longer take place. d. The nerve plexus of the GI tract exists in a single layer, just outside of the serosa. e. There are no afferent neuronal pathways from the GI tract to the central nervous system (CNS).

a

Complete the following statement: during the contractions of gastric emptying: Select one: a. The strength of stomach wall contractions is increased when the duodenum secretes the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). b. The stomach is induced to contract by increased sympathetic activity. c. The pyloric sphincter closes to allow only a small amount of liquefied chyme to pass into the duodenum with each contraction of the stomach. (This is correct: the regulated release of gastric contents ensures efficient digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine.) d. The strongest contractions are in the fundus of the stomach, because the intrinsic pacemaker frequency is fastest there. e. The pyloric sphincter opens to allow stomach contents to pass quickly and completely into the duodenum.

c

Complete the sentence. If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show: a. higher P waves b. more P waves than QRS waves c. no P waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm d. Inverted R wave e. no QRS waves Feedback

c

Reciprocal inhibition: Select one: a. Only requires activation of a monosynaptic circuit b. Requires sensory input from the antagonistic muscle c. Involves inhibition of motoneurons innervating muscles antagonistic to stretched muscles (Reciprocal inhibition requires activation of interneurons in the spinal cord which inhibit activity of motoneurons that control contraction of muscle groups antagonistic to the stretched muscle.) d. Involves inhibition of motoneurons innervating stretched muscles e. Only involves motorneuron activation

c

Select the correct statement. Exhaustion of glycogen storage within a muscle fibre would have the biggest effect on: a. fast oxidative fibres b. cardiac muscle fibres c. fast glycolytic fibres d. slow oxidative fibres e. both slow and fast oxidative fibres

c

Complete the following statement: Certain amino acids are called essential amino acids because they: are required for making nucleic acids cannot be made from other amino acids and must be obtained from food are essential as an energy source are those required by all animals are required for making protein

cannot be made from other amino acids and must be obtained from food

During exercise, which of the following would occur on an electrocardiogram (ECG) compared to an individual at rest? a. the S-T segment would decrease b. the T wave would decrease c. The P wave would be inverted d. the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease e. the P-R interval would decrease

d

Of the following items listed below, which is the best description for why skeletal muscle stores glycogen? a. Glycogen provides a smooth surface for filaments to slide on. b. Glycogen is required to lubricate the movement of the actin and myosin filaments. c. Glycogen is part of muscles rigid supporting framework. d. Skeletal muscle is a heavy consumer of energy. e. The glycogen is an insulating layer that helps regulate body temperature.

d

Select the correct statement. Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by: a. forming a chemical compound with actin b. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin c. inhibiting the movement of actin and myosin filaments d. storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP e. inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments

d