Human Sexuality Exam 3, Human Sexuality exam 3 review
Androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
What are characteristics that are important to attraction and relationship success?
feeling securely attached in a relationship, religious and political attitudes
The belief that men are more interested in sex than women is one example of a ___-___ ___.
gender-role stereotype
Polygamy
having more than one spouse at a time
mind reading
the assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something
___% of women and ___% of men said their sexual attractions were exclusively to the opposite sex.
86; 92
overt homosexual
a homosexual who is "out of the closet," who is open about his or her sexual orientation
Open marriage
a marital relationship in which the couple agrees that it is permissible to have sexual relations outside of the marriage
Describe gender from a cross-cultural perspective, and explain the concept of androgyny.
Although gender roles themselves are universal—that is, all societies have gender roles—the exact content of these roles varies from one culture to the next, from one ethnic group to another, and from one social class to another. Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Usually used to describe characters or people who have no specific gender, gender ambiguity may also be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle
Berdache
Among certain Native American peoples, a person, usually a male, who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex.
swinging
a type of open marriage relationship in which a couple has extramarital relations together with other couples
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Intersectionality considers multiple categories which include the following-
disadvantage, identity, and differences
If a married man has sex with another man while married to a woman, he is considered behaviorally a:
bisexual
If a woman believes she is a lesbian but will occasionally sleep with a man, her behavior is ___ but her identity is ___.
bisexual; lesbian
Trans
broader and includes people who identify as transsexual, transgender, cross dressing, gender nonconforming, gender fluid, genderqueer, and other gender-variant people
Homophobic epithets are an example of:
bullying
Robert Sternberg
came up with triangle theory; liking, companionate love, empty love, fatuous love, romantic love, infatuation, consummate love
To live ___ is to be unmarried, while living ___ means to abstain from sexual intercourse.
cellibate; chaste.
Editing
censoring or not saying things that would be deliberately hurtful to your partner or that are irrelevant
sexual fluidity
changes that occur over time in sexual attraction, identity, or behavior
According to research, the scientific tale of love begins with:
chemicals and neural activity
True/false: Gender-role socialization is complete by the end of adolescence.
False
The final objective of good listening is asking for ___.
Feedback
What are the major differences of male and female sexuality?
Females masturbate less, men have a greater sex drive, men view pornography more often, women are more disapproving attitudes towards casual sex
What may contribute to gender differences with sexuality?
Gender roles, Marital and family relationships, specific scripts
Interactionist (Bem)
Genes may determine temperament; leading to preferences on "play mate" (rough and tumble vs inside and quiet) this leads to sexual preferences as well
Which of the following is a symbol of the gay community?
Greek letter Lambda (also the pink triangle originated from the Nazis)
Which term is used to describe those who believe that we are all heterosexual?
Heteronormative
___ has become an increasingly common alternative to marriage.
cohabitation
In what ways does society teach individuals its norms or expectations for their behavior?
Socialization
According to Sternberg, companionate love is the combination of feeling of deep attachment and a lasting ___ to another person.
commitment
nonverbal communication
communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
How did Freud conduct his research on homosexuality?
Via case studies and samples
antigay prejudice
-Negative attitudes and behaviors toward gays and lesbians. Also termed- sexual prejudice -newer term and is not exactly a fear
Marianismo
in Puerto Rican society, the implication that a woman finds her greatest satisfaction through motherhood
"I" language is effective because of all the following reasons EXCEPT
it speaks for your partner
John Gottman
known for his work on marital stability and relationship analysis through scientific direct observations, many of which were published in peer-reviewed literature. The lessons derived from this work represent a partial basis for the relationship counseling movement that aims to improve relationship functioning and the avoidance of those behaviors shown by Gottman and other researchers to harm human relationships
The second component of the two component theory of love, after the state of intense physiological arousal, requires there to be a situation where someone will:
label that emotion as love
As a component of giving good messages, one should give specific examples of the issue and general problem. This is known as ___.
documenting
The surge of ___ (a chemical) in the human body can produce increased energy, and is common experience of people in the early stages of love.
dopamine
A critical technique used to ensure a happy relationship, is the ___ out technique, which is finding out information from your partner.
drawing
What are the components to have satisfaction with sex?
emotional satisfaction, satisfaction with sexual activity
People are more likely to rate someone as "liking" with those whom the see frequently. This effect is called the mere-___ effect.
exposure
___ refers to sexual activity involving a person in a long-term committed relationship and someone other than the person's long-term partner.
extra-relationship sex
Equity theory has been applied to predict patterns of ___ sex.
extramarital
A possible effect of declining estrogen levels is loss of bone mass, also known as-
osteoporosis
Byrne's Law of Attraction
our attraction to another person is proportionate to the number of reinforcements that person gives us relative to the total number of reinforcements plus punishments the person gives us. We like people who are frequently nice to us and seldom nasty.
An oophorectomy is the surgical removal of the ___ and a hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus.
ovaries
Leveling
telling your partner what you are feeling by stating your thoughts clearly, simply, and honestly (communicating)
Homophily
tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar (making connections) -being attracted to people who are like us
What are the possible hormones used in menopausal hormone therapies?
testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
Acculturation
the process of incorporation the beliefs and customs of a new culture
coming out
the process of revealing one's gay sexual orientation to the significant people in one's life
misattribution of arousal
the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
The term ___ is typically reserved for those who choose to undergo medical treatments, such as surgery and hormone therapy, so that the gender of their body is consistent with their gender identity.
transsexual
Pubertal suppression
treatment is helpful in buying some time for the adolescent to mature and make a well-informed decision about whether to go through additional medical interventions; treatments are reversible if the adolescent decides not to pursue a transition but if the adolescent decides to transition, it will be a simpler process
Lesbians are nearly ___ as likely as heterosexual women to be left-handed.
twice
Birth order is related to sexual orientation, with ___ brothers having a 28% to 48% increased likelihood of identifying as gay.
younger
Gynephilic
sexual attraction to women
Androphilic
sexually attracted to men
What part of the brain is activated by pheromones?
Hypothalamus
Describe the "never marrieds," including sexuality choices, life styles, sexual activity, gender and ethnic comparisons, and attitudes that others have towards singles.
If they are un married past age 30, then it is harder for them to date because most people their age are married or taken. Their attitudes vary. Some men and women decide to live both celibate and chaste
Androgen levels seem to be related to:
Sexual desire
Learning theory believes that homosexuality is:
a normal behavior
What is "swinging"?
a form of nonmonogamy in which married couples exchange partners with other couples.
Which of the following are associated with negative attitudes toward sex among the elderly?
youth-oriented culture, valuing youth
Explain biological changes in men and women as they age and the potential impact of such changes on sexuality.
• Ovaries dont produce estrogen • Leading to lack of lubrication, thinner walls, less acidic; more infections • Men's testosterone declines • Leads to less firm erections that take longer to form and last shorter amount of time - Women tend to do more oral then engage in sex as they get older. Men do more sex and oral than women.
What factors contribute to a good marriage, and what reasons might explain why divorce has become more common in recent decades?
• Positive interactions (gottmans 5:1 ratio) • Commitment • Intimacy w autonomy • Manage stressful life events • Satisfying sex life • Provide emotional support - 50% of marriages end in divorce. - unrealistic expectations - less social stigma around getting a divorce - no-fault divorce laws
Daryl Bem
"Exotic becomes erotic" theory about homosexuality
Being on the ___ ___ is a phrase in African American communities that refers to a man who is in a relationship with a woman but has sex with men in secret.
"down low"
Discuss research related to reasons for sexual gender differences, and explain the research on the "bogus pipeline."
- Parents treat sons and daughter differently, more rougher with boys, toy study stated that more girls received boy toys than boy that would receive girl toy.
Explain research related to attraction, including to whom we are attracted, gender differences, and attraction on-line.
- attraction online facilitates on finding a person whom you have a lot in common. Also in many instances, you cannot see the person, and so you are not influenced by his or her physical attractiveness or lack thereof. By imagination you can create a powerful attraction to the other. • Mere exposure ; we like the people we are around more often • Homophily; we like the people who are more like us. Ethincity, education, age, attitudes, goals • Personality is less important for similarity; opposites attract phenomenon
Describe research related to gender socialization in general as well as more specifically sexual socialization, including the results of Heiman's research related to arousal to erotica.
- comes from multiple sources, including parents, peers, and the media. Research indicates that parents treat girls and boys similarly in many ways with the exception that parents strongly encourage gender-typed activities • Heimans study revealed that both men and women were more aroused by erotic and romantic as opposed to just romantic • NSSHB: 91% men 64% women had orgasm at last encounter • Women "peak" sexually in their 30's • Many women expereince orgasmic disfunction • Women are supposed to be "sexy" but not sexual
Describe risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy and the impact of operations such as hysterectomies, oophorectomies, and prostatectomies on sexuality.
- hormone replacement therapy- if they took either a combination of estrogen and progesterone combination, because women in that group had a higher incidence of heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, and blood clots, compared with the placebo control group. hysterectomies- sex hormone production is not affected as long as the ovaries are not removed. 1/3 of the people report problems of sexual response. oophorectomies- removal of the ovaries Prostatectomies-removal of the prostate, basically the end of a man's sex life.
Describe different kinds of love (including Sternberg's theory and Lee's "colors of love") and gender differences related to love.
- in Sternbergs's theory: passion, commitment Triangle theory how a couple can be well matched, they tend to feel satisfaction with the relationship. -Sternberg: • Non-love: missing all components • Liking- intimacy only • Infatuation: passion only • Empty love: commitment only • Romantic love: intimacy and passion • Companionate love: intimacy and commitment • Fatuous love: passion and commitment • Consummate love: all components; passion, intimacy, and commitment - Lee: - three primary types of love; eros (romantic), ludus (game-playing), storge (friendship) - three secondary types; mania (dependent/possesive), pragma (practical), agape (altruistic)
Polyamory
- long term commitments with more than one person -a system of multiple-person partnership -The nonpossesive, honest, responsible, and ethical philosophy of loving multiple people simultaneously -full disclosure, long term commitments.
How might attachment to our parents impact our adult attachment styles?
- secure lovers are people who find it easy to get close to others and are comfortable having others feel close to them. Mutual dependency in a relationship feels right to them. Secure lovers do not fear abandonment. -Adult styles: Secure (53%) Fearful/avoidant (26%) Preoccupied (anxious/ambivalent) (20%)
Julia Heiman
- she found in her study of male and female responses to erotic stories, that in some cases women's verbal reports of arousal did not match their own psychological arousal measure.
Describe research related to swinging, polyamory, and post-relationship sex.
- swinging believes to lead to boring lives. Researchers have noticed that a major aspect of open swinging is the opportunity to be a voyeur, to watch other people engage in sexual activity, which turns some people. (AHS!!) -polyamory (loving multiple people at the same time)- research showed those that were interviewed were in their mid thirties to late fifties, usually college educated, and employed in professional occupations. The high social status and access to resources may be a prerequisite for participating in the polyamory lifestyle. -Post relationship sex-sex among widows compared with divorced women, is due part to the fact that widows are, on the average, older than divorced women, widows are still less likely than divorcees to engage in postmarital sex.
Discuss factors related to marital intercourse frequency as well as changes in sexual techniques, strategies for negotiating sex, masturbation in marriage, satisfaction with sexual relationships in marriage, sexual patterns in marriage, and sex and careers.
- the intercourse frequency declines as they get older. Mouth genital techniques are used more often as they get older. Strategies for negotiating sex is a form of role play or they might parade around the house with his favorite perfume to indicate sex or he might hint something that will make her understand he wants to have sex. Masturbation can be a pleasant adjunct to marital sex.
Discuss research related to attitudes about sex and the elderly as well as critical factors for remaining sexually active in old age.
--For those that live in nursing homes, it is harder for them to interact in sex because they don't allow it. So they mostly masturbate. They also have to watch out for risks, like heart attacks, etc. There is a lot of health risks involved. -30% of men and 18% of women masturbate (75-80yrs) 45% men and 20% women engage in intercourse
Contrast and compare cohabitation and marital relationships; what research is available related to marriages ending in divorce?
-60% of Cohabitators get married but have a high divorce rate -Cohabitators have a higher frequency of having sex than married couples -most adults marry/were married (over 90%) -- couples who have lived together before engagement had more negative interactions, lower commitment and lower relationship quality. the seeds for divorce are sown in the pre-engagement relationship. A study found that men in pre-engagement cohabitation relationships were less committed to the partner
Homophobia
-A strong, irrational fear of homosexuals; negative attitudes and reactions to homosexuals. -old term used for antigay prejudice
Compare and contrast the following: gay/lesbian/straight relationships, gay/lesbian/straight families and child outcomes.
-Adoption is legalized for gay couples -Artificial insemination -Homosexual parenting does not mean children will be homosexual. They are more often heterosexual
Explain changes in lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities since World War II.
-Aftermath of World War II allowed formerly isolated homosexual to meet as soldiers and war workers. Though many were openminded by wartime, the increasing awareness of an existing and vulnerable population coupled with McCarthy's investigations of homosexuals holding gov jobs in the 1950's outraged individuals. The war also brought together many closeted rural men from around the nation and exposed them to more progressive attitudes in parts of Europe. Upon returning home after the war, many of these men decided to band together in cities rather than return to their small towns. Awareness of a burgeoning civil rights movement led to the first American- based political demands for fair treatment of gays and lesbians in mental health, public policy and employment.
Explain Sontag's double standard of aging
-Aging women viewed more negatively compared to aging men -- The double standard principle can be applied to one's age among many other distinctions. This phenomenon is called "double standard of aging" and is most prevalent towards females in the 35-55 age range. This is a complicated process that takes into consideration the gender of the observer and the observed as well as the social context of the situation. When judging a person with nobody around both males and females will judge differently from when judging that same person in a group setting. The physical changes that women undergo through the process of aging affects how they are perceived more strongly than the changes that men experience
What are three important results found to relate to arousal and erotica?
-Both men and women found the female-initiated, female-centered tape to be the most arousing -Women were sometimes not aware of their own physiological arousal -Explicit heterosexual sex tapes were most arousing, for both women and men
Describe Bernie Zilbergeld's cultural myths related to male sexuality.
-Centered on hard penis; make erectile dysfunction shameful ' -No feelings or communication; -All touching is sexual
Describe attitudes regarding homosexuality in the U.S. from a historical perspective.
-Early/mid 1900's; homosexuality was first considered a sin, but was later considered an illness -In early 70's it was no longer considered an illness
How does gender relate to person-centered sex and body-centered sex across the life span?
-Gender is part of social organization
Describe male/female psychological gender differences as well as differences related to sexuality.
-Males: jealous when females have a physical relationship with another male -Masturbation is one of the largest differences between genders -Men have more positive ideas surrounding casual sex
Give examples of mate retention tactics, and explain kinds of extra-relationship sex, factors associated with extra-relationship sex, and attitudes towards extra-relationship sex.
-Our awareness of the possibility of infidelity sometimes leads us to engage in behaviors designed to preserve the relationship or mate retention tactics. Such tactics may be elicited by our own fear that the partner is losing interest or is dissatisfied, or because we observe some cues to infidelity. -most people disapprove of extra marital sex. Some people view unfaithfulness to a partner in any type of committed relationship as the equivalent of adultery. Attitudes toward extramarital sex are not very good predictors of extramarital sexual behavior. -factors toward sex outside one's primary relationship, including gender, education and social class.
Mate retention tactics
-Our awareness of the possibility of infidelity sometimes leads us to engage in behaviors designed to preserve the relationship. such tactics may be elicited by our own fear that the partner is losing interest or is dissatisfied, or because we observe some cues to infidelity. --Men: Greater use of resource display and more frequent submission to the partner --Women: Frequent use of enhancing appearance & possessive verbal statements
What are characteristics of a good marriage?
-Positive interactions (Gottman's 5(positive) :1 (negative) ratio) -commitment to relationship -intimacy with autonomy (freedom) -manage stressful events -sharing laughter -providing emotional support.
Contrast and compare the reinforcement theory and sociobiology explanations for attraction.
-Reinforcement theory- our attraction to another person is proportionate to the number of reinforcements that person gives us relative to the total number of reinforcements plus punishments the person gives us. -Sociobiology- view sexual behavior within an evolutionary perspective.
Heterosexism
-The belief that everyone is heterosexual, and that heterosexuality is the norm; homosexuality is denigrated -discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation
Explain in what ways a traditional marriage may put a woman at risk as well as characteristics of a good marriage.
-The inhabitation explanation states that we lose interest in sex as the partner becomes more and more familiar. *At risk: The negotiating phase in which excuses come about to prolong or get out of doing the act in itself. The traditional gender- typing of initiation patterns may also be related to how people deal with a refusal. IF the woman initiates and the man refuses, she has no stereotype to rescue her, and she is likely to conclude that he is not interested in her. Also infidelity (not being faithful) *Good marriage: marital sex was extremely or very physically satisfied by their sexual relationship. Significantly more satisfied than cohabitation or single women in relationships. IS important for martial quality -Characteristics of a good marriage: -Positive interactions (Gottman's 5(positive) :1 (negative) ratio) -commitment to relationship -intimacy with autonomy (freedom) -manage stressful events -sharing laughter -providing emotional support.
Discuss the "love as a story" approach to love, the research related to the biology of love, and how love is measured.
-The plot details the kinds of events that occur in the relationship. The theme is central and it provides the meaning of the events that make up the plot and gives direction to the behavior of the principals.
Differentiate gender roles and stereotypes, and discuss how ethnicity intersects with gender roles/stereotypes.
-Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men. Women work hard at appearing warm, happy, and making sure others are happy.
Susan Sontag
-aging women viewed negatively and aging men more positively -Saw cultural, social value in pop art
Explain intimacy and self-disclosure, how these concepts are measured, and how they relate to relationship satisfaction
-intimacy- a quality of relationships characterized by commitment, feelings of closeness and trust and self disclosure. Self- disclosure- telling personal things about yourself. Measuring intimacy on such scales as the personal assessment of intimacy in relationships.
self-disclosure
-revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others -Reciprocation (relationship satisfaction) -Leveling/editing -Start small
Kinsey Continuum
-scale of sexuality -0= exclusively heterosexual 1= mainly hetero, think about homosexual 2= mainly hetero, sometimes homo 3= equally hetero and homo 4= mainly homo, sometimes hetero 5= mainly homo, thinks about hetero 6= exclusively homosexual X= Asexual, non-sexual
Discuss cross-cultural influences on love/mate selection, and factors that contribute to the long-term success of love.
-there are not large cultural differences in mate selection. we often hear that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. This saying suggests that the standards of beauty might vary across cultures.
Explain the two-component theory of love, including supporting research.
1.) the person is in a state of intense physiological arousal and 2.) the situation is such that the person applies a particular label love to the sensations being experienced. An experiment found that arousal affects attraction even when the source of the arousal is unambiguous.
The first questioning of one's sexual orientation occurs at ___ for males and ___ for females.
12; 15
(From book questions) According to survey results, what % of gay male couples were together for 10 or more years?
18-28%
How many people were in LeVay's research?
41 people
gender reassignment
A change of gender that can be either medical (hormones, surgery) or legal (government recognition), or both. In case of medical interventions, often referred to as sex reassignment.
Companionate love
A feeling of deep attachment and commitment to a person with whom one has an intimate relationship (involves feelings of mutual respect, trust, and affection)
Serial monogamy
A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time. -ex: an individual gets married to another individual who dies and later remarries.
Female-to-male transsexual (FTM)
A person born with a female body whose gender identity is male and wishes to undergo gender reassignment
Male-to-female transsexual (MTF)
A person who is born with a male body but who has a female identity and wishes to become a female biologically in order to match her identity
intimacy
A quality of relationships characterized by commitment, feelings of closeness and trust and self-disclosure.
machismo
A sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness.
Adultery:
A sexual act between a married person and someone other than their marriage partner
Contrast and compare models of sexual orientation.
A sexual orientation: sexually attracted to and also have the potential for loving 1. Homosexual: sexual orientation is toward members of their own gender 2. Heterosexual: sexual orientation is toward members of the other gender 3. Bisexual: sexual orientation is toward both genders
Passionate love
A state of intense longing for union with the other person and of intense physiological arousal (intense feelings & sexual attraction)
medical model
A theoretical model in psychology and psychiatry in which mental problems in turn are often thought to be due to biological factors.
Equity Theory
A theory that states that people mentally calculate the benefits and costs for them in a relationship; their behavior is then affected by whether they feel there is equity or inequity and they will act to restore equity if there is inequity.
secure lovers
According to Phillip Shaver, people who have a romantic attachment style in which they easily form close relationships with others and let others be close to them
photophlethysmograph
An acrylic cylinder placed inside the vagina to measure physiological sexual arousal in the female. Also called a photometer.
___ is a scientific term that refers to negative attitudes and behaviors toward trans individuals.
Anti-trans prejudice
conversion or reparative therapy
Any one of the number of treatments to turn LGBs into heterosexuals; also called Reparative Therapy
Learning theory
Based on the idea that changes in behavior result more from experience and less from our personality or how we think or feel about a situation. -Behavioral consequences lead to sexual orientation; negative heterosexual experiences may increase likelihood of homosexuality Situational; deprivation (like in prison) can lead to homosexual behavior, but may not necessarily be the sexual orientation
two-component theory of love
Berscheid and Walster's theory that two conditions must exist simultaneously for passionate love to occur: physiological arousal and attaching a cognitive label ("love") to the feeling (must be sexually attracted to the person and have deep feelings for them)
Explain the data pro and con for the following theories of sexual orientation: biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral/learning, interactionist --"exotic becomes erotic," sociological.
Biological • identical twins have higher rates of concordance, fraternal has much less • There may be genes on chromo 7, 8, and 10, that may contribute - prenatal - epigenetics may have a contribution to sexual orientation - in high stress female rats, the male rat was more homosexual in behavior - birth order; mother produces antibodies against testosterone that increase with each son that is born, this may impact the sexual orientation - hormonal effects are prenatal. Homosexuals are more likely to be left handed - in women, the ratio of index and ring finger can be a common factor in lesbian sexual orientation - brain - anterior portion of hypothalamus may have differences between hetero and homo men Psychoanalytic • Polymorphous: sexuality can have many forms. Many events in a child's life can affect sexual orientation (phallic period) - freud • Bieber believed family dynamic had effect on sexual orientation (triangulation) Learning theory • Behavioral consequences lead to sexual orientation; negative heterosexual experiences may increase likelihood of homosexuality • Situational; deprivation (like in prison) can lead to homosexual behavior, but may not necessarily be the sexual orientation Interactionist (Bem) • Genes may determine temperament; leading to preferences on "play mate" (rough and tumble vs inside and quiet) this leads to sexual preferences as well Sociological • Society may have an impact on orientation • Labels and rigid gender roles can lead to non hetero sexual orientation
Both straight and gay people can perceive ___ with suspicion, labeling them as fence-sitters, disloyal, or attempting to have the best of both worlds.
Bisexuals
Describe research related to attitudes toward bisexuals from both the homosexual and heterosexual communities.
Bisexuals are often frowned upon by the other queer communities (textbook)
Who is most likely to practice conversion therapy? (reparative therapy)
Church therapist
Gay Rights Movement
Civil Rights movement dedicated to homosexual equality; starts in the late 1960's and early 1970's
The ___ is a period lasting about 15-20 years during which a woman's body makes the transition from being able to reproduce to not be able to reproduce.
Climacteric
Passionate love has three components:
Cognitive, emotional, and behavioural
Stereotype
a generalization about a group of people that distinguishes them from others
If a person has not told themselves or others that they are a homosexual, what kind of homosexual are they?
Covert homosexual
Describe research on jealousy and the "dark side of love."
Dark side of love's negative outcomes: -Partner violence -Affects relationship -Individual consequences
Explain different terms for prejudiced attitudes related to sexual orientation and data related to child molestation, discrimination, and hate crimes.
Discrimination goes hand in hand with stereotypes. One such stereotype is that gay men are child molesters. As with many stereotypes, this one is false. Research shows that only 2 to 3 percent of those who sexually abuse children are homosexual. Homophobia may be defined as a strong, irrational fear of homosexuals and, more generally, as fixed negative attitudes and reactions to homosexuals.
active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
What asian value makes it particularly hard to admit to being gay?
Emphasis on putting family first
What is a common outcome of reparative therapy?
Extreme guilt about sexual orientation
___ asymmetry is the bilateral features that are on average symmetrical in the population.
Fluctuating
Fear and hatred that is particularly directed at people who identify as LGBTQ is called ___.
Homophobia (some prefer the term antigay prejudice or sexual prejudice)
deprivation homosexuality
Homosexual activity that occurs in certain situations, such as prisons, when people are deprived of their regular heterosexual activity.
In early research comparing homosexuals to heterosexuals, what was the key difference between homosexual and heterosexual comparison groups?
Homosexuals were in therapy, heterosexuals were not
Describe research related to transgendered children using the Implicit Association Test as well as MRI's.
Implicit association tests are given to transgender children where they are shown pictures of either males or females and they say "me" or "not me" ; mris are used on trans kids to find differences in their brains
Compare outcomes for FTMs and MTFs.
In one study, 86 percent of MTFs were satisfied with their surgery to create a vagina, and 89 percent of FTMs were satisfied with their surgery to create a penis. In a study of MTFs and FTMs, none expressed regret at having had the surgery. In that sense, then, gender transition surgeries are successful.
Discuss research related to lesbian, gay, and bisexual development.
In related research, among both heterosexuals and LGBs, women show more flexibility or change over time in their sexual orientation. As noted earlier in the chapter, this is what Diamond calls sexual fluidity. In laboratory research, men are specific in their sexual arousal, whereas women tend not to be. That is, heterosexual men tend to be aroused, physiologically, by female stimuli and not male stimuli, and gay men show the reverse pattern. Women, however, whether lesbian or heterosexual, show arousal to both male and female stimuli.
Emotional detachment from groups is accepted in ___ cultures.
Individualistic
___ cultures place a high value on romantic love, while collectivist cultures emphasize the group.
Individualistic
Narcissism and impulsiveness are predictors of ___.
Infidelity
Intent/impact regarding communication
Intent- what the speaker means Impact- when someone else understands the speaker to mean
The ___ scale places sexual orientation on a spectrum from 0 to 6.
Kinsey
Which of the following is not a common factor in depression and suicide rates for LGB?
Lack of spiritual faith
Zilbergeld argues that men are taught a "Fantasy Model of Sex" with several myths. Which item below is not one of the myths discussed in his book?
Men are good at communicating their feelings.
How do men compare to women as far as having homosexual identities?
Men are twice as likely to have homosexual identities
Jon is riding his bike uphill on a warm summer day. As he is working his way toward the top of the hill, he sees Sasha from his biology class. Later that day, he thought about Sasha and realized he was attracted to her today, whereas normally he does not pay much attention to her in class. Which theory or effect can explain his reaction?
Misattribution of arousal
What is most likely if a parent rates their child as "behaves like the opposite sex" or "wishes to be the opposite sex"?
More likely to have same-gender attractions and behaviors
Sporting rituals
Most young men and women, most of them single. game orientated cultural scripts for nightlife participation. rituals involve elaborate preparations for all gender.
covert homosexuality
a homosexual who is "in the closet" who keeps his or her sexual orientation a secret
Where do some people think that the homosexuality gene might be located?
On the X chromosome
What do children need, at a bare minimum, for success from child-rearing?
One loving and supportive parent
sexual identity
One's self identity as homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual
Sodomy
Originally "crimes against nature"; in contemporary laws, oral and anal intercourse.
How often is fellatio performed in homosexual acts in Mexico?
it is rarely performed
What seems to cause the differences in finger sizes in women?
Prenatal androgen exposure
Paraphrasing
Putting into words the ideas or feelings you have perceived from the message
According to learning theory, if children are constantly punished for heterosexual behaviors, what might they do to avoid punishment?
Rechannel it in a homosexual direction
Describe research related to psychological adjustment of gays/lesbians/straights as well as outcomes related to conversion therapy; discuss the ethics of the "tearoom trade" research.
Research on psychological adjustment therapies- there have been numerous therapies that intend to change a persons preferred sexual orientation, and none of them have been proved to work, there have been gays/lesbians that have really wanted to change and spent numerous years in conversion therapy but are still queer and can't help it, these therapies are very dangerous and have led people to depression and even suicide, it is widely discredited and people are trying to ban it world wide, all of the methods of this therapy are based upon the assumption that homosexuality is a mental disorder The ethics of the tearoom trade are highly debatable, and most of the stuff this researcher did is illegal. Laud Humphreys would study men who had sex with other men in public restrooms, he called these restrooms "tea rooms" and lied to them and said he was a "watch queen" who would stay on the lookout and warn them if anyone was coming, over 100 men participated in this and they were not aware he was a researcher, he watched them go back to their cars, recorded their license plates, & found out their addresses. A year later he changed his appearance and his car and went to their homes portraying himself as a social health researcher, interviewed them under false pretenses to gain their marital status, sexuality, and occupations. At the time of his research, same-sex was a crime in most of the US. Men could get arrested and sentenced to years of prison for it. If the police had gotten his data those men's lives would have been ruined. He argued he was doing nothing wrong because he didn't identify himself or anyone in his research. Many people argued that no one should have that much power over others, no matter what their intentions are. Most people found that the most unethical thing he did was disguise himself and invade their privacies.
Discuss the research related to the importance of communication as well as Gottman's research on destructive communication patterns and his magic ratio of positive/negative comments.
Research reveals clear differences in communication patterns between happy, nondistressed couples and couples who are unhappy, seeking counseling, or headed for divorce. Being a good communicator include the following: use "I" language; avoid mind reading; document your points with specific examples; use limited-choice questions; level and edit; be a non-defensive listener; give feedback by paraphrasing; be aware of your nonverbal messages; validate the other's viewpoint; draw your partner out; and engage in positive verbal and nonverbal communication. Gottman's destructive patterns of interaction include criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and withdrawal. Gottman's research found that there is a magic ratio of 5 positives to 1 negative
Which of the following disorder is less likely to be seen in the homosexual community?
Schizophrenia
What are gay men most likely to be looking for at a gay bar?
Sexual contact
If a woman shifts from bisexual to a lesbian to a heterosexual, Lisa Diamond would call that:
Sexual fluidity
___ ___ is the structure of a person's sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same or other sex toward both sexes.
Sexual orientation
If a Latina identifies herself as a lesbian, how is she likely to disseminate that information to her family and members of her culture?
She is more likely to remain in the closet with those individuals.
Who did groundbreaking research on differences between gay and straight men in the hypothalamus in 1991 which has since been discredited?
Simon LeVay (there was 41 participants in this study)
Explain techniques related to being a good communicator (including being a good listener and nonverbal communication) as well as rules for fighting fair.
Specific tips for being a good communicator include the following: use "I" language; avoid mind reading; document your points with specific examples; use limited-choice questions; level and edit; be a non-defensive listener; give feedback by paraphrasing; be aware of your nonverbal messages; validate the other's viewpoint; draw your partner out; and engage in positive verbal and nonverbal communication. Fighting fair rules include 1. Don't make sarcastic or insulting remarks about your partner's sexual adequacy. 2. Don't bring up the names of former spouses, lovers, boyfriends, or girlfriends to illustrate how all these problems didn't happen with them. 3. Don't play amateur psychologist. 4. Don't threaten to tell your parents or run home. 5. If you have children, don't bring them into the argument. 6. Don't engage in dumping. 7. Don't hit and run. 8. Don't focus on who's to blame.
____ ___ are game-oriented cultural scripts for nightlife participation.
Sporting Rituals
triangular theory of love
Sternberg's theory that love has three components; passion, intimacy, decision/commitment. Different mixtures of the components lead to different kinds of love
The ___ tavern riot started the modern LGBTQ movement.
Stonewall
Storm's two-dimensional scheme
Storms, contrast between high and low homeroticism and heteroeroticism
Which of the following are crucial to the health of sexual minorities?
Support from parents, friends and adults (like at school)
Discuss Tannen's ideas related to gender differences in communication.
Tannen believes that women and men have radically different verbal communication styles. Women reveal more personal, intimate information about themselves. Yet this pattern is found only with samegender conversational pairs—men talking with men, and women talking with women. When talking with a woman, men disclose far more than when they talk with a man. Gender differences in self-disclosure, then, are far from universal, and men are capable of being as selfdisclosing as women are. One claim is that women and men have different goals when they speak. Women use speech to establish and maintain relationships, whereas men use speech to exert control, preserve independence, and enhance their status
As part of the earliest clinical studies, what assumption was made about homosexuality as part of the assessment?
The homosexuals were mentally ill
Discuss media portrayals of sexual orientation.
The portrayal of the LGBT community in media has been negative, reflecting the intolerance for the LGBT community seen in cultures; however, from the 1990s to present day, there has been an increase in the depictions of LGBT individuals, issues, and concerns within mainstream media in North America. The LGBT community has taken an increasingly proactive stand in defining its own culture with a primary goal of achieving an affirmative visibility in mainstream media. This positive portrayal or increased presence of the LGBT community in media has served to increase acceptance and support for the LGBT community, establish the LGBT community as a norm, and provide information on the topic.
self-perception theory
The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
Describe possible causes of transsexualism, gender confirming therapy, and the different aspects of the gender transition process.
There are some inklings of biological factors. One line of thought is that processes in prenatal development are involved, in which the genitals differentiate toward those of one gender and identity differentiates toward the other gender. Other research has identified several genes associated with transsexualism, and the genes are different for MTFs and FTMs. MTFs, for example, are more likely than control males to have a mutation in the androgen receptor gene. However, not all MTFs carry this mutation. The bottom line is that, right now, we do not know the exact causes of transsexualism or other kinds of gender variance.
What have non-patient studies generally said about the adjustment of heterosexuals vs. homosexuals?
There is similar adjustment between the two
Explain the statement, "There is greater variability within a sex than between the sexes."
This statement basically means that a sexuality within itself has many different characteristics and individualities that far outnumber the amount of gender identities there are, and that people need to understand that everyone is different in their sexuality and to never make assumptions about another person's gender identity
crossing
Those in the transsexual community often refer to the process. they have to go through very careful counseling and psychological evaluation. It is important to establish that the person is a true transsexual, that is, someone whose gender identity does not match her body type
What is the current thought on the role of genes in sexual orientation?
To the extent genetics are involved, multiple genes seem to be at play.
Discuss other issues transsexual/transgendered individuals may experience.
Trans individuals need health care for a variety of the same conditions and problems that cisgender people have: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, reproductive health, cancer, and mental health issues. Health care provided to trans individuals in the U.S. needs substantial improvement. Many insurance programs do not provide a lot of coverage.
Polyandry
a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband (hint: andr- men have androgens)
Compare and contrast ethnic and cross-cultural attitudes/behaviors related to sexual orientation.
When we consider sexual orientation from a multicultural perspective, two main points emerge: (1) The very definition of homosexuality is set by culture. In the United States, we would say that a man who is the inserting partner in anal intercourse with another man is engaging in homosexual behavior, but other cultures (such as Mexico and Egypt) would not agree. (2) Some ethnic groups are even more disapproving of homosexuality than are U.S. whites. In those cases, LGBs feel conflicts between their sexual identity and loyalty to their ethnic group. These variations among ethnic groups in the United States are magnified as we look at attitudes toward homosexuality in nations around the world. Attitudes about homosexuality vary so much that it has been called a global divide. Some nations, such as Canada, Spain, and Germany, express high levels of acceptance. Others, such as Mexico and Israel, are intermediate. And in others, such as Kenya and Egypt, acceptance is rare.
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
Transgender
a category including transsexuals those who think of themselves as a third gender, transvestites, gender benders, and others
penile strain gauge
a device for measuring sexual arousal through changes in penile circumference
lesbian
a female homosexual
climacteric
a period lasting about 15 or 20 years (from about ages 45 to 60) during which a woman's body makes the transition from being able to reproduce to not being able to reproduce. is marked particularly by a decline in the functioning of the ovaries, changes occur in many other body tissues and systems as well. (menopause)
Genderqueer
a person who does not subscribe to conventional gender distinctions but identifies with neither, both, or a combination of male and female genders.
Transsexual
a person who emotionally and psychologically feels that they belong to the opposite sex.
Cisgender
a person whose gender identity matches the body he or she is born with
Living apart together
a relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple but do not live together
cyberaffair
a romantic or sexual relationship initiated by online contact and maintained primarily via online communication, involving a person who is married/in a committed relationship
Stonewall incident
a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.
Gender roles
a set of norms, or culturally defined expectations, that define how people of one gender ought to behave
fighting fair
a set of rules designed to make arguments constructive rather than destructive (trying to be more positive than negative) -Fighting fair rules include 1. Don't make sarcastic or insulting remarks about your partner's sexual adequacy (preferences?) 2. Don't bring up the names of former spouses, lovers, boyfriends, or girlfriends to illustrate how all these problems didn't happen with them. 3. Don't play amateur psychologist. 4. Don't threaten to tell your parents or run home. 5. If you have children, don't bring them into the argument. 6. Don't engage in dumping. 7. Don't hit and run. 8. Don't focus on who's to blame.
Discuss data related to the prevalence of differing sexual orientations.
a. First questioning of sexual orientation occurs on average at age 12 (males) and age 15 (females) - labelling as LGBQ is 16 (males) and 17/18 (females) b. According to the National Survey of Family Growth: i. 5% of men and 14% of women have had at least one same-gender sexual experience in adulthood ii. 4% of both men and women experience sexual attraction to members of their own gender iii. ~2% of men and 1% of women have a homosexual identity c. i. Kinsley believes these are the actual results if you take into account typological conceptualization: (the difference between black and white, homosexual and heterosexual are two quite and separate distinct categories—so Kinsley put this on a continuum) 1. About 90% of men and women are exclusively heterosexual 2. 10% of men and women have had at least one same-gender sexual experience in adulthood 3. 2% of men and 1% of women have a homosexual identity
Validation
act of confirming or verifying
actual and perceived similarity
actual similarity- where much of the research is focused on (When the person is actually ugly that you think is cute) perceived similarity-The extent to which the individual believes his or her partner is similar on important characteristics (when YOU think someone is cute but your friends don't)
two-spirit
an additional gender identity in many Native North American cultures; often thought to have special spiritual powers
fluctuating asymmetry
asymmetry of bilateral features that are on average symmetrical in the population
Bisexual
attracted to both sexes
heterosexual
attracted to the opposite sex
Which of the following have researchers seen studied in regard to cross-cultural similarity (and differences) over the past three decades?
attraction, intimacy, love
Gender roles are another ___ force that contributes to gender differences in sexuality.
cultural
individualistic cultures
cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group
The ability to read others' body language is called ___ nonverbal cues.
decoding
Interpersonal exchange model
focuses on the rewards and costs associated with the sexual relationship
In which ways do men tend to impact sexual activity for older heterosexual women?
for many older women, the problem is absence of a partner the health of the man often determines sexual activity.
___ ___, or expectations of male and female behavior are culturally defined.
gender roles
___ refers to a range of medical interventions intended to match one's body with one's gender identity.
gender-confirming therapy
The sociobiological perspective explains that extramarital sex occurs because of individuals' ___ makeup.
genetic
Which are examples of gender socialization?
giving boys freedom to explore, buying football for boys, buying dolls for girls
Documenting
giving specific examples of the issue being discussed (ex: I don't like when you do ___)
Deborah Tannen
has done extensive gender-linked research and writing that focused on miscommunications between men and women; however, some linguists have argued against Tannen's claims from a feminist standpoint
Polygyny
having more than one wife at a time (hint: gyn-women see gynocologists)
An overwhelming number of children growing up in lesbian or gay households have a ___ orientation.
heterosexual
Someone who is ___ is romantically or sexually attracted to the other sex.
heterosexual
___ is the tendency to have contact with people who are equal in social status.
homophily
Biological
how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences - identical twins have higher rates of concordance, fraternal has much less There may be genes on chromo 7, 8, and 10, that may contribute - prenatal - epigenetics may have a contribution to sexual orientation - in high stress female rats, the male rat was more homosexual in behavior - birth order; mother produces antibodies against testosterone that increase with each son that is born, this may impact the sexual orientation - hormonal effects are prenatal. Homosexuals are more likely to be left handed - in women, the ratio of index and ring finger can be a common factor in lesbian sexual orientation - brain - anterior portion of hypothalamus may have differences between hetero and homo men
Studies have shown that a higher percentage of ___ twins share a gay or bisexual orientation with their twin, whereas a lower percentage of ___ twins share a gay or bisexual orientation.
identical; nonidentical
body-centered sex
sexual expression in which the emphasis is on the body and physical pleasure
Discuss internet infidelity and the perspectives of equity theory and evolutionary theory regarding extra-relationship sex.
internet infidelity- the proliferation of web sites designed to connect people looking for romantic or sexual partners and chat rooms and other forms of digital communication has created new opportunities for people in committed relationships to be unfaithful. Perspectives of equity theory- people mentally tabulate their inputs to it and what they get out of it (benefits and rewards); then they calculate whether these are equitable or not.
Which of the following are the three elements of Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
When do most bisexual's SEXUAL IDENTITY become apparent?
into adulthood
A prostatectomy-
may cause erection problems -is the surgical removal of the prostate -may cause nerve damage
gender-confirming therapy
medical treatments so that their body matches their identity
In laboratory research, ___ are specific in their sexual arousal, whereas ___ tend not to be.
men;women
___ reading is when one is making certain assumptions about what the other is thinking.
mind
According to the textbook, on average, gay men are ____ educated than straight men and gay men earn ___ than straight men.
more;less
Person-centered sex
sexual expression in which the emphasis is on the relationship and emotions between the two people
anti-trans prejudice
negative attitudes and behaviors toward trans individuals
Never married
people that have never been married
attachment theory of love
people's attachment styles as adults derive in large part from how their parents cared for them
straight
person who is attracted to a member of the opposite sex
Psychoanalytic
perspective developed by freud, which assumes that psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person might be unaware -Polymorphous: sexuality can have many forms. Many events in a child's life can affect sexual orientation (phallic period) - freud Bieber believed family dynamic had effect on sexual orientation (triangulation)
Sociological
pertaining to the science of group cultures, conventions, etc. -Society may have an impact on orientation Labels and rigid gender roles can lead to non hetero sexual orientation
"I" language
phrases that emphasize ownership of your feelings, opinions, and beliefs
___ is the non-possessive, honest, responsible, and ethical philosophy and practice of loving multiple people simultaneously.
polyamory
A ___ is the surgical removal of the prostate.
prostatectomy
Love is associated with ___ activity in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and somatosensory cortex. Sexual desire is associated with ___ activity in these areas.
reduced; increased
___ ___, is sexual activity involving a person in a committed relationship with a third person without the knowledge of the partner.
secret nonmonogamy
Adolescences often times are involved in ____ ___, which is having two or more sexually intimate relationships prior to marriage.
serial monogamy
The interpersonal exchange model focuses on the rewards and costs associated with ___ relationships.
sexual
Extra-relationship sex
sexual activity between a person in a long-term committed relationship and someone other than that person's partner; adultery, cheating
open nonmonogamy
sexual activity involving a person in a committed relationship with a third (or multiple) person(s) with the consent of the partner. (swinging, open marriage, polyamory)
secret nonmonogamy
sexual activity involving a person in a committed relationship with a third person without the knowledge of the partner
According to ___-biologists, younger individuals are more likely to select mates that are younger.
socio
Sexual strategies theory suggests that we select mates according to reproduction preferences. This is a ___ theory.
sociobiological
When the physiological arousal needs to be measured in males the penile ___ gauge is used.
strain
Transphobia
strong, irrational fear of trans people
preoccupied (anxious/ambivalent) attachment(lovers)
style of attachment in which people are low on avoidance but high on anxiety; they want and enjoy closeness but worry that their relationship partners will abandon them
oophorectomy
surgical removal of an ovary
prostatectomy
surgical removal of the prostate
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
Heteronormativity
the belief that heterosexuality is the only pattern that is normal and natural
gender binary
the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine
gender dysphoria
the condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex. -Unhappiness with one's gender; another term for transsexualism
Intersectionality
the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. (inter-racial couples)
Socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
homosexual
the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex
Gay
the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex -homosexual, mostly males
Singleism
the stigmatizing and stereotyping of people who are not in a socially recognized couple relationship
mere-exposure effect (proximity)
the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure (the more you see someone)
matching phenomenon
the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits
marriage/mating gradient
the tendency for women to marry men of higher status
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines (climacteric)
Triangulation
the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method
hormone replacement therapy
the use of the female hormones estrogen and progestin to replace those the body no longer produces during and after premenopause
Collectivistic cultures
those of China, Africa, and the southeast Asian countries, emphasize group and collective goals over personal ones
Which of the following is recommended for vaginal dryness and genitourinary problems related to menopause?
topical lubricants, vaginal estrogen
fearful or avoidant lovers
uncomfortable feeling close to another person or having that person feel close to them
effective communicator
when your intended message is accurately understood by the other person
Gottman's research suggests there are four destructive communication patterns: criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and ___.
withdrawal
Elderly ___ are more likely to be having less access to sexual partners.
women
Bernie Zilbergeld
wrote a book called the new male sexuality in which he discussed a number of cultural myths about male sexuality.
