Human Tissue Anatomy

Which of the following describes a cell that is metabolically active but is quiescent?

G0

Gray matter would best be defined as

areas of the CNS with abundant cell bodies of neurons and glia

A membrane bound organelle is defunct and needs to be broken down. Who do you "call"?

autophagic lysosome

The basement membrane serves as a semi permeable barrier between the epithelia and connective tissue. The key component of it is collagen IV that is found in the _________.

basal lamina

For a cancer to spread from epithelia metastases it must first break through this layer.

basement membrane

You are tired from pulling an all-nighter and accidentally knock over the boxes with old histology slides. All of the slides are labeled but one. Being an outstanding citizen, you do not just drop it a random box. Instead, you take out a microscope and see that it a H&E stain with a brush boarder. Which box should you put it in?

gastrointestinal

Which of the posttranslational modifications are not particularly common in the biosynthesis of type I collagen, accounting for its efficient staining in routinely processed H&E stained sections?

glycosylation of amino acids

What is the basic dye in the H and E staining combination

hematoxylin

If you were looking at a cardiomyocyte (heart cell) where would the gene for opsin pigments that are exclusively expressed in retinal cells be located?

heterochromatin

You thought that you were staining a sample with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Instead you stained it with only hematoxylin since your cat had stolen the eosin for a project. What will not stain white?

nucleic acids

Multiple Sclerosis, a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, effects what cells?

oligodendrocytes

What cell types are produced by the multipotent myeloid stem cell?

osteoclasts, normoblasts, and monocytes

The adrenal cortex is composed of layers of cells that synthesize lipid based steroid hormones that are androgens, mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids. In an EM micrograph of these cells, which of the following organelles would you expect to be abundant in the cytoplasm?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Where is the site of synthesis of the major component of the lipid bilayer that both increases and decreases fluidity?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)

Hirschsprung disease effects the innervation of the colon and prevents peristalsis. What type of muscle is not innervated?

smooth muscle

The thickest layer of flaky material on top of stratified squamous epithelia on your body is where?

soles of your feet

An apical modification to epithelium that has a core that consists of 9 microtubule doublets encircling 2 central microtubules may be found on cells that have what function?

transport developing sperm

Who has the highest percentage of brown fat?

8 lb baby

Which of the following cell types would not be produced by the multipotent myeloid stem cell?

B-lymphocytes

Which of the junctions indicated would mechanically integrate this epithelium due to the cytoskeletal filament system that connects to it?

Desmosome

What is used for staining in the transmission electron microscope?

Heavy Metals

Which mutation affecting what organelle causes Tay Sachs Disease

Hexaminidase A: Lysosome

Upon contraction, which of the following components of the sarcomere shorten?

I band

What antibody is the basis for the hypersensitivity reactions involving basophils?

IgE

What stain is useful in extrapolating if a patient has a specific splice variant of an mRNA that may correlate with a disease?

In-Situ Hybridization

Why is Type I collagen more readily stained by H&E stain than Type II and Type III collagen.

It is not as extensively glycoslyated

Which of the following is true about regeneration of axons in the PNS after nerve injury?

It occurs by a mechanism that is dependent on the proliferation of Schwann cells

During week 16 of quarantine you decide its time to get out your parents old Richard Simmons workout CD. You promptly strain your back. You purchase a massaging apparatus for your back. Which layers of the epithelia do the vibrations have to travel to get through to eventually get to a sensory receptor in the connective tissue below?

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Basal Lamina, Reticular Lamina

Why do people's muscles become stiff after death?

Lack of ATP, causes actin/myosin cross bridges to become stabilized

A coroner is investigating the cause of death of a tall thin man with long arms and legs. The patient was said to have flexible joints. He appears to have died from an aortic aneurism. His genetic condition is said to involve the FBN1 mutation. What is his condition and what component of connective tissue is abnormal? (Below is the progression of his aortic aneurism using Aldehyde Fuchsin staining)

Marfan Syndrome: elastin fibers

You are worried about having MELAS, a disease of mitochondrial inheritance, rank the order of relatives who would be the most likely to least likely to display symptoms of the disease?

Mother, Mother's Brother, Father/Father's Mother (tie)

Order the following in order of descending percentage of volume of blood (Highest percentage first):

Plasma, erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils

A cell is capable of dividing but currently is not doing so. This is ...

Quiescence

How does the location of rRNA transcription look on EM?

Round electron dense object in nucleus that has dense fibrillar areas

Which cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cell/neurolemmocyte

Which of the following does not get formed from the myeloid multi-potent stem cell?

T lymphocyte

What cell within the sebaceous gland would respond to androgen by entering the cell cycle?

TA cell

Upon contraction which of the following remains the same length?

The A band

In the disease pemphigus vulgaris, autoantibodies bind to desmoglein 3 and disrupt desmosome function. What type of protein is desmoglein 3

adhesion molecule

Which of the following cell types is not typically found in the normal endomysium?

adipocyte

Stem cells derived from the early morula (around 16 cells) would be considered..

Totipotent

What is the difference between tracheal and esophageal epithelium?

Trachea is PCCE while esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium

You find a lightly staining section of a nucleus with an EM. How would you describe the processes occurring there?

Transcriptionally Active

You want to stain the elastic fibers in an aorta. What is the best stain to use?

aldehyde fuchsin

Who would you expect to have the highest percentage of red bone marrow?

a 5-year-old male

In the light microscope, the presence of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells is referred to as:

a brush border

Which of the following would not be stained in an H and E section of liver

a carbohydrate bound to arginine

The ultrastructural features of a serous cell from a gland would include

abundant RER

What accounts for the characteristic eosinophilc staining pattern of erythrocytes observed within most tissues viewed in lab?

abundant hemoglobin

Where would you find the typical umbrella-shaped, transitional epithelium?

bladder

In a routinely prepared H&E stained section, what would be the appearance of an oligodendrocyte?

cell with very little staining of the cytoplasm

The organelle indicated by B contains membrane that is highly impermeable and contains cytochromes and flavo proteins of the electron transport complex. What is that membrane called ?

cristae

What best describes the staining of heterochromatin in routine H&E stained paraffin sections?

dark intense labeling with hematoxylin

Which of the following terms describes the majority of cells in various organs that carry out physiological functions?

differentiated

Which of the terms relate to secretion through the basement membrane?

endocrine secretion

You find a cell with leakage of cellular content. This is most likely due to?

external injury from a toxin

If you had a box full of slides with tissues that had not been stained, which of the following providing it came from a non-albino would contain a substance that could be visualized with a bright field microscope?

eye

What cell type is the most likely affected in an individual with a diet deficient in ascorbic acid?

fibroblast

Which of the following cell types is typically found in the normal endomysium?

fibroblast, muscle fibers, muscle satellite cell

What is the name for an inactive cell found in mature collagenous CT that is not synthesizing collagen?

fibrocyte

Which of the posttranslational modifications are particularly common in the biosynthesis of type I collagen, accounting for its efficient staining in routinely processed H&E stained sections?

formation of covalent cross linkages between lysines in different triple helixes hydroxylation of prolines cleavage of N-terminal domains

Which of the following junctions could transfer changes in the concentration of a specific ion in the cytoplasm to an adjacent epithelial cell?

gap junction

Overproduction of specialized fluid by ependymal cells may lead to what?

hydrocephalus due to excess CSF

The cytoskeleton component that connects to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes is _________.

intermediate filaments

If you wanted to know if a cell expressed an enzyme which was derived from a single gene product, which of the following techniques would you use?

labeling with an antibody

Apocrine and holocrine secretion are limited to one type of secretory product. What is it?

lipid

The major component of myelin is?

lipid

Which of the following would be removed by clearing a tissue?

lipids

What is mechanism that leads to scurvy?

loss of hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen

The pinching off of the apical membrane containing a cell's secretory product can be found where?

mammary glands

Which of the flowing would produce platelets that are crucial to efficient blood clotting?

megakaryocytic

Which of the following cytoskeletal filament systems is not readily visible with TEM but underlies the cellular processes such as lamelopodia, spikes and ruffles associated with the movement of cancer cells in the process of metastasis?

microfilaments

an apical structure based on actin microfilaments that plays a key role in absorption of chemicals like macronutrients?

microvilli

Microglia originate from what cell type?

monocyte

In theory, due to leptin production, the more white fat you have, the...

more satiated you should be

What is the most common type of neuron in the CNS?

multipolar

Order from smallest/innermost to largest/outermost

myofilament, myofibril, muscle fiber, endomysium, muscle fascicle, perimysium, muscle, epimysium

You are at the optometrist with your friend Joe after one of his tigers scratched his eye. What is the most likely type of epithelium that will show damage on the fluorescein eye stain?

non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium

If a cell had abundant secretory granules that contained mucus (primarily carbohydrates), this would produce __________ region in the cytoplasm in an H&E labeled preparation.

non-stained

Which of the following genes would be directly turned on by the transcription factor p53 binding to DNA in its promoter?

p21 an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases

Which of the following cells in connective tissue would produce antibodies?

plasma cell

Which component of the membrane is responsible for the dense staining "train track" appearance of membrane bilayers observed with transmission electron microscopy?

polar head groups on lipids

Elastic fibers and collagen respond to tensile forces in different ways? Which of the following biochemical differences accounts for how elastic fibers accommodate tensile force?

random coil structure

You are a secretory vesicle and you must wait on signal for you to fuse with the cell membrane. What is your job description?

regulated secretion

In neurons, what organelle is described as Nissl substance?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

the term myofibril refers to

sarcomeres bound to another

What general organelle type is the large specific granules found in a basophil?

secretory granule

What stain should be used for examining nerves?

silver methods

You find a gland under a microscope. It has one duct, 3 secretory portions, and these secretory portions appear non-bulbous. How should you classify this gland?

simple branched tubular

Through what structure do cells leave from bone marrow into the blood stream

sinusoidal capillaries

In routinely prepared H&E stained tissue which of the following contractile cells would have many nuclei pushed to the plasma membrane and clearly visible striations?

skeletal muscle

A man goes to the Emergency department with a stab wound in his right thigh. How would the muscle cells look at that spot?

striated with nuclei on the periphery of cell

Which of the following terms would describe a relatively thin connective tissue enriched in basement membrane components and capillaries within cardiac muscle?

the endomysium

You a looking at the results of an experiment where test subject was injected with a thymidine analog BrdU 3 hrs before biopsy. BrdU antibody staining did not label some of the cells on the basal layer of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that lines the skin. What could the lack of labeling indicate?

this was a stem cell that was in G0

What would you not expect to find at an intercalated disc?

tight junction

Which of the following organelles would be part of a structure that looks like a stack of pancakes in the TEM and sort proteins bound for the plasma membrane, lysosomes and secretory vesicles/granules?

trans Golgi

Without dynein, substances cannot...

travel from axon to cell body on microtubules

In hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin embedded tissue, what is the most commonly visualized extracellular matrix protein subunit?

type I collagen

Which of the bones of a 45 year old adult would have a high level of erythropoiesis occurring in the marrow cavity?

vertebrae

If you do not clear the tissue with alcohols and organic solvents, what has been left in the tissue that may distort the slide?

water and lipids