HUN2201 Exam 4 (module 7&8)

carnitine

supposedly burns fat and spares glycogen during endurance events

diuretics

increase urine production

ETC

final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from H to O and captures energy released in bonds of ATP respiratory chain

thermogenesis

generation of heat

broken down carbs

glucose

broken down fats

glycerol and fatty acids

hypertrophy

growing larger with regards to muscles

satiating

having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating

DHEA

hormones made in adrenal glands that serve as precursors to testosterone falsely promoted as burning fat, building muscle, and slowing aging

cardiorespiratory conditioning

improvements in heart and lung function and increased blood volume, brought about by aerobic training

bomb calorimeter

instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of the foods

appetite

integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating

convenient dietary supplements

liquid meal replacers, energy drinks, energy gels used by athletes

sports anemia

low hemoglobin in blood associated with early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity

gluconeogenesis

making of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source such as amino acids or glycerol

resting metabolic rate

measure of energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting

fatty acid oxidation

metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyle CoA beta oxidation

glycolysis

metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate does not require oxygen

TCA cycle

series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to CO2 and H atoms citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle

muscle power

speed at which a given amount of exertion is completed

caffeine

stimulates fatty acid release

ergogenic acids

substances or techniques used in an attempt to enhance physical performance

metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells

protein in diet

10-35%

fatty acid

16 or 18 carbons

acetyl CoA

2 carbon compound to which molecule of CoA is attached

amino acid

2+ carbons with nitrogen

fat in diet

20-35%

lactate

3 carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism

pyruvate

3 carbon compound that plays key role in energy metabolism

glycerol

3 carbons

carbs in diet

45-65%

warm up

5-10 min of light activity prior to a workout

cool down

5-10 minutes of light activity following a vigorous workout

glucose

6 carbons

clinically severe obesity

BMI of 40 or greater or a BMI of 35 or greater with additional medical problems

satiety

feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after eating and inhibits further eating determines how much time passes between meals

beta alanine

NEAA that raise carnosine concentrations, which enhance muscles' buffering capacity

cardio endurance

ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic exercise of moderate to high intensity for prolonged periods

hyperthermia

above normal body temp

ketone bodies

acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available

muscle endurance

ability of muscle to repeatedly contract without becoming tired

muscle strength

ability of muscles to work against resistance

aerobic physical activity

activity in which the body's large muscles move in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period of time endurance activity

meridia

affects appetite

broken down proteins

amino acids

atrophy

becoming smaller with regard to muscles

hypothermia

below normal body temp

lean body mass

body minus its fat

set point

body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls

hypothalamus

brain center that controls activities such as maintaining water balance, regulation of body temp, and control of appetite

CoA

coenzyme A derived from pantothenic acid and central to energy metabolism

flexibility

capacity of joints to move through full range of motion

oxaloacetate

carb intermediate of the TCA cyle

mitochondria

cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically

neuropeptide y

chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure, and increases fat storage

creatine

combines with phosphate to form creatine phosphate in muscle (high energy compound)

ATP

common high energy compound composed of a purine, a sugar, and three phosphate groups

coenzymes

complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme's activity

fuel

compound cells can use for energy

glucose polymers

compounds that supply glucose linked in chains help maintain hydration and blood glucose

satiation

feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating determines how much food is consumed

heat stroke

dangerous accumulation of body heat with accompanying loss of body fluid

hyponatremia

decreased concentration of sodium in the blood

anabolic steroids

drugs related to male sex hormone that stimulate development of lean body mass

energy balance

energy consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activities

basal metabolism

energy needed to maintain life when body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest

thermic effect of food

estimation of the energy required to process food produces heat

overload

extra physical demand placed on the body

chromium picolinate

falsely promoted as building muscle, enhancing energy, and burning fat

aerobic

requiring oxygen

beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate

metabolite of the amino acid leucine promoted to increase muscle mass and strength

anaerobic

not requiring oxygen

physiological fuel value

number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, in contrast to the number of kcalories determined by calorimetry

keto acid

organic acid that contains a carbonyl group

hunger

painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior

coupled reactions

pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound

cori cycle

pathway in which glucose is metabolized to lactate in the muscle, lactose is converted back to glucose in the liver, and then glucose is returned to the muscle

bariatric

pertaining to the field of medicine that specializes in treating obesity

fad diets

popular eating plans that promise quick weight loss

photosynthesis

process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbs from CO2 and H2O

HGH

produced by pituitary gland that regulates normal growth

body composition

proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissues that make up a person's total body weight

enzymes

protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process

ghrelin

protein that works as a hormone in the hypothalamus but is secreted by the stomach cells promotes eating and weight gain

leptin

protein that works as a hormone in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue

basal metabolic rate

rate at which the body expends energy for life-sustaining activities

catabolism

reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones release energy

anabolism

reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones require energy

xenical

reduces fat absorption

brown adipose tissue

releases stored energy as heat

LPL

removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in both adipose tissue and muscle cells

vigorous intensity physical activity

requires a large increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends more than 7 kcals per minute

moderate intensity physical activity

requires some increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends 3.5 to 7 calories per minute

carb loading

training the muscles to store as much glycogen as they can while supplying the dietary glucose to enable them to do sp

resistance training

use of free weights or weight machines to provide resistance for developing muscle strength, power, and endurance

baking soda

used to buffer acid that accumulates in muscles and blood during high-intensity exercise

cardiac output

volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute

enhanced water

water fortified with vitamins, minerals, proteins, oxygen, or herbs

brite adipocytes

white fat cells that undergo browning and take on characteristics of brown fat