HUN2201 Exam 4 (module 7&8)
carnitine
supposedly burns fat and spares glycogen during endurance events
diuretics
increase urine production
ETC
final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from H to O and captures energy released in bonds of ATP respiratory chain
thermogenesis
generation of heat
broken down carbs
glucose
broken down fats
glycerol and fatty acids
hypertrophy
growing larger with regards to muscles
satiating
having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating
DHEA
hormones made in adrenal glands that serve as precursors to testosterone falsely promoted as burning fat, building muscle, and slowing aging
cardiorespiratory conditioning
improvements in heart and lung function and increased blood volume, brought about by aerobic training
bomb calorimeter
instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of the foods
appetite
integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating
convenient dietary supplements
liquid meal replacers, energy drinks, energy gels used by athletes
sports anemia
low hemoglobin in blood associated with early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity
gluconeogenesis
making of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source such as amino acids or glycerol
resting metabolic rate
measure of energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting
fatty acid oxidation
metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyle CoA beta oxidation
glycolysis
metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate does not require oxygen
TCA cycle
series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to CO2 and H atoms citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle
muscle power
speed at which a given amount of exertion is completed
caffeine
stimulates fatty acid release
ergogenic acids
substances or techniques used in an attempt to enhance physical performance
metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells
protein in diet
10-35%
fatty acid
16 or 18 carbons
acetyl CoA
2 carbon compound to which molecule of CoA is attached
amino acid
2+ carbons with nitrogen
fat in diet
20-35%
lactate
3 carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism
pyruvate
3 carbon compound that plays key role in energy metabolism
glycerol
3 carbons
carbs in diet
45-65%
warm up
5-10 min of light activity prior to a workout
cool down
5-10 minutes of light activity following a vigorous workout
glucose
6 carbons
clinically severe obesity
BMI of 40 or greater or a BMI of 35 or greater with additional medical problems
satiety
feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after eating and inhibits further eating determines how much time passes between meals
beta alanine
NEAA that raise carnosine concentrations, which enhance muscles' buffering capacity
cardio endurance
ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic exercise of moderate to high intensity for prolonged periods
hyperthermia
above normal body temp
ketone bodies
acidic compounds produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available
muscle endurance
ability of muscle to repeatedly contract without becoming tired
muscle strength
ability of muscles to work against resistance
aerobic physical activity
activity in which the body's large muscles move in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period of time endurance activity
meridia
affects appetite
broken down proteins
amino acids
atrophy
becoming smaller with regard to muscles
hypothermia
below normal body temp
lean body mass
body minus its fat
set point
body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls
hypothalamus
brain center that controls activities such as maintaining water balance, regulation of body temp, and control of appetite
CoA
coenzyme A derived from pantothenic acid and central to energy metabolism
flexibility
capacity of joints to move through full range of motion
oxaloacetate
carb intermediate of the TCA cyle
mitochondria
cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobically
neuropeptide y
chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure, and increases fat storage
creatine
combines with phosphate to form creatine phosphate in muscle (high energy compound)
ATP
common high energy compound composed of a purine, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
coenzymes
complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzyme's activity
fuel
compound cells can use for energy
glucose polymers
compounds that supply glucose linked in chains help maintain hydration and blood glucose
satiation
feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating determines how much food is consumed
heat stroke
dangerous accumulation of body heat with accompanying loss of body fluid
hyponatremia
decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
anabolic steroids
drugs related to male sex hormone that stimulate development of lean body mass
energy balance
energy consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activities
basal metabolism
energy needed to maintain life when body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest
thermic effect of food
estimation of the energy required to process food produces heat
overload
extra physical demand placed on the body
chromium picolinate
falsely promoted as building muscle, enhancing energy, and burning fat
aerobic
requiring oxygen
beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate
metabolite of the amino acid leucine promoted to increase muscle mass and strength
anaerobic
not requiring oxygen
physiological fuel value
number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, in contrast to the number of kcalories determined by calorimetry
keto acid
organic acid that contains a carbonyl group
hunger
painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior
coupled reactions
pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound
cori cycle
pathway in which glucose is metabolized to lactate in the muscle, lactose is converted back to glucose in the liver, and then glucose is returned to the muscle
bariatric
pertaining to the field of medicine that specializes in treating obesity
fad diets
popular eating plans that promise quick weight loss
photosynthesis
process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbs from CO2 and H2O
HGH
produced by pituitary gland that regulates normal growth
body composition
proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissues that make up a person's total body weight
enzymes
protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process
ghrelin
protein that works as a hormone in the hypothalamus but is secreted by the stomach cells promotes eating and weight gain
leptin
protein that works as a hormone in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue
basal metabolic rate
rate at which the body expends energy for life-sustaining activities
catabolism
reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones release energy
anabolism
reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones require energy
xenical
reduces fat absorption
brown adipose tissue
releases stored energy as heat
LPL
removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in both adipose tissue and muscle cells
vigorous intensity physical activity
requires a large increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends more than 7 kcals per minute
moderate intensity physical activity
requires some increase in breathing and/or heart rate and expends 3.5 to 7 calories per minute
carb loading
training the muscles to store as much glycogen as they can while supplying the dietary glucose to enable them to do sp
resistance training
use of free weights or weight machines to provide resistance for developing muscle strength, power, and endurance
baking soda
used to buffer acid that accumulates in muscles and blood during high-intensity exercise
cardiac output
volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute
enhanced water
water fortified with vitamins, minerals, proteins, oxygen, or herbs
brite adipocytes
white fat cells that undergo browning and take on characteristics of brown fat