HW ch 13 Microbe-Human Interactions [Infection, Disease, and Epidemiology]
Please select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins.
- It composed of lipopolysaccharide -released only by gram negative bacteria - heat- stable & fever inducing
Match the following terms to the correct description.
-damage to tissues and organs caused by an infectious agent - infectious disease -infectious agent- pathogen -when a microbe has invaded sterile tissues and multiplied-infection
Please order the following steps a microorganism takes in establishing an infection.
1. Microbes enter the host through a portal of entry.2. Microbes adhere to receptors on host.3. Microbes invade and make a pathway into cells.4. Microbes multiply, grow, and spread.5. Microbes attack specific tissues, establishing infection and disease.
Please match the description to the disease pattern that it describes.
1. a disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected for the population - epidemic 2. a disease pattern in which the number of new cases is increasing beyond what is expected, not just in a limited geographic area or population, but on more than one continent - pandemic 3. a disease pattern in which occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals in random locations - sporadic 4. a disease pattern with a relatively stable frequency over a long time period - endemic
Please match the clinical stage of infection with its description.
1. appearance of first early, nonspecific symptoms - prodromal stage2. Microorganism is multiplying rapidly and causing fever and specific disease symptoms - period of invasion3. decline of symptoms and return to a state of health - convalescent period4. period of time from initial contact with pathogen to appearance of very first symptoms - incubation period
Please match the description to the pattern of infection.
1. more severe infection, rapid onset -acute infection 2. an infection that has spread to multiple body sites and tissue fluids; no longer restricted to one body site -systemic infection 3. Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue- localized infection .4. an infection that progresses and persists over a longer period of time; symptoms often less severe -chronic infection 5. a subsequent infection with a different microbe that may occur following an initial infection- secondary infection
Please match the diseases with their most common portal of exit.
1. tuberculosis, Influenza respiratory tract (aerosols) 2. infectious mononucleosis gI tract (saliva droplets) 3. common warts, fungal infections exudates from skin lesions 4. cholera gI tract (diarrhea) 5. gonorrhea reproductive tract (semen) 6. Hepatitis B blood through a contaminated needle
Please choose the statement that provides correct information about zoonoses.
70 percent of the new emerging infections seen today are zoonoses.
Please choose the statement that describes the initial acquisition and development of normal microbiota.
A newborn acquires normal microbiota during the birthing process and through contact with family, health care providers, food, and their environment.
Neonatal research has shown that breast milk contains oligosaccharides that cannot be digested by the infant, but can be digested by some species of Bifido bacterium (infantis). What does this discovery suggest?
Breast milk helps establish the normal microbiota of an infant's digestive system.
In addition to Dr. Casadaban having a genetic condition like hemochromatosis, what other factors could have exacerbated the situation and allowed the iron dependent strain of the plague to cause infection and, in this case, death?
He could have been taking too many vitamins containing high levels of iron.
Which of the following represent reasonable methods of preventing the spread of infectious agents like MRSA in a hospital setting?
Increase use of infection control methods like enforced hand hygiene. Take extra care to clean all surfaces, equipment and areas in the affected hospital unit.
Please choose the statement that best describes the use of Koch's postulates.
Koch's postulates are used to establish that a particular microorganism causes a specific disease.
Categorize each infectious agent by low, moderate or high infectious dose (ID).
Measles, Shigella, Norovirus- low id Plague, Gonorrhea- moderate Salmonella, Cholera-high id
Experiments conducted with germ-free animals have led to what conclusion?
Microbiota contribute to the normal development of the immune system.
Please select the conclusions of studies comparing the health of germ-free animals to the health of animals with a normal complement of microbiota.
Normal microbiota are a source of some vitamins. Normal microbiota contribute to dental caries and periodontal disease. The presence of normal microbiota can prevent some pathogens from becoming well-established. Normal microbiota contribute to the development and maturation of the immune system.
Please match the term to the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of colonization, infection, and disease.
Presence of organisms living in or on the body, but not causing any pathology.- colonization Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply.- infection Disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products.- infectious disease
Please select the correct statements regarding the tracking of infections and diseases.
Some diseases are considered "reportable" and reporting to health departments is mandatory. Disease statistics are maintained at the local, state, and national levels. The national repository of disease statistics in the U.S. is the Centers for
Please select the correct statements regarding the tracking of infections and diseases.
Some diseases are considered "reportable" and reporting to health departments is mandatory. Disease statistics are published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) which can only be accessed by health care professionals. The national repository of disease statistics in the U.S. is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Please select the body sites that serve as portals of entry for microbes.
Vagina, nose, mouth, urethra, skin,
Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito that has been infected with the virus after it has bitten a person who has dengue fever. In this scenario, the portal of exit would be the __________.
blood
An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without notice is a __________.
carrier
Please choose the best definition of virulence factors.
characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease
Please select the patterns of direct (contact) transmission of infectious disease.
droplet, vector, mother to fetus (vertical), kissing and touhcing
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease in defined human populations is known as __________.
epidemiology
Reservoirs are always humans or other animals.
false
Universal precautions are specifically intended for the handling of patients and specimens known to be infected with pathogens such as HIV.
false
Place each organ or bodily fluid in the category where it belongs.
harbor normal residents microbes- skin, large intestine, eye lash, tongue sterile sites and fluids- small intestines, sinuses, blood, cerebrospinal fluid
An infection that is acquired or develops during a person's stay in the hospital is a __________ infection.
healthcare-associated
The presence of microbes in the bladder is indicative of __________.
infection
The minimum number of organisms necessary to enter through the portal of entry and establish infection is the __________.
infectious dose
Botulism is the ingestion of a toxin in food and is an example of a/an __________.
intoxication
Please select the body sites that remain free of normal microbiota.
kidneys brain uterus bones
Proteins produced by Escherichia coli can prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella. This is an example of __________.
microbial antagonism
Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A/An __________ infectious disease, such as a urinary tract infection, is not transmitted from person to person, whereas an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another, such as influenza, is referred to as a/an __________ infectious disease.
noncommunicable; communicable
Please choose the answers that best fill in the blanks of this sentence in order. The ability of a microbe to cause disease is called __________, whereas __________ refers to the degree to which a microbe can cause disease, or the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host tissues.
pathogenicity; virulence
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus attaches to host white blood cells by means of specialized __________.
receptors
Please select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.
require very small doses to cause -toxic effects secreted from a living cell -have very specific targets
A Staphylococcus aureus infection that develops when the bacterium invades chickenpox lesions is an example of a(n) __________ infection.
secondary
In the early 1900's a cook named Mary was found to have caused the infection of multiple people with typhoid, a disease caused by Salmonella infection. Mary was sick at one point but recovered and housed the organism which she spread to others, some of whom died. The case of Typhoid Mary is a classic example of what type of infection? Choose all terms that may apply.
subclinical asymptomatic
A patient presents at the ER with severe abdominal pain. Blood tests reveal an abnormally high white blood cell count. In this scenario, the pain felt by the patient is a(n) __________ and the white blood cell count is a(n) __________ of an active infection.
subjective symptom; objective sign
Which of these are caused by the release an exotoxin as part of the infection process?
tetanus, cholera, anthrax,
Please read the following scenario: "Molly developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough." What is the reservoir for the infection in this case?
the chickens from which the eggs came
All of the following would be examples of health problems studied by epidemiologists, except __________.
the development of an infectious disease in an immunocompromised patient
Which of the following is NOT an example of a portal of entry for microorganisms?
the meninges
Tetanus is a disease caused by an infection at the site of a wound that has dramatic effects on the contraction of muscle tissue. This is an example of a(n):
toxemia
Universal precautions not only protect the patient and caregivers but the general public outside the hospital as well.
true