H/W U2_Ch22_P3

Classify each characteristic as associated with complement or interferons.

Complement: Released into virus infected cells, Stimulates the destruction of virus infected cells, stimulates destruction of viral DNA Interferons: Can bind directly to antigen, can bind antibody, forms membrane attack complex.

Arrange the following in the sequence in which they occur during the inflammatory response. 1. Neutrophils roll along endothelium 2. Integrin activation 3. Margination

1,2,3

When (1) _____________ T-lymphocytes recognize an antigen presented by an infected cell (with MHC (2) ________ molecules), they destroy the cell by releasing granules containing cytotoxic chemicals. The first cytotoxic chemical, (3) ________ forms channels in target cell membranes. This increases the cell's (4) ___________. Induction of cell (5) ______ ___ __________, which helps to limit spread of the infectious agent, is initiated by granzymes. It is because the immune response of (6) _____________ is effective against antigens associated with cells that it is referred to as (7) _________ immunity.

1. cytotoxic 2. class I 3. perforin 4. permeability 5. death by apoptosis 6. T-lymphocytes 7. cell-mediated

Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label.

1.) Naturally Acquired Active Immunity: Antibody production resulting from illness, immunity that would result from pathogen through kissing 2.) Artificially Acquired Active Immunity: Antibody production resulting from immunization, the injection of a dead or weakened pathogen 3.) Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity: Injection of gamma globulins, treatment for snakebites 4.) Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity: Antibody from mother's milk, antibody across placenta of the mother.

Indicate whether the label identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense.

1.) Specific: Antibodies, plasma cells, B-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. 2.) Non-specific: Skin, monocytes, neutrophils

Classify each example as active or passive immunity.

Active immunity: Bacterial infection, viral infection, parasitic infection, receiving a vaccine. Passive immunity: transfer of antibodies to fetus across placenta, transfer of antibodies from breast milk to newborn, receiving serum containing antibodies from another individual.

Interestingly, antibodies do not directly attack nor destroy any pathogens, rather they bind to pathogens and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response. Antibodies bind to antigen sites on pathogenic cells and in doing so open binding sites and promote complement fixation resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen. Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause clumping or agglutination to occur which prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells. Small pathogenic molecules that are soluble are clumped together by antibodies, making the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of precipitation.

Antibodies do not directly attack or destroy pathogenic material. They work through four processes (agglutination, neutralization, precipitation, and complement fixation) to identify and sequester these pathogens for other elements of the immune system to later destroy.

The inflammatory response is a specific defense mechanism that the body initiates against tissue damage.

False

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

proteins

Typically, a lymphocyte will encounter its first exposure to a foreign antigen in the

secondary lymphatic structures. A lymphocyte will typically encounter its first exposure to an antigen in secondary lymphatic structures like the lymph nodes and spleen.

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called

specific immunity. The definition of immunity is the ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against a pathogen.

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Immunologic Memory: Vaccines, antibodies, responds specifically to a pathogen, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes. Innate Immunity: Mast cells, responds immediantely to pathogens, neutrophils.

Which of the following statements is true about memory cells? Check all that apply.

Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells.Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells. Upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly. Some T-lymphocytes become memory cells. Memory cells have a longer life span and are more numerous than immature T-lymphocytes. They also respond rapidly to pathogens and upon reexposure, attack the same pathogen so quickly that no noticeable illness occurs.Some T-lymphocytes become memory cells. Memory cells have a longer life span and are more numerous than immature T-lymphocytes. They also respond rapidly to pathogens and upon reexposure, attack the same pathogen so quickly that no noticeable illness occurs.Some T-lymphocytes become memory cells. Memory cells have a longer life span and are more numerous than immature T-lymphocytes. They also respond rapidly to pathogens and upon reexposure, attack the same pathogen so quickly that no noticeable illness occurs.Some T-lymphocytes become memory cells. Memory cells have a longer life span and are more numerous than immature T-lymphocytes. They also respond rapidly to pathogens and upon reexposure, attack the same pathogen so quickly that no noticeable illness occurs.Some T-lymphocytes become memory cells. Memory cells have a longer life span and are more numerous than immature T-lymphocytes. They also respond rapidly to pathogens and upon reexposure, attack the same pathogen so quickly that no noticeable illness occurs.

The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.

Primary

A helper T-lymphocyte becomes activated by a(n)

antigen presenting cell.

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

antigens

In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n)

bacterial infection. Neutrophils are particularly high during bacterial infections.

On first exposure to antigen, helper T-lymphocytes

become activated and increase in number.

Helper T-lymphocytes secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-lymphocytes.

cytokines