HY 102 Study Exam 1

Ivan III

"The Great" (1462-1505) Prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia; overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia

Ivan IV

"The Terrible" (1533-1584) Split personality; believes mother was poised by boyars to gain rule and causes him an unhealthy hatred towards nobility During good half of rule appoints council like Louis XIV, attempts to improve local government with election of governor, and created the Zemskii Sobor and steltsy

On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres

(De Revolutionibus)

Wars of Religion in France

30+ year war; power and religious struggle between Catholics and Hugenots

War in Germany

35 year war; engaged Austrian Habsburgs and German princes

Louis XIV

4 years old, kidnapped during the Fronde Wanted to be an absolute monarch to avoid anarchy Chose a council of merchants who were literate but not wealthy (as to threaten the king's power) Revokes Edict of Nantes (1865) Inspires other European rulers Builds Versailles to flaunt wealth and power

The Thirty Years War

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict primarily between France and the Habsburg's. Mostly a power struggle.

Act of Settlement (1701)

Act of Parliament of England passed to settle the succession to the English and Irish crowns and thrones on the person and lawful descendants of the Electress Sophia of Hanover and her non-Roman Catholic heirs

The "Glorious Revolution" (1688-89)

Also called "Bloodless Revolution" Overthrow of Catholic James II by union of English Parliamentarians with Dutch William of Orange Established Protestant William III and Mary II as joint monarchs

Edict of Nantes (revoked 1865)

Also called "Edict of Fontainebleau" was issued by Louis XIV Took away the Huguenots right to carry arms or practice religion

Noblemen

Appointed by king, have peasants and land

Puritanism

Beliefs and practices of Putitanism

The Bill of Rights (1689)

British law passed by Parliament of Great Britain declaring rights and liberties of the people, giving Parliamental sovreignty and settling the succession in William III and Mary

Charles de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Concluded that no single set of political laws could apply to people at all time in all places Wanted division of power in government and believed that monarchs should be subject to constitutional laws

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree that allows Protestants to practice religion and carry arms. (Was put in place by Henry IV to avoid a second St. Bartholomew's Massacre)

Brandenburg, Prussia

Denomination for the Early Modern realm of Hohenzollerns

Hohenzollerns

Dynasty of former princes, electors, kings, and emperors; House that ruled Prussia Won control over Brandenburg through marriages, giving them control of German principalities in central and west Germany

The Second Serfdom

East Europe, accompanied by the growth of commercial agriculture; Eastern lords would increase the productions of their estates by squeezing sizable surpluses out of poor peasants

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist/political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems Wrote Leviathan; believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which the government serves the people Believes people have natural rights to life, liberty and property

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Financial advisor to Louis XIV from merchant family Assistant to Cardinal Mazarin Helped bring back the French economy but despite his efforts, the wars made France impoverished

Frederick William, The Great Elector (1640-1688)

First Hohenzollern leader to move toward absolute monarchy and built a militaristic state in Brandenburg, Prussia Calvinist, allowed religious toleration

Michael Romanov (1613-1645)

First Romanov Czar elected by Zemskii Sobor Restores domestic order, gets Baltic Coats, sets up Foreign Quarter

Henry IV

France (1589-1610) "Good King Henry" Protestant during a time when France is overly Catholic "Paris is worth a mass" Henry converts to Catholicism and places Edict of Nantes Assassinated in 1610 by a Frenchman who didn't believe Henry was a true Catholic

Louis XIII

France (1610-1643)

Huguenots

French Protestants

Jacques Bossuet

French bishop and theologian during the reign of Louis XIV Subjects own complete obedience to king Uses scripture and stories to support sermon

The Fronde

French civil war over who would be in charge until Louis XIV was of age Attempt to nobility to overthrow authority Louis XIV kidnapped

Frederick William I (1713-1740)

Hohenzollern king who set up the General Directory, best known for military but he didn't want to use it

Versailles

Hunting lodge of Louis XIII Symbol of power and wealth Nobility were summoned there to wine, dine, hunt, and party to be away from power and not be able to overthrow king

Cardinal Richelieu

Impoverished noble, Roman Catholic, royal chief minister to Louis XIII Strongly against Huguenots, modernization of the military in France and was involved in Thirty Years War. Enters in on the Protestant side as a power move to keep Holy Roman Empire in check

John Calvin

Lawyer from Geneva. Sparks protest. Creates Calvinism and is a leader in the Protestant Reformation. Taught original sin eradicated free will in people

Oliver Cromwell

Lord Protector (1649-1658) Religious figure who wanted to create a Puritan Republic; considered himself a 'Divine Monarch' Restores the nation's religious tolerance Become more militaristic after engaging in English wars to subdue Scotland

La Rochelle

Major Huguenot citadel was attacked by royal troops in 1627 Despite attempts by the English to assist the Protestants, fell in the following year being starved out and no longer had right to bear arms

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Mass slaying of Huguenots

Absolutism

Monarch's complete absolute power over the state with a disregard for the law; marked the transition from Feudalism to Capitalism

The Holy Roman Empire

Multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806

"Over-Mighty Subjects"

Nobleman land owners oppressing the king; a royal subject in late medieval England who through financial, military and personal influence, wielded powers on par with or beyond king himself

Martin Luther

Northern German who began the Protestant Reformation and created Lutheranism 'Faith alone will bring salvation" He nailed 95 thesis's questioning the Catholic faith on the door of the university, copies spread through Europe. Was excommunicated from the Church after refusing to recant. Demanded to be shown scripture that proved him wrong (there was none).

William and Mary (1689-1701)

Parliament successors to James II Brought in to rule England - Glorious Revolution; turn England into a constitutional monarchy

Serfs

Peasantry neither free or slaves, pay higher taxes, bound under the feudal system to work on lord's estate

Charles II (1660-1685)

Reigned during the Restoration, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland; The Merry Monarch, good relationship with Parliament

James II (1685-1688)

Reigns after Charles II Stubborn, reigned over England, Scotland, and Ireland Last Roman Catholic monarch

The Dutch Revolt

Revolt between Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands and Dutch Republic. They revolted against Spanish authority (Catholic Phillip II) for political and religious independence from Spain

Charles V, Holy Roman Emporer

Ruler of both Spanish Empire, Holy Roman Empire, and Habsburg Struggled to hold empire together against growing forces of Protestantism, increasing Ottoman and French pressue

Habsburgs

Rulers of the Holy Roman Empire

Peter I "the Great" (1689-1725)

Russian Czar Absolutist Monarch Continued fathers social/economic reforms and creates the table of ranks that consisted of 14 levels of service state Sought westernization St. Petersburg "Window of the West"

Intendants

Salary royal authorities/officials that have power over locals. Used instead of nobility as an attempt to go around the nobility

Feudalism

Social system in medieval Europe to deal with mobile marauding vikings in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service

Phillip of Spain II

Son of Charles V King of Spain and Portugal Supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England

Cardinal Mazarin

Successor to Cardinal Richelieu Laid the foundations for Louis XIV Raised taxes and sold offices to try and pay for Thirty Years war but instead caused the Fronde

"Ship Money"

Tax on medieval origin levied intermittently in the Kingdom of England Assessed typically on the inhabitants of coastal English areas One of the several taxes that English monarchs could levy without approval of Parliament

Alexis (1645-1676)

Tsar after Michael; Stresltsy 4 peasant revolts during his time (Salt, grain, copper tax, and Razan Revolt) Officially made serfs unable to leave land and hereditary

The Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire that grew to be one of the most powerful states during the 15th and 16th century; mostly Muslim subjects

Anne (1701-14)

Tzar after Peter II Abolished Privacy Council, moved capital to St. Petersburg

Gabelle

Unpopular tax on salt

Armanianism

Within Protestantism; based on theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed Jacobus Arminius and his historic supporters known as Reonstrants

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Written by John Locke Started the "tabula rasa theory" that the human mind is blank until filled with experiences that allow a person to think differently; Locke argued that all humans enter the world as a blank page only experiences and senses shape character

Second Treatise of Government

Written by John Locke, rejected absolute government that based political authority on patriarchal model and portrayed the natural human state as one of perfect freedom and equality in which everyone enjoyed natural rights, liberty, and property

Leviathan

Written by Thomas Hobbes maintaining that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract

Religious Peace of Augsburg

treaty between Charles V and the league of Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire ending religious struggle between Catholic and Lutheran