HY 103 Exam 1
Marco Polo
(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period. Wrote his book while in prison in Italy trying to get out (so may not be true) Tells fantastic half-truths about China
The "Price Revolution"
100 year period where prices in Spain rise by a lot (~600%) Spanish people prefer to buy imports because they're cheaper
Ottoman Empire
A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. Takes over the Byzantine Empire
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. Notes: Bright, educated woman (her tutor taught John Smith), literate (best literacy rates at the time) Early 1630s: she says that God is speaking to her She is disrupting the natural order Argues with John Winthrop and is exiled She thinks she has the right to be in charge, Winthrop does not agree and exiles her By 1650: women outnumbered men 2 to 1 in church membership in New England They can't be preachers or church officials, but their opinions are what church officials look to
William Penn
A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
Coverture
A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions Notes: Husbands legal existence covers the wife's after they get married Women don't exist after they get married
joint-stock corporation
A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that facilitated the colonization of North America. In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to their share of the total investment.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. Notes: Goal of the Puritans is to remove catholic influence Start to argue that social decisions shouldn't be based upon your earth but by your actions Late 1500s - King James Wore bright colors Believed alcohol was for man's enjoyment from God Goal is to give each family enough so that they don't have to work for someone else for wages
Northwest Passage
A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.
Sir Walter Raleigh
An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony." Notes: Says "Indian gold" disturbs the peace in Europe English, under him, make attempts to stay away from the Spanish and go to the Chesapeake area Funds a colony in today north Carolina, Roanoke Roanoke leader is murdered because the English need food, they starve and are rescued In 1585 - they try again and the ship got caught up and didn't come back for a while The colonists all died
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought Notes: Believes there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world (gold and silver in their minds) People want to control markets and raw materials politically, so they only want to trade within their political system
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. Notes: Elected governor of Massachusetts Bay Company
Moctezuma II
Aztec emperor who died while in custody of the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.
Nixtamalization
Boiling maize in a solution of water and mineral lime to break down compounds in the kernels, increasing their nutritional value. Notes: process of putting the nutrients in the corn by soaking it in ash
Christendom
Christian-dominated Western Europe of the Middle Ages Latin Speaking Christians Byzantine empire walls off Europe from the Middle East They think of themselves as civilized, and Europe is wild
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Claimed Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth Notes: Thinks the Irish should be grateful to the English and telling them that their society is wrong and they need the English to make it better If you cooperate, you're a pet If you resist you're a dangerous savage that needs to be destroyed
Christopher Columbus
Columbus is a product of increasing dominance Deeply religious, concerned about Muslims controlling Jerusalem Reads Marco Polo, comes up with a big long term plan to extend the Reconquista to Jerusalem Wants to convert Chinese to Christianity and take over Jerusalem Columbus underestimated the size of the Earth greatly, thought it was much smaller Portuguese aren't interested in his plan, English aren't either Spanish just unified through the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella If this voyage was successful, they would become much more powerful After about 3 weeks, they spot first an island (somewhere in the Caribbean) Columbus calls it Hispanola Convinced he is correct and that he found India/China ... calls the people "Indians" Reports back about the Indians; no clothes, weapons, we can order them to do what we want Santa Maria wrecks in a storm, not everyone can come back, they make a fort (Indians kill those people) Columbus is really looking for gold to make sure these trips are worth it Until 1519: New Spain means a bunch of islands in the Caribbean Put on trial for being a terrible governor but acquitted
Dynastic Competition
Competition basically between kings A major factor in Spain and Portugal trying to outdo each other in late 1400s early 1500s
Cabeza de Vaca
De Vaca argues that rather than raiding and taking slaves, Spain would be better served to just incorporate these people peacefully and profit off of their labor that way Both (bartolome de las cases and de vaca) argue that the policy of conquest should stop Notes: He winds up being sold into slavery Him and an Africa slave named Esteban get passed/sold from village to village further West; wind up on the Pueblo in today Arizona.... Shows that the native Americans have established trade networks The society that de Vaca finds himself in is pretty well established Epidemic starts among the Pueblo; de Vaca and Esteban get a reputation as healers of disease.... They tell the Pueblo that through prayer they healed them 1536 - another slave trade happens to De Vaca; he is "rescued"
Hernando de Soto
De soto and coronado failed missions Had gambling debts, left west out of Florida on an expedition First Europeans to see the Mississippi River They would come to villages, hold the chief hostage for food and guides Told the natives that he was an invincible God so they would not kill him Never finds another large empire like Tenochtitlan
Henry Hudson
Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans Notes: Bartolome and De Vaca both argue from different perspectives but the same point that the Native Americans should not be conquered but should be assimilated.
Opechancanough
Emperor's brother (Powhatan's brother) Has an idea for what to do with the white people who ask for food... kill them Once it becomes clear that Virginia is going to survive, he leads a surprise attack on the Virginians... kill 347 people Bloodiest Native American attack on English people (more than 1/3 of the colony killed) Virginia survived 1644 - he tries again, but Virginia has grown; the attack wasn't as proportional (400 killed) 1646 - the English were afraid of him Most persistent voice among the Powhatan about killing the English
Quakers
English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania Notes: Sit in silence in meetings Extreme pacifists Women are allowed to speak in meetings and have leadership roles (considered odd by other people)
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596) Notes: One of the most successful privateers (Spanish word: Pirate) Involved in the defense of England during the Spanish armada Twice a year, Spanish treasure fleet goes from new world to old world ... when they're assembling from various Spanish outposts you attack
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
Founded St. Augustine, FL, the oldest permanent colony in the United States, for Spain; French protestant; tries to convert the Natives People didn't want to go to Florida Florida fails, they've got the Pueblo... RESULT:stops the expansion of New Spain, their frontiers hardened
Jesuit Order
Founded in 1540s, Ignacia de Loyola Among the best educators in the world for centuries "Pope's marines/God's marines" Go among the natives and preach
Anthony Johnson
From present day Angola Brought as a slave In early 1650s, bought his own freedom and 200acre tobacco farm The buys what he needs to work the farm: slaves His neighbor induced one of his slaves and took him to work his farm Anthony Johnson sued his neighbor for the return of his slave... won By the 1690s this would no longer have been possible
"Bible Commonwealth"
Government in which religious officials make civil rules. Name for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints Notes: Publically: don't talk back to the governor Privately: don't talk back to our husband
Guanache
Guanache: people of the Canary Islands Portuguese showed up, these people did not have concept of Christianity, money "They are animals" because they lack these things For 5 years, the Portuguese try to overtake them and convert them Guanache don't have horses/ other animals Guanache don't have metal Portuguese have war dogs (Mastiffs kept hungry and trained to be vicious) Guanache don't have the ANTIBODIES or knowledge to fight diseases from Portuguese Guanache were wiped out completely (language, culture, whole way of life)
John Rolfe
He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. Notes: John Smith runs Jamestown 1608- Smith basically establishes a dictatorship at Jamestown Tells the noblemen, "If you will not work, you shall not eat" John Smith sets up a factory to make trade goods near Powhatan in exchange for corn Comes from an agricultural place in England Gets educated and becomes a soldier A lot of what we know about his life comes from him (may/may not be true) He fights in the war against the Ottomans 1608- Basically establishes a dictatorship at Jamestown
Hernan Cortes
Hernan Cortes is the son of a poor nobleman in Spain Can be addressed as senor, but that's basically it Cortes goes to University, starts studying law, then goes to New Spain to make his fortune Shows up in Cuba, finds a community of Veracruz, brings his ships and burn them ... "we win or we die" Sets up a community, they make him mayor, declares the royal governor of Cuba is a tyrant; Cortes declares himself a direct subordinate of Charles V Starts going from village to village, discovers a very powerful city Cortes offers villages protection of the Spanish crown from the Aztecs They arrive at Tenochtitlan, he meets Montezuma II Kidnap Montezuma, destroy the Aztecs
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. Pushed out of the way by Ottomans, becomes Istanbul Silk, sugar, spices come down the silk road to Byzantium
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Phillip II
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.
Zheng He
Makes a series of expeditions through the Indian ocean Very large Chinese navy force (like 60 ships, 25000 person crew) They get about as far as Madagascar China pulls the money (doesn't want to spend money on exploration when everyone is coming to them)
The "Columbian Exchange"
Movement of people and goods between the eastern and western hemisphere In the western hemisphere, it's the coming of invasive organisms: pigs, smallpox, spainards In Europe and Africa, it means new food sources In Europe people subsisted mainly on grain Rich people in 1520 eat wheat. Barley because it makes beer
The "black Spanish" myth
Myth concocted to get people to want to go fight Spain in the new world Black = bad in this period Painting of Spaniards fighting the Indians, portrays the Indians as innocent English use the idea that they are different from the Spanish Spanish go to conquer, English to go help Massachusetts Bay company seal: Indian saying "come help us"
Canary Islands
Not uninhabited; had a population settled there, were known to Rome but when Roman civilization fell, they lost knowledge of these people for 2 years Cash crop in the canary islands is sugar cane It takes a lot of acreage of sugar cane to make sugar Very labor intensive, need slaves Force Guanache to work, they die --- turn to African slaves (congo and benine territories)
Indentured Servitude
Notes: 2 reasons to come to the colonies 1.Before 1650: when you get to the end of your indenture, you get 50 acres Can set you up as a small tobacco farm; make your fortune There is no chance for this opportunity in England 2.Diet was monotonous/bland, but you're getting a lot more food and calories than you would have in England
Ceilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore
Notes: Catholics that come to establish Maryland This comes closer to our vision of liberty of conscious Catholics come for probably the most religious liberty
Independent Competency
Notes: Concept for puritans when they distributed farms Enough land (100-200 acres) to feed your family without support from anyone else Goal of puritan household (the man) Puritans come from a place of economic oppression so they want independent competency
Sumptuary Laws
Notes: rules restricting the clothing of the lower classes Considered right and proper by Puritan understandings Everyone is a part of the commonwealth, but there is a rigorous class structure within it Puritans want an orderly society; people at the top must be treated with respect
Ryaninjun
Now Boston Brown Bread Mixture of 2 inferior flours that they eat to keep themselves alive Rye and Corn
George Thorp
One of the people killed in the 1622 attack Said that in Jamestown they weren't treating the Powhatan with their good Christian Authority Killed by the Powhatan
Powhatan (Wahansunacock)
Powhatan tribe leader Ruled over about 24,000 people Sets various groups inside his territory into a sort of alliance together The natives in this region have learned that when the white people show up it's not good Move from village to village as the seasons change
William Berkeley
Pronounced barkley Governor of Virginia for almost 30 years High nobility; friends with the king who makes him the royal governor When new settlers come, he decides what land everyone gets Because of its status as a royal colony, the king owns the land but Berkley has the right to dispense it Every year he has to pay a quitrent
Quitrent
Royal colonies (not Puritans) Fee you pay to the real owner of your land (crown governer), they can take it away if you don't pay
Malintzin
She stays with Cortes from 1519-1592 Acts as a translator Apparently the daughter of a Myan chitlan who had been taken captive Cortes had a son with her, speaks of her as the woman who translated for them in only 2 letters
Ecomiendas (1500's)
Spanish government issued this, gave Spanish settlers the right to demand taxes or labor from people living on the land Responsibility's of settlers: pay and look after Native Americans teach them Christianity *this system was abused* Notes: Cortes had the right to the enforced labor of 3000 people in Mexico An estate; the solider who gets it has the right to tell the people there to work for them for a year Cortes gets a huge one, his officers get smaller ones This forced labor system wipes out native populations (malnourishment, forces them together, causes diseases) Makes all soldiers want to become officers so that they can get rich Spanish empire is constantly wanting to expand as groups of soldiers are trying to find the next empire and get rich.
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors (Muslims who conquered Spain in the 740s)
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia Notes: In the colony of Virginia (because the Virginia Company sets it up) Virginia Co. named after Elizabeth I (the virgin queen) By the time they get a settlement going in the New World, James is the King 1607- first colony planted; they know swamps are unhealthy and not to build there, but they do James river current is strong; keeps Spanish away They show up with a bunch of "Gentlemen" (wealthy men who don't work with their hands)
English Civil Wars
The religious wars in England in the mid 1600's which led to a Puritan England, won by the Puritans under Oliver Cromwell Notes: 1634 - English civil war ends with a Royal defeat Parliament tries Charles Stewart for crimes against Charles I (himself) Charles Stewart has sinned against his office, basically tried for Treason January 1649 - King's head is chopped off Puritans don't need to build a city on a hill in Boston... they have London! England has no king for some time Emigration in Boston; a lot of people go back to England
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Wants to go find the 7 cities of gold that all the Pueblos talk about Indians agree to give Coronado a guide to take him to the gold Travels from Arizona to Kansas... they get to the Wichiaw tribe and there's no gold; the guide led them on a suicide mission 1540s - Coranado has a compass and finds his way back to the Pueblo and takes hostages and kills them Spanish authorities arrest him; policy now is to change the Indians minds not just to kill individuals
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Notes: Comes up with the belief that the Catholic church is misguided A war goes until 1555 that depopulates central Germany Causes the Spaniards to spread TRUE Christianity (Catholicism) against the protestants
Franciscan Order
a group of Catholic priests who took a vow of poverty, chastity, and obedience and worked with the poor and lower classes Notes: Franciscan order goes trying to convert the Natives in St. Augustine
West India Company
seventeenth-century Dutch trading company formed to compete with Spain in North and South America; the company established trading posts in Africa, the Caribbean, Brazil, and North America, including New Amsterdam, which later became New York; it was also involved in the slave trade
Indenture
the written agreement between the corporation and the lender detailing the terms of the debt issue