IB History Test Paper 1 2017
Rosa Parks
African American Civil Rights Activist. "First lady of civil rights." - 1955; refused to give up seat in a segregated bus. - Arrested and fined. - Actions prompted Montgomery Bus Boycott
Disenfranchisement
Bring deprived of the right to vote
Emmett Till Case
- 1955 - Murder of 14 yr old Emmett Till - On a dare, Emmett flirted with a white woman, saying "bye baby." - Nights later, the woman's husband and his brother forced Till into their car and drove away - Body was found in river; desecrated - Despite overwhelming evidence and eye witness testimony, the two men were found not guilty - Till had an open casket so that viewers could see the violence taken against him. -The murder of Emmett Till had powerful impact on blacks who would soon demand justice and freedom in new ways - Supreme Court's decision fueled violent backlash against black citizens by gangs of whites who committed burnings, lynchings, and beatings - White perpetrators were usually given immunity, since all white juries refused to convict whites for killing blacks.
the African National Congress (ANC)
- 1955: Adopted Freedom Charter - 1956: Mandela is arrested and joined 155 others for trial for treason - 1959: Africanists who object to the ANC's growing co-operation with white and Indian people break away to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). - 1960: After Sharpville, a state of emergency is declared; the ANC and PAC are banned; ANC president, Luthuli, wins Nobel peace prize - 1961: ANC launches MK, which launched 200 acts of sabotage in 18 month - 1962: Mandela is arrested and sentences - 1963: Rivonia raid leads to the arrest of leadership - 1964: MK leaders and Mandela are sentenced to life in prison
Nelson Mandela
- 1956: Arrested on T\treason charges for calling for a nonracial state in South Africa - 1960: After the killings in Sharpville and the South African gatherings ban, he (along with members of the ANC) begin planning underground a direct attack on the apartheid government - 1961: Acquitted of treason; goes underground - 1961: Helped ANC form a guerrilla army called MK - 1962: Arrested; convicted of leaving the country illegally and incitement to strike, sentenced to 5 years - 1963: After the police raid a farm in Rivonia, is put on trial - 1964: Sentenced to life in prison (would be in prison for 18 years)
Freedom Rides
- 1961 - Busloads of volunteers of mixed raced waged a cross-country campaign to end the segregation of bus terminals - Purpose was to test the Supreme Court ruling that seating on interstate buses and trains was unconstitutional - Met with violence - Local segregation laws used to arrest freedom riders - When one group was savagely beaten in Montgomery, Alabama, one of President Kennedy's rep. was knocked unconscious - Kennedy used this as justification to send 600 federal marshals in a showdown between Alabama and the federal government - Kennedy made a deal with Democratic governors and congressmen; he would not send federal troops as long as no more mob violence was used against the riders
Assassination of President Kennedy
- 1963 - Johnson became president - changed the political climate of the CRM; as he was responsible for many civil rights legislations
Freedom Summer
- 1964 - Organized by CORE, and SNCC - Voter registration drive in Mississippi - Those completing registration and volunteering were attacked by KKK, local authorities, and state authorities
Sit-In Campaigns (1960)
- After being refused service at a Woolworth's in NC, Joseph McNeill and 3 friends returned to sit at a counter until served - Prompted more students, black and white, to join them - Protesters were beaten, doused with ammonia, incurred heavy court fines, and were imprisoned - New waves of students continued the movement - Eventually, police had orders not to arrest demonstrators due to national publicity - During the presidential campaign, Senator John F. Kennedy spoke on the issue; one of the few timed a candidate had addressed a civil rights issue during a campaign
Segregation of Education (Bantu Education Act)
- Bantu Education Act - Major provision was enforcing the legal segregation of educational facilities
Segregation of Populations and Amenities
- Began after National Party gained power in South Africa in 1948 - All white government began enforcing policies under the system apartheid - Populations forced to use separate public facilities - contact between populations were limited
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- Created in 1957 by 60 black ministers - MLK Jr. was president - dedicated to abolishing legalized segregation and ending the disenfranchisement of black southerners in a non-violent manner - 1961: Initiated first action campaign in Albany, GA with a series of marches to protest segregation and discrimination (this plan failed) - 1963: Successful four month campaign in Birmingham, Alabama - 1963: Led Kennedy to call for a national civil rights act - 1964: Campaign in Selma led to President Johnson's support for the passage of the voting rights act
Little Rock Nine
- Desegregation of Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas - 9 students who were chosen by the NAACP would be the first to integrate into a white high school. - Image: Elizabeth Eckford (bus stop) - The students tried to enter the school several times, and were accosted by a mob.
Bus Boycotts during the Apartheid
- Economic boycotts - Started after Rosa Parks
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
- Founded in 1960 by young people who emerged as leaders of the sit-in protests in North Carolina - Remained fiercely independent from the SCLC and MLK
Governor Faubus
- Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to monitor the school, and keep the Little Rock 9 from entering - Judge Davies granted an injunction against Faubus, however a mob of 1000 prevented them from entering the school - President Eisenhower ordered 1000 paratroopers and 10000 National Guardsmen to Little Rock to aid the integration; some guards stayed with the students for a year
Civil rights for minorities (Hispanics, Asian Americans, Homophile movement)
- Hispanics lost ground as mass deportation for immigrants occurred; caused by Operation Wetback - Educational segregation in SW schools - Reemergence of Women's Rights in the 1960s; resulted in significant gains - Adoption of the prohibition of inequality based on gender - Asian Americans found themselves the targets of possible deportation following Communist takeover in China - The Homophile movement grew; "bar culture resistance"
Birmingham 1963
- KKK bombed Baptist church, killing four young girls - Bombing was a warning - By the end of the day, riots and fires broke out - 2 more teenagers die - This shocked the nation and galvanized the CRM
What led to the decision to adopt "the armed struggle?"
- Main liberation movements adopted armed struggle after decades of police protests and non-violent civil disobedience failed to yield results, and after the apartheid government responded to anti-apartheid organization with incredibly violent repression - in response to Sharpville massacre and the government declaring the Pan Africanist Congress and African National Congress illegal, and detaining organizations of armed wings, such as the MK. - the ANC did not believe that the apartheid could be defeated militarily, but that the armed struggle was a representation of a larger struggle. Along with mass mobilization and resistance -- there would be international economic and political pressure to end apartheid.
MK (Unkhonto we Sizwe - Spear of the Nation)
- Militant wing that adopted the "armed struggle" with a series of sabotage campaigns - 1961: MK is formed by the ANC with SACP; formation is announced by a series of bomb blasts - 1963: Rivonia trial
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- Mission was to develop ways to create social equality - Provided legal and financial assistance; appealed various levels of government to change American society - 1954: Brown v. Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson ruling - 1955: Secretary of NAACP, Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat. - 1957: President of NAACP Arkansas Branch, Daisy Bates, leads the Little Rock Nine, as they fight to desegregate Arkansas schools - 1964-65: NAACP played a pivotal role in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965
the Sharpville Massacre (1960)
- Occurred after a day of protests against the pass laws - A group between 5-10 thousand converged on a local police station offering themselves up for arrest for not carry passbooks - South African Police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 - After the killings, the South African government bans black political groups and gatherings
Martin Luther King Jr.
- Pastor and Civil Rights Activist - 1954: became the pastor of Dexter Avenue Church in Montgomery, Alabama - 1955: Became involved and organized the Montgomery Improvement Association; the Montgomery Bus Boycott (would catalyze him as America's crusader - 1963: Arrested during sit in demonstrations held in Birmingham Alabama to protest public accommodations in eating facilities; while in jail wrote, "letters from a Birmingham Jail." - 1963: Delivered "I Have a Dream Speech." - 1964: Received the Novel Peace Prize in Norway
Birmingham Campaign
- Police Commissioner Bull Connor intimidated demonstrators by dogs and high pressure fire hoses -
1962 Mississippi Riot
- President Kennedy ordered marshals to escort James Meredith, the first black student to enroll a the U. of Mississippi - A riot broke out before the National Guard could arrive; 2 students were killed.
Lyndon B. Johnson
- President after Kennedy's assassination - MLK told Johnson that the greatest tribute to Kennedy's memory would be to enact policies that Kennedy believed in - immediately intensified the campaign for a major civil rights bill - Had compassion for the courageous struggles of the CRM - took advantage of the national sympathy from Kennedy's death to pass the civil rights bill
Divisions and Classifications during Apartheid
- Racial classification was the foundation of all apartheid laws - Native (Black) - Coloured (Mixed) - Asian (Indian) - White
Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up seat near the front of the bus to a white man - Following night, leaders (including MLK) met to discuss the issues, and organized a bus boycott - Boycott deprived the bus company of 65% of its income - Whites and African Americans organized "carpools"; whites risked arrest if found with African Americans in their cars - Dr King arrested - 8 months later, Supreme Court decided, based on the school segregation cases, that bus segregation violated the constitution
Voting Rights Act (1965)
- Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson - Prohibits racial discrimination in voting
1957 Civil Rights Act
- Signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower - First Civil Rights Bill since Reconstruction - Created the independent US Commission on Civil Rights
1963 March on Washington
- Symbolizes the CRM - Dr. King gave "I have a dream speech." - People worried that few people would attend and that violence would erupt; 200,000 civil rights marchers occupied Washington
KKK
- White supremacist group responsible for the beatings, lynchings, and murders of African Americans during the CRM - Experienced a rise in 1954 after Brown v. Board
Grand Apartheid Legislation
- comprehensive racial segregation and measures
Civil Rights Act (1964)
- ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin - First proposed by John F. Kennedy - Signed into office by Johnson - Later, congress would expand the act by adding additional legislation
Pass Laws
- form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization and allocate migrant labor
President Johnson
- immediately intensified the campaign for a major civil rights bill - Had compassion for the courageous struggles of the CRM - took advantage of the national sympathy from Kennedy's death to pass the civil rights bill - 1964, Johnson formally signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Racism and Violence against African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement
- lynchings - burnings - beatings - murder for voting registration
De Facto Segregation
- occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up by private pressure, lead to separation
Petty Apartheid Legislation
- practice of segregation in the routine of daily life
De Jure Segregation
- segregation (seperation) enforced by law
Jim Crow Laws
- segregation and disenfranchisement laws that represented a formal, codified system of racial apartheid in the American South - laws affected
Nation of Black Islam (Black Muslims)
- stated goal was to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition - Members have been described as black supremacist and antisemitic
Freedom Charter
- statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance (African National Congress and its allies: the South African Indian Congress and the South African Congress of Democrats, and the Colored People's Congress) - Characterized by opening line: The People Shall Govern! - Adopted 1955
Massive Resistance
- strategy used by to unite white politicians and leaders in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation - Used particularly after the Brown. V. Board decision - Many schools and even an entire school system were shut down to block integration
Albert Luthuli
- was a South African teacher and politician who fought for civil rights - Elected into the presidency of the ANC - actively participated in the movement against the white minority government in South Africa and the pass law - banned, arrested, and poisoned several times by the government - succeeded in establishing peace and equality for his country people despite these roadblocks - Honored with Novel Peace Price for 1960.
Creation of Townships/Forced removals
-Black people from white areas and the creation of black homelands - Townships were usually built on the perimeters of towns and cities - These townships were not always sanitary
the South African Communist Party (SACP)
1956-1961: Leader, Bram Fischer helps defend leaders of anti-apartheid movement during the treason trial 1959: First issue of The African Communist is published, but not under the name of the party 1964: Specialized training in guerrilla warfare is organized for ANC and SACP leadership 1966: Bram Fischer is found guilty of violating the suppression of communism act and conspiring to commit sabotage
Paper 1 Question 1A
Identify 3 distinct pieces of information from the source without quoting verbatim
Paper 1 Question 1B
Explain the purpose of the image, and make at lease 2 valid points
CRM Book Title and Author
Eyes on the Prize by Juan Williams
Paper 1 Question 2
OPCVL. One paragraph per source. Explicitly use words "origin," "Purpose..."
Apartheid Book Title and Author
Saul Dubow
Paper 1 Question 3
Two paragraphs; compare and contrast; use quotes to support.
Defiance Campaign
- 1952 - First large-scale multi-racial political mobilization against Apartheid law under a common leadership - led by the African National Congress, South African Indian Congress, and the Colored People's Congress
Brown v. Board
- 1954 - Class Action - Justice Warren ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional - Overthrew the 1896 Plessy V. Ferguson ruling on "separate but equal precedents."
Malcolm X
- 1954: Becomes minister of Temple Number Seven - 1960: Meets with Fidel Castro - 1963: Is suspended from the Nation of Islam due to "Chickens Come Home to Roost" speech about the assassination of Kennedy - 1964: Breaks away from the Nation of Islam and former the Muslim Mosque, Inc. - 1964: Malcolm X meets Martin Luther King Jr. - 1964: Formes the organization for Afro-American Unity - 1965: Assassinated
the Rivonia Trial (1963-1964)
- "The trial that changed South Africa" - Trial of 10 leading opponents of Apartheid - Police raided a farm in Livonia and found documents outlining plans for guerrilla warfare - Trial established Mandela's central role in the struggle to end Apartheid - Mandela made a speech which condemned the court for appearing illegitimate - led to the imprisonment of Mandela and the others who were convicted of sabotage (for organizing guerrilla warfare) and sentenced to life. - The imprisoned were not released until the end of apartheid
Paper 1 Question 4
Include thesis; use all 5 sources; use 3 pieces of outside knowledge; do not summarize sources; draw from both sources and include outside information
