IC Quiz: Chapter 12 and 13
10. Identify the neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system
Peripheral nervous system neuroglia include satellite cells (amphicytes) and Schwann cells (neurilemmocytes)
18. Which of the following axons is myelinated: one that propagates action potentials at 50 meters per second, or one that carries them at 1 meter per second
Action potentials travel along myelinated axons at much higher speeds ; the axon with a propagation speed of 50 meters per second must be the myelinated axon.
15. Define action potential
An action potential is a propagated change in the transmembrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions.
15. Define reflex.
A reflex is rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus. It is an important mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.
2. Define spinal reflex
A spinal reflex is a rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli.
23. Differentiate between neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator
Both are compounds that are released by one neuron and affect another neuron. A neurotransmitter alters the transmembrane potential of the other neuron, whereas a neuromodulator alters the other neuron's response to specific neurotransmitters.
1. The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
9. Identify the neuroglia of the central nervous system
Central Nervous System neuroglia include ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
4. Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function?
Damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve, which is composed of both visceral and somatic motor fibers, would interfere with motor function.
20. If a synapse involves direct physical contact between cells it is termed ________ ; If a synapse involves a neurotransmitter, it is termed ________.
If a synapse involves direct physical contact between cells it is termed electrical ; If a synapse involves a neurotransmitter, it is termed chemical.
7. Classify Neurons according to their function
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
6. Differentiate between senstory nuclei and motor nuclei.
Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors. Motor nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral effectors.
3. Identify the two components of the efferent division of the PNS
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
5. Name structural components of a typical neuron
Structural components of a typical neuron include a cell body or soma, an axon, dendrites, telodendria, Nissl bodies, neurofilaments, intermediate neurotubules, neurofibrils, axoplasm, axolemma, initial segment, axon hilllock, and collaterals.
1. Name the components of the Central nervous system and of the peripheral nervous system.
The Central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, while the cranial nerves and spinal nerves constitute the peripheral nervous system.
2. Identify the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system, and cite their primary functions
The afferent division, which brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs, and the efferent division, which carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.
5. Where is the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord located?
The cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord is located in the subarachnoid space, which lies beneath the epithelium of the arachnoid mater and superficial to the pia mater.
16. What is the minimum number of neurons in a reflex arc?
The minimum number of neurons required for a reflex arc is two. One must be a sensory neuron that brings impulses to the CNS and the other a motor neuron that transmits a response to the effector.
17. What is the relationship between myelin and the propagation speed of action potentials?
The presence of myelin greatly increases the propagation speed of action potentials
12. Define the resting potential
The resting potential is the transmembrane potential of a normal cell under homeostatic conditions.
19. Describe the general structure of a synapse
The site where a neuron communicates with another cell, are a presynaptic cell and a postsynaptic cell, whose plasma membranes are separated by a narrow synaptic cleft.
11. Which type of neuroglia would occur in larger-than-normal numbers in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection?
The small phagocytic cells called microglia occur in increased numbers in infected (and damaged) areas of CNS.
17. One of the first reflexes to develop is the suckling reflex. Which type of reflex is this?
The suckling reflex is an innate reflex.
3. Identify the three spinal meninges
The three spinal meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.