ICAs 5-8 (Test 2)

An algorithm is:

A formula or set of rules that guarantees a a problem's solution

One tends to rely on one's customary problem-solving patterns in new situations. This is called:

A mental set

Consider how the building blocks of language are usually expressed in writing. A word would be classified as ________, while a letter would be classified as ________.

A morpheme; A phoneme

A heuristic is:

A problem-solving strategy that employs a "rule of thumb" approach

Learning does not include:

Adaptation

Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's case demonstrates _________ amnesia.

Anterograde

The ________ with other parts of the brain to produce speech and comprehend language.

Broca's and Wernicke's areas

With respect to theories of language development, _______ supports the "nature" perspective, while _______ supports the "nurture" perspective.

Chomsky; Skinner

Shane needs to learn a long list of biology terms. Shane increases his short-term memory capacity by composing few sentences, each containing several related terms. Shane is using a strategy called:

Chunking

_______ is the mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge.

Cognition

When a CS is presented repeatedly without the US, the CR ________ in a process called________

Decreases; Extinction

Alzheimer's disease was discovered in the:

Early 1900s

What is the first step in the memory process?

Encoding

The similarity between the learning context and retrieval context influences memory. This phenomenon is known as the _______ effect.

Encoding specificity

Ivan Pavlov investigated how organisms:

Form associations between stimuli

Georgia's grandmother suffers from anterograde amnesia. This means that she is unable to:

Form new memories

Rules are the basis for ________ concepts, while experience is the basis for _______ concepts.

Formal; Natural

The case of Harvard neuroscientist Dr. Jill Bolte attests to the role of the ________ lobe in processing emotions, making plans, and controlling impulses.

Frontal

Insight is associated with increased activity in the ________ lobes.

Frontal and temporal

58. At a faculty-student mixer, Dorian's psychology professor introduces him to a researcher from the linguistics department. Dorian's professor remarks that the linguist is "one of the world's most prominent syntacticians." Based on his study of the psychology of language, Dorian guesses that the linguist studies:

Grammar

Kareem no longer responds when his mother yells his name since he has become accustomed to hearing it. He is demonstrating a basic form of learning called:

Habituation

Mean-ends analyses and forming subgoals are examples of problem-solving:

Heuristics

People tend to believe that they could have predicted the outcome of an event. This is called:

Hindsight bias

Clive Wearing developed a brain infection known as viral encephalitis that prevented him from forming new memories. Which brain structure involved in the creation of memories was damaged?

Hippocampus

The cerebellum and the amygdala are involved in memory formation.

Implicit

Extinction and spontaneous recovery can take place:

In both classical and operant conditioning

_______, the sudden awareness of a problem's solution, is often (and aptly) represented by a light bulb over a thinker's head.

Insight

Partial reinforcement is the same thing as _______ reinforcement

Intermittent

One uses ______ rehearsal when one deliberately repeats information to oneself to keep it alive in short-term memory

Maintenance

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. In Tolman's terms, Neil is using a cognitive:

Map

"Cramming" for tests is an example of:

Massed practice

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor sat, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is collected, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

Memory

The encoding specificity principle is closely related to the concept of:

Mood congruence

Zack imitates his trainer's stance when he performs a weightlifting exercise. In this instance, Zack is demonstrating:

Observational Learning

Episodic memory is demonstrated in one's memory for:

One's first kiss

Thorndike and Skinner pioneered the study of:

Operant conditioning

Research by Cole and his colleagues (2008) and Greitemeyer (2009) indicates that pro-social media messages can encourage:

Pro-social thoughts as well as pro-social behavior

A multiple-choice question asks students to select the brain area most involved in the emotion from among several possibilities. Such a question is a ________ test of _______ memory.

Recognition; Explicit

Ramira is taking a history test. Which memory process is Ramira using to answer the test questions?

Retrieval

Regarding its role in memory, the prefrontal cortex is essential for:

Retrieval

The Bobo doll study showed that children were more likely to copy models who were ______ for their aggressive behaviors, and less likely to copy models who were ____ for their aggressive behaviors.

Rewarded; Punished

Iconic memory and echoic memory are types of _____ memory.

Sensory

The primacy and recency effects are components of the ______ effect.

Serial position

The tendency for new and inaccurate information obtained after an incident to distort one's memory of that event is called the _______ effect.

Serial position

The "middle" stage in the information-processing model of memory is _____ memory.

Short-term

Observational learning is also called:

Social Learning

A stroke damages a portion of Mr. Lewis's temporal lobe. His _______ memory may be damaged as a result.

Spatial

42. "I could use some Tide," Monique mentions as she enters an unfamiliar discount store. "Excuse me. Where could we find the laundry detergent?" Monique's friend asks a nearby sales associate. "Aisle 8, in cleaning products," the associate responds. Monique is referring to the _____ level in the concept hierarchy. Her friend is referencing the _____ level. Finally, the associate is identifying the _____ level.

Subordinate; Midlevel; Superorindinate

The rules governing how words and phrases may be ordered to create legitimate sentences are referred to as:

Syntax

What commonly builds up in the brains of those with Alzheimer's diseases and those with chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Tau proteins

Where are spatial memories stored in the brain?

Temporal lobe

Memory refers to:

The brain processes involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Ebbinghaus is associated with:

The curve of forgetting

_______ is when the wording of questions of the context of a problem influences the outcome of a decision.

The framing effect

A study skills booklet advises students to focus on the meaning of important passages in their textbooks. This advice is inspired by:

The levels of processing approach to memory

"Thinking deeply about material leads to better memory than simply repeating it to oneself." This statement expresses the key insight of:

The levels of processing framework

Tanner's study partner asks him, "Which German physiologist is associated with the trichromatic theory of color vision?" "Um... von...von.... I know it! 'H' something...," Tanner manages. Tanner is experiencing:

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

_______ involves transforming information to make a decision, reach a solution, or form a belief.

Thinking

Since a bright light causes one to blink reflexively, blinking would be described as an:

Unconditioned response

Jamie is trying to remember where she left her algebra textbook. She uses her ______ to produce a mental layout of her bedroom in order to determine where she last saw it.

Visuospatial sketchpad