ID120 ch. 6 The Metis
What is the Metis National Council comprised of today? (5 provincial Metis organizations)
1. The Metis Provincial Council of British Columbia 2. Metis Nation of Alberta 3. Metis Nation of Saskatchewan 4. Manitoba Metis Federation 5. Metis Nation of Ontario
What did the Metis National Council declare Metis as being defined in 2002?
A person who self-identifies as Metis, is of historic Metis Nation Ancestry, is distinct from other Aboriginal peoples and is accepted by the Metis Nation
What was the central demand of the Metis Bill of Rights?
Acknowledgement of the Metis nation
When did the Metis form a provisional government? what did it directly follow?
February 1870 after a party of Canadian officials attempted to infiltrate their territory
Who were active participants in the fur trade and were valued partners for European traders?
Indigenous women
How was the process of Scrip complicated?
Individuals had to file an application with a federally appointed land commissioner. The applications were known as Manitoba Act Affidavids
What is the pemmican Proclamation? Why was it implemented?
It was implemented because When the Metis settled on the Red River and became trade agents they brought competition to the Hudson's Bay Company It prohibited the export of pemmican
What was the main purpose of the June bison hunt? the autumn one?
June - pay of HBC debts Autumn - secure provisions for the winter
Where were the first French Coureurs de bois located?
Lower St. Lawrence
What were some other negative aspects of the Dominion Lands act?
the provisions of this act were being imposed on the Metis w/out negotiation and the bulk of it was too far away from it for them to practically use, so too were the gov't offices that processed the land transactions
What happened to the economy of the Metis in the 1840s? why was this?
they experienced an economic boom largely due to the biannual bison hunt
Metis communities ________ (West/east) of manitoba are often considered more authentic than the other
west
The Law of the Prairie
1. No buffalo run on the Sabbath Day 2. No Party in to fork off or lag or go before (to hunt bison) wothout permission 3. No person or party to run buffalo before the general order 4. Every captain, with his men, in turn to patrol camp and keep guard 5. For the first trespass against these laws, the offender must have his saddle and bridle cut up 6. For the second offence, his coat is to be taken off his back and cut up 7. For the third offence, the offender is to be flogged 8. Any person convicted of theft, even to the value of sinew, to be brought to the middle of the camp, and the crier is to call out his name three times, adding the word "thief" each time
What did the Metis do in response to the the Rupert's land negotiation in 1868? who led them in this?
Louis Riel lead the Metis to block the land Surveyors' access to the Red River Colony, on the basis that they threatened to establish a new land allocation system
When did the Metis resistance end?
May 1885
What does MAA stand for? When did it begin?
Metis Association of Alberta (1928)
What is the mixed ancestry of Newfoundland and Labrador?
Mi'kmaq/Maliseet and French/British
What is the language of Metis people?
Michif
After the events of 1869 and the failed land distribution, where did thousands of Metis migrate to?
Northern Manitoba, west into Saskatchewan and Alberta and formed Batoche, Duck Lake, and Buffalo Lake
What happened to Rupert's land in 1868?
Ottawa negotiated the purchase of it from the HBC company ignoring the Metis sovereignty This also temporarily united the Metis people despite their growing diversity
How did The Metis people negotiate?
People who participated represented their families rather than as a collective group
Why were the trade restrictions on the Metis lifted?
When the HBC cited its governing authority to convict the Metis trader Guillaume Sayer for violating the Rupert's land trade monopoly During the trial a massive demonstration happened outside the classroom and made the judge waive the penelty and the HBC trade monopoly was no longer enforcable
What formed the base of the Atlantic Provinces economy?
fishing, hunting and trapping
Metis Bill of Rights
1. Halfbreeds of the North-West Territories be given grants similar to those accorded to the halfbreeds of Manitoba by the Act of 1870 2. That patents be issued to all half-breed and white settlers who have fairly earned the right of possession of their farms 3. That the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan be forthwith organized with legislatures of their own, so that the people may no longer be subject to the despotism 4. That in these new provincial legislatures, while representation according to population shall be the supreme principle, the Metis shall have a fair and reasonable share of representation 5. That the offices of trust throughout these provinces be given residents of country , as far as practicable, and that we denounce the appointment of disreputable outsiders and repudiate their authority 6. That this region be administered for the benefit of the actual settlers, and not for the advantage of alien speculator 7. That better provisions be made for the indians, the parliamentary grant to be increased and lands set apart as an endowment for the establishment of hospitals and schools for the use of whites, Halfbreeds, and Indians at such places as the legislatures may determines 8. That all the lawful customs and usages which obtain among the Metis be respected 9. That the land Department and the Dominion Government be administered as far as practicable from Winnipeg, so that settlers may not be compelled as heretofore to go to Ottawa for settlement of questions in dispute b/w them and the land commissioner 10. That the timber regulations be made more liberal, and that the settler be treated as having rights in this country
What were the demands of the petition that the MAA form in 1932?
1. assistance in obtaining land 2. improved education and health 3. free hunting and fishing permits
What is the Rupert's land trade monopoly dated back to?
167o Royal Charter
What is identified as many as the moment the Metis were born?
1816 in the battle of Seven Oaks
The Manitoba Act
1870 Created the province of Manitoba protection of specific rights to Red river residents Guaranteed that French would be taught in Roman Catholic Schools Crown protection of settled and related common lands Allocated 1.4 million acres of land to ensure the perpetuation of Metis communities in Manitoba
When was the Metis National Council founded? Why was it founded?
1983 1. to ensure that the Metis were represented at the First Minister's conference on constitutional and Native affairs 2. To ensure that they participated in full in the process of asserting their inherent rights to self-government and self-determination
When did the judge rule that the Metis had an existing Aboriginal right to hunt in the Powley Case?
1998
What year did the supreme court of Canada acknowledge that Metis had aboriginal rights?
2004
How many delegates did Riel send to Ottawa to negotiate the regions entry to Confederation? why did he do that?
3 because he was concerned about that their land holdings and powers of self-governance were being threatened
How did Norris propose we define Metis? Was this the new accepted definition?
Any person who had a drop of Indian blood in their veins who had not yet assimilated into Canadian society (the Ewing society rejected this def'n)
The Metis Nation Accord would only take affect if the _____________ Accord was enacted.
Charlottetown
Metis ancestors include...
Cree Ojibwa British French Orkneymen Scottish highlanders
When was Gabriel Dumont elected as president? What was the significance of this?
Dec. 10, 1873 8 councillors were elected and they would act as the police force enforcing 28 laws largely based on the rules of the hunt
What would the Metis Nation Accord do?
Extend first nation participation and representation in Canada Formally recognize the Metis right to self-government Signalled a commitment of Canada to address the roles and responsibilities of governments relating to the Metis 1st step of a relationship b/w the Metis and the Federal government Established triparite self-government negotiations among federal government, Metis governments and the respective provincial governments Committed financial resources to the negotiations Committed government to negotiate a land and resource base for Metis Committed government to enumerate the Metis ad establish a central registry Committed government to develop programs and services to the Metis, provide transfer payments to the Metis governments, support programs and services, preserve existing funding and services already provided to the Metis Committed government to preserve and protect Metis settlements in Alberta
What did the 'police force' do?
Protects the caravan from attack and guaranteed property against theft while people were engaged in the hunt
Where was a particularly important hub for fur trading in Ontario?
Sault St. Marie
What was the foundation of Metis culture shaken by in 1755 and 1763 and how was this overcome?
The Acadians were expelled by the Britsh and the Metis people over came this by relocating to modern-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Who announced in 1996 that the labrador Metis people were considered Aboriginal people?
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
What were the Metis recognized under in the constitutional act of 1982?
The aboriginal people of Canada, along with the indian and inuit population
When the Metis were moving into Western Canada and they had to develop and democracy where did these values come from?
The rules laid out in the bison hunts
What were some commonalities between the Manitoba act and the Dominion Lands Act?
They were delayed so long that they lost their value due to the influx of new settlers (a lot of Metis felt compelled to move even farther west)
What is the Metis distinct Cultural status based on?
Unique language Unique economies enduring political and social philosophies
What was St-Paul-de-Metis?
a farming colony designed to assist the Metis in becoming self-sufficient farmers (this failed)
What is Scrip?
a promissory note that could be exchanged for the same value in land (it was failed to be processed)
What was wrong with the Applications that the Metis had to fill out to receive scrip?
discrimination by the land commissioners government fraud frequent shortages of land
Was marriage between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal peoples encouraged or discouraged during the early days of the fur trade?
encouraged
Why was Roddy Powley charged in 1993?
hunting moose w/out a license unlawful possession of moose meat (contrary to Ontario's fish Game and Fish act)
How was a Metis person defined in 1940?
in terms of blood quantum: to be Metis, you had to have at least one quarter Indian blood.
What did the Metis resistance fighters refer to themselves as after the war?
la nouvelle nation
What did Metis originally mean?
people born from french fur traders and cree women of the prairies And of English and Scottish traders an Dene women in the North
What is the National voice of the Metis Nation?
the Metis National Council
What is Canada's only legislated, land-based Metis government?
the Metis Settlement
What happened after the trade restrictions were lifted?
the Metis could become more economically and politically entrenched (in a position of strength) the HBC was withdrawing from the region, indicating that the fur trade was slowly diminishing, Metis were in better economic shape
What happened before the bison hunt?
the group would assign ten captains, which would be assigned ten soldiers each each would be given a camp flag Once the flag was raised it meant that the guide was the chief of the expedition When it was lowered the captains and the soldiers duties began (this was essentially the police force)
