ielts cambridge book 5 test 3 passage 3- the return of artificial intelligence
(main sentence) The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines.
Structure: Master-slave compound sentence The goal [subject] was [verb] an attempt [predicative] to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. [ Attribute]
Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and(conjunction) a backlash ensued.
Structure: Parallel compound sentence Thinking computers and household robots [subject] failed [predicate] to materialize. [Object] A backlash [subject] ensued. [Predicate] materialise- v- تحقق یافتن - واقعیت یافتن- appear- emerge- happen backlash- n- adverse reaction- response- feedbak ensue- v- follow- to happen after or as a result of something- problems that ensue from food and medical shortages به دنبال چیزی یا در نتیجه چیزی روی دادن
AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s.
Structure: Simple sentence AI [subject] was [verb] big [predicative] in the 1980s [adverbial] but [conjunction] vanished [predicative] in the 1990s. [Adverbial]
After years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence' (AI) seems poised to make a comeback.
Structure: Simple sentence After years in the wilderness, [adverbial] the term [subject] 'artificial intelligence' (AI) [ appositive] seems [verb] poised to make a comeback. [Predicative] Depression after a few years, artificial intelligence (AI) This word seems ready to "comeback." poised- adj- ready He stood on the edge of the roof, poised to jump. def: completely ready to do something or for something to happen, when it is likely to happen soonpoised to do something Spain was poised to become the dominant power in Europe. comeback- n- بازگشت به وضع یا مقام یا قدرت سابق
Ironically, in some ways AI was a victim of its own success.
Structure: Simple sentence Ironically, [adverbial] in some ways [adverbial] AI [subject] was [verb] a victim [predicative] of its own success. [Attribute] Ironically- adv- طعنه آمیز- comically-
A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations.
Structure: Simple sentence The public [subject] reared on science-fiction movies [attribute] and [conjunction] excited by the growing power of computers [ attribute] had [predicate] high expectations. [Object] para: The public had great expectations, and they grew up in sci-fi movies, and the growing computer power aroused their interest.
By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.
Structure: Subordinate Clauses By the late 1980s, [adverbial] the term [subject] AI [appositive] was being avoided [predicate] by many researchers. [Adverbial] Many researchers [subject] opted [predicate] instead [adverbial] to align themselves with specific sub- disciplines [ object] such as neural networks, agent technology , case-based reasoning, and so on. [ Appositive] Instead, many researchers choose to enter certain branches, such as neural networks, agent technology, CBR, and so on. para: The late 1980s, many AI researchers are to avoid the word, but they choose to enter certain branches, such as neural networks, agent technology, CBR, and so on. align- v- join- enter sub- discipline- discipline- رشته تحصیلی - زمینه دانش- field- domain
(main clause) For years, AI researchers had implied that a (C1) breakthrough was just around the corner.
Structure: Subordinate Clauses For years, [adverbial] AI researcher [subject] had implied [predicate] something. [Object] A breakthrough [subject] was [verb] just [adverbial] around the corner. [Predicative] para: Over the years, artificial intelligence researchers have hinted that a breakthrough is imminent. implied- imply- v- indicate- mean- suggest- hint breakthrough- n- advance- progress-
(main clause) The expression provided an attractive but informative name for(C1=attributive) a research programme that(conjunction) encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science.
Structure: Subordinate Clauses The expression [subject] provided [predicate] an attractive but informative name [object] for a research programme. [Adverbial] A research programme [subject] encompassed [predicate] such previously disparate fields [object] as operations research, cybernetic, logic and computer science. [ Appositive] encompass- v- to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc disparate- adj- متمایز - نا برابر - different- separate- dissimilar
(main clause) The term is being applied, with some justification, to(C1) products that depend on technology that(C2) was originally developed by AI researchers.
Structure: Subordinate Clauses The term [subject] is being applied, [predicate] with some justification, [adverbial] to products. [Subject complement] Products [subject] depend on [predicate] technology. [Object] Technology [subject] was originally developed [predicate] by AI researchers. [Adverbial] justification- n- reason- explanation- توجیه
(C1) Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and (C2) some firms still prefer to avoid using it.
Structure: coordinate compound sentences Admittedly, [adverbial] the rehabilitation of the term [subject] has [predicate] a long way [object] to go. [Attribute] Some firms [subject] still [adverbial] prefer [predicate] to avoid using it. [Object] Admittedly- adv- without a doubt rehabilitation- n- restoration- recovery- improvement
(C1) The field was launched, and(C2) the term 'artificial intelligence' coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers that(C3) included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell,(C4) all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field.
Structure: coordinate compound sentences The field [subject] was launched. [Predicate] The term [subject] 'artificial intelligence' [appositive] coined, [predicate] at a conference in 1956, [adverbial] by a group of researchers. [Adverbial] A group of researchers [subject] included [predicate] Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell. [ Object] All of them [the subject] went on [predicate] to become leading figures [object] in the field. [Attribute] coin- v- create- invent- در مورد واژه و اصطلاح( ساختن) leading figures in- چهره های پیشرو در
(C1)This has ignited public debate about AI, but(conjunction) (C2) the term is also being used once more within the computer industry.
Structure: coordinate compound sentences This [subject] has ignited [predicate] public debate [object] about AI. [Attribute] The term [subject] is also being used [predicate] once more [adverbial] within the computer industry. [Adverbial]
That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; AI unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.
That said- despite what one just said <Much of the book was very dull. That said, I have to admit that the ending was extremely clever.> unified- unify- v- متحد کردن - همدست شدن- unite captured- collected- earned- gained
'If it works, it can't be AI; as Dr Leaky characterises it.
characterise- v- typify- distinguish- portray- represent- outline
Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved, such as building a system that could land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been AI in the first plate.
deemed- v- regard- consider
Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas.
executive- n- person who manages an organization irony- n- sarcasm- طعنه inverted comma- They are known as quotation marks, speech marks, or quotes.
It proved to be a false dawn.
false dawn: A promising situation which comes to nothing. dawn- v-n- آغاز هر چیز- شروع- ظاهر شدن - آغاز شدن - come into being; become functional- appear- arise- be born
And it is not always hype.
hype- n- v-attempts to make people think something is good or important by talking about it a lot on television, the radio etc- exaggeration- تبلیغ زیاد و غلو آمیز - گزافه پردازی رسانه ها
'Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it, the fact that HNC are emphasising the use of AI is itself an interesting development; says Dr Leaky.
live up to: To be good enough or as good as expected- act reasonably, properly
It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and AI can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film.
match up- To be similar to, or the same as, something or someone
But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.
over-ambitious- adj- snobbish- conceited- از خود راضی - متکبر under-achieving- limited
Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress.
prototypes- n- original- example- الگوی نخستین
It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy.
re-entered- v- return- دوباره وارد شدن
'Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment.
retrenchment-n- retrench- v- economic decline- if a government or organization retrenches, it spends less money- syn- economise- صرفه جویی کردن - کم مصرف کردن
HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered.
structure: Master-slave compound sentence HNC Software of San Diego, [subject] backed by a government agency, [attribute] reckon [predicate] something. [Object] Their new approach [subject] to artificial intelligence [attribute] is [verb] the most powerful and promising approach [predicativeگزاره - خبر - مسند -] ever discovered. [Attribute]
As well as understanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread.
structure: Simple sentence As well as understanding and speaking English, [ adverbial] HAL [subject] could play [predicate] chess [object] and [conjunction] even [adverbial] learned [predicate] to lipread. [Object] HAL is not only able to understand English and speak English, but also to play chess, and even learned to lip-read.
The 1969 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000.
structure: Simple sentence The 1969 film, [subject] 2001: A Space Odyssey, [appositive] featured [predicate] an intelligent computer [object] called HAL 9000. [attribute] 1969 film "2001: Space Odyssey" portrays a prominent intelligence named HAL 9000 computer.
Yet all three once fell well within the umbrella of AI research.
structure: Simple sentence Yet [conjunction-حرف ربط] all three [subject] once [adverbial] fell [predicate] well [adverbial] within the umbrella of AI research. [ Adverbial] umbrella- پوشش- our umbrella of insurance is inadequate.
(main clause) HNC claim that (C1) their system, based on a cluster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - (C2) tasks humans can do well, but (C3) computers cannot.
structure: Subordinate Clauses HNC claim that (main clause) Their system, [subject] based on a cluster of 30 processors , [ attribute] could be used [predicate] to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield [ adverbial] or [conjunction] extract a voice signal from a noisy background [ adverbial] - tasks. Humans [subject] can do [predicate] well [adverbial] tasks. [Object] Computers [subject] can not do [predicate] well [adverbial] tasks. [Object]
Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as AI. (main clause) Meanwhile, the technologies such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as AI. (C1) Technologies made it onto the market.
structure: Subordinate Clauses Meanwhile, [adverbial] the technologies [subject] such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, [ appositive] were no longer regarded [predicate] as AI. [Subject complement] Technologies [subject] made [predicate] it [object] onto the market. [Object complement]
Researchers joked that AI stood for `almost implemented'.
structure: Subordinate Clauses Researchers [subject] jokes [predicate] something. [Object] AI [subject] stood for [predicate] 'almost implemented'. [Object] Researchers joked, artificial intelligence has been able to represent "similar applications." implement- v- gadget- appliance- utensil-
(main clause) That may mean that (C1) more artificial intelligence companies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.
structure: Subordinate Clauses That [subject] may mean [predicate] something. [Object] More artificial intelligence companies [subject] will start [predicate] to emerge [object] to meet this challenge. [Adverbial]
(main clause) The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that(C1) AI came to refer to 'blue-sky' research that(C2) was still years away from commercialisation.
structure: Subordinate Clauses The effect [subject] of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way [ attribute] was [verb] something. [Predicative] AI [subject] came to refer to [predicate] 'blue-sky' research. [ Object] *Artificial intelligence is used to refer to unrealistic research. Research [subject] was [verb] still years away from commercialization. [Predicative] commercialization- commercial- commercialize- جنبه بازرگانی دادن به - به روش بازرگانی اداره کردن - marketable- salable
(main clause) In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means (C1) there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic AI problems.
structure: Subordinate Clauses overload- v- to give someone too much work or information to deal with- بار زیاد بر دوش کسی یا چیزی گذاشتن exacerbate- v- to make a bad situation worse: In particular, [adverbial] the problem of information overload, [subject] exacerbated by the growth of e- mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, [ attribute] means [predicate] something. [Object] There [predicative] are [verb] plenty of opportunities [subject] for new technologies [adverbial] to help filter and categories information [adverbial] -. Classic AI problems [appositive] this is a typical problem of artificial intelligence.
(main clause) HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that(C1) intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001.
structure: Subordinate Clauses/Master-slave compound sentence HAL [subject] thus [adverbial] encapsulated [predicate] the optimism [object] of the 1960s. [Attribute] Intelligent computers [subject] would be [verb] widespread [predicative] by 2001. [adverbial] encapsulate- v- shorten- خلاصه کردن - کوته وار کردن
(C1) Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but(conjunction) (C2) a general theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive.
structure: coordinate compound sentences Individual systems [subject] can play [predicate] chess [object] or [conjunction] transcribe [predicate] speech. [Object] A general theory [subject] of machine intelligence [attribute] still [adverbial] remains [verb] elusive. [Predicative] elusive- adj- mysterious- ambiguous- puzzling
`There was undue optimism in the early 1980s; says David Leaky, a researcher at Indiana University.
undue- adj- excessive- unnecessary- optimism- n- state of having positive beliefs
