IEP Final

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Some argue that focusing on GDP and related measures makes it more difficult to achieve a sustainable future because it tends to focus policy on maximizing production and consumption rather than on improving genuine human well-being in ways that fall outside such traditional economic measures. a. true b. false

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an example of a labeling scheme that has succeeded in increasing demand for sustainable managed timer and timber products. A. True B. False

As outlined in Chapter 4 of Chasek and Downie, why did India and Malaysia initially oppose the idea that forests are of interest to the international community? a. They did not want forests to be declared "global commons". b. They were afraid of attacks on their reforestation policies. c. They did not care about the environmental. d. They thought that Canada would stop buying wood products.

What are environmental goods and services? Consumer purchase decisions that advocate for sustainable policies and fair trade Items that boast special labels defining them as "environmental goods and services" Goods, services, and activities that measure, prevent, limit, and correct environmental damage to the ecosystem. Environmental goods and services are abstract philosophical concepts without actual definitions.

What has been the focus of the dominant discourse on globalization? Implementing treaties on sustainable development via multilateral conferences Social issues and benefits as they relate to the environment The moral responsibility to safeguard the Earth and its resources Economic opportunity and trade relations within existing economic frameworks

What impacts the effectiveness of a potential lead or veto state in seeking support for its position? a. The amount of diplomatic clout a state has b. The volume of economic resources a state has c. The negotiating skill in a country's diplomatic team d. All of the above e. None of the above f. a and c only

What is true about the Sustainable Development Goals? It was hoped that all countries would pursue them They were intended just for developing nations They were designed to offer a paradigm shift away from outdated development assumptions of the past. They were binding actions that countries had to take A & B only A and C only All of the above

What term refers to the diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth's ecosystem? Ecodivinity d. habitat global commons e. biozonal horizon opportunistic evolution f. biodiversity

Why do states form global regimes? Because international law obligates states to form global regimes To facilitate cooperation in an anarchical (absence of global government or hierarchy) world Because states may have common interests that they can only achieve by working together. Because most regimes make it easier to purchase weapons of mass destruction. a and b only b and c only

With climate change, which of the following types of extreme weather have or could become more frequent in various locations? Very extreme heat Heavy downpours Floods Droughts A and C only All of the above

Which of the following are metrics or measures listed in the article, "Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress?" a. GDP b. GPI c. Ecological Footprint d. Biocapacity e. Human Development Index (HDI) f. Life Satisfaction g. Gini Coefficient h. All of the above

According to DeSombre, in her chapter, Fisheries and Marine Mammals, which has NOT contributed to overfishing? Improved and increased technology for catching, preserving, and transporting fish A decrease in the demand for fish due to changing consumer taste Fishing subsidies Policies failing to disincentive exploitation of common pool resources for individual benefit.

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, what percentages of species are currently threatened with extinction? 0-20% 10-50% 80-90% 90-100%

Current trends of species extinctions are between 100 and 1,000 times higher than the naturally expected levels. a. false b. true

Despite its flaws and slow progress, why is the intergovernmental negotiating process a necessity? Because all states are willing to surrender environmental decisions to larger supranational bodies. The process appeals to the existing state-centric system, and acts as a global venue for addressing world environmental issues. Because it eliminates the influence of non-state actors which are not elected by the people. Only A and C

In the United States, all major home appliances must: a. Get a blue Energy Star label b. Meet the Appliance Standards Program c. Have low annual operating costs d. Be able to operate in a way that is not via electronic

In the whaling regimes negotiations, decision making has always been based on scientific fact, rather than emotions, concerns over national sovereignty, or political and economic interests. a. True b. False

Invasive species are considered potentially harmful outside of their natural habitats .... Because all nonnative species are dangerous and harmful to their new habitat. Because they may outcompete native species, and alter the food chain and consequently their new environments. Because they are always aesthetically unappealing. Because they have generated a debate about the controversial metaphorical language alluding to human immigration policies.

Pollution taxes, carbon emissions trading systems, and government subsidies for installing clean energy production are all examples of which method for improving implementation of environmental treaties? Establishing penalties for violating regime terms Creating market incentives Improving coordination between regimes Generating publicity

List the 3 of the 4 main sources of international environmental law outlined in Jacqueline Peel's article, "Environmental Protection in the 21st Century: The Role of International Law"

bilateral and multilateral treaties binding acts of international organizations rules of customary international law

What 3 treaties are central to global policy to address toxic chemicals and wastes and what is the central goal(s) or purpose(s) of each.

Basel: Control shipment of hazardous waste Rotterdam: Try to eliminate secret trade of toxic substances Stockholm: Seek to limit production, use and release of listed POPs

List three of the primary causes of rain-forest deforestation. List 2 of the general "global objectives" on forests (as highlighted Downie and Chasek)?

Climate change, clearing land for food, cattle, development, hardwood extraction. Take inventory, take steps, preservation/protection, incorporate concepts of conservation

CITES COP EU GEF GMO IMF WHO WWF

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Conference of Parties European Union Global Environment Facility Genetically Modified Organism International Monetary Fund World Health Organization World Wildlife Organization

Some believe that elements of the structure of the international economic system as it currently operates make it more difficult to create and implement strong and effective environmental regimes. In a complete phrase or sentence for each, list 5 aspects of such this structure such analysts point to.

Failure to cost-in environmental degradation / externalities. Incentives that favor raw resource extraction over resource recycling. Globalization WTO Free Trade rules that in some cases might restrict domestic environmental policy that also impact imports. Lowest-cost production. High levels of consumption and consumerism

List 4 possible ways to overcome the negative impact of the lowest-common denominator problem.

Financial assistance, emissions trading, mulilateral fund, ability to grow

Despite its general pessimism about "cooperation under anarchy," list and in a complete sentence for each, the 3 strategies that "structural realism" provide that can assist the prospects of international cooperation? (Hint one is reduce the number of players)

Giving money to countries to lower the cost Allowances for whaling Avoiding costs of environmental problem

Explain the central argument about how globalization positively impacts global environmental politics and the central argument about how it negatively impacts global environmental politics.

Good: Engine of wealth creation Bad: Accelerates consumption of natural resources

List 5 key components, or design features, of the ozone regime that aids its effectiveness.

Preemptive and precautionary policies (at least originally) Clear, strong, binding control measures Ability to grow in response to new information and developments Multilateral Fund - A Financial Mechanism to attract participation and assist implementation. Assessment Panels to provide information on the science of ozone depletion and the availability and cost of alternatives to ODSs

List and provide a generic example of two key types of ways to overcome the Slow Boat Problem.

Provisional treaty implementation, encourage financial assistance to countries implementing treaty before it takes effect, financial incentives,

List 3 of the key treaties relevant to international policy aimed at protecting biodiversity in general, protecting individual species, or protecting particular habitats.

RAMSAR CITES Bonn Convention

List 4 of the major policy questions that had to be resolved during the negotiation of the Paris Climate agreement, as outlined in the Chasek and Downie book?

Should the new commitments be legally binding or voluntary? Which countries would have to reduce their GHG emissions? Should specific targets and timetables be established? How should the regime balance actions to mitigate climate change and those to help countries adapt to it?

What are the 3 C's - the three necessary but not sufficient conditions for creating effective international environmental policy? In a sentence for each, explain why each one must be sufficient for states to be able to create effective and implement international environmental policy.

Sufficient Concern, Hospitable Contractual Environment; Adequate Capacity. Concern: existing within public and government to devote resources to the problem and find solutions Contractural: Gather and negotiate, reach agreements, monitor others Capacity: understand the threat and comply to the regime

A state that signs but does not ratify a treaty is usually not bound by it. a. True b. False

According to an analysis by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, a $25-per-ton carbon tax report would a) Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases b) Yield benefits for U.S. residents of an uncertain magnitude c) Raise over $1 trillion dollars in revenue for the U.S. government d) Reduce emissions of GHG at less cost than command and control regulation e) All of the above f) None of the above f) Only A and C

Protecting or conserving fish and many mammals that live in the ocean is among the most difficult global environmental issues to address effectively. a) True b) False

CITES obligates member states to pass domestic laws regarding the treaty, establish rules on trade of endangered species, and sanction violators. a. True b. False

DP is useful for measuring which aspect of the economy? a. market economic activity d. a country's overall performance b. social welfare e. all of the above c. market welfare f. none of the above

Existing Global Forest Principles are considered a "Code of conduct" c. Rules countries must legally follow Set of binding goals d. Dress code for conservative pine trees

How have marine protection efforts changed over the years, according to DeSombre, in her chapter on Fisheries and Marine Mammals? Efforts shifted from promoting sustainable use of mammals as commodities to promoting their preservation as entities having inherent value. Efforts discouraged the use of marine mammals for oil in favor of food. Efforts initiated by intergovernmental processes are now deregulated and localized. None of the Above

In a "Debt-for-nature" agreement, a creditor including potentially a national government, reduces a debt owed to it in favor of a country or other actor promoting conservation efforts. True b. False

Marine mammal conservation has had mixed results due both to the challenges of states arriving at agreements on quotas for whaling and to state-level non-compliance. True b. False

Most international efforts to protect fish stocks in international waters are undertaken through regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) a) True b) False

Negative publicity, like boycotts, can sometimes help to deter noncompliance by some states and corporations while positive publicity can sometimes help to encourage compliance. a. True b. False

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are examples of third-party eco-labeling organizations. What are eco-labels intended to do? Inform and allow consumers to exercise preference when purchasing items Limit markets for environmentally sustainable products to ensure sufficient profits Create a product monopoly for companies that ignore environmental standards. Create a monopoly for companies that observe environmental standards. Punish non-US providers of certain products All of the above Only A and D.

The Paris Agreement recognizes the 2 degree target while recognizing the importance of pursuing a 1.5 degree target True b. False

The Stockholm Convention requires countries to stop producing certain toxic chemicals but also allows for certain exceptions. a. True b. False

What is the purpose of CITES? To protect endangered species from species loss due to trade and poaching To prevent and stop whaling To prevent species loss from all sorts of causes To regulate the import and export of living things

What mechanism can WTO countries use to resolve disputes when they believe that an environmental trade measure (ETM) unfairly restricts their market access? They can file a complaint and bring a case to the GATT/ WTO dispute resolution panel They can bring the dispute to the UN Security Council They can bring it to an impartial, non-governmental organization whose judgement is final. They can appeal to voters in the own country to pass a law ordering WTO to issue a trade authorization notice in their favor.

Which is NOT an example of a subsidy that tends to support environmentally harmful activities? Subsidies for clean energy research Subsidies for agriculture and foresting Subsidies for fossil fuels and mining Subsidies for drift-net fishing

Which of the following is a mechanism used to achieve reduction targets in the Paris Agreement? Stocktaking Binding targets Acclimating Potentiating All of the above

Which pair of countries generally defied the whaling moratorium when initially passed? a. Japan and Norway b. Peru and Iceland c. The United States and Japan d. Peru and France e. England and Peru e. Rueban and Charise

While everyone agrees that GDP has increased since 1950, some argue that economic welfare has decreased in recent years. a. true b. false

_______ is sometimes defined as economic growth that is compatible with natural environmental systems and social goals. a. sustainable development b. the CAFE standard c. environmental protection d. the Clean Skies Program

he Paris Agreement seeks to use _____________ as a method to hold countries accountable. Transparency and Stocktaking Monitoring by a new regime committee with enforcement powers The Mandatory Oversight Mechanism Binding Arbitration The Non-Compliance Monitoring and Evaluation Effective Committee All of the above

Since the Stockholm treaty has been enforced, more than ten new chemicals have been added to the annexes of the convention. The addition of these new chemicals demonstrates a regulatory shift from ____________________. naturally-occurring chemicals to synthetic chemicals "dead chemicals" to "live chemicals" harmful chemicals to chemicals that are less harmful, but still bad for the environment A and C All of the above None of the above

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is actually an umbrella regime enveloping numerous mini regimes, across which states' political and economic interests perhaps vary, depending on species. True b. False

The USA has ratified the Stockholm Convention and therefore is "Party" to the treaty. a. True b. False

The revenue from the EU tax on air fuel and US excise tax on CFCs are examples of ______. Revenue from regime mechanisms Revenue from pollution taxes Revenue from ODA Revenue from low-efficiency exploitation of fossil fuels

U.S states that have adopted GPI as an official indicator while also using other more traditional economic indicators, include: a. Texas c. Alabama b. Vermont d. Arizona

What are Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs)? Organizations of closed membership that few states owning vessels can join Regional institutions that undertake efforts to protect fish stocks in international waters by conducting scientific research and taking political decisions International Organizations that govern Economic Exclusive Zones Non-governmental organizations focused on protection of water ecosystems

What are externalities? External pressures that influence a country's position on an environmental issue. Unintended consequences or side effects of one's actions that are borne by others. Issues that are outside the jurisdiction of environmental policy makers. Countries that are not involved in environmental policy agreements. People who don't dance at parties as much as they should but expect other people to dance.

What are the "Rio Principles," as they are often called, that emerged from the agreements reached at the 1992 Earth Summit? The precautionary principle, opportunity exploitation, and expanded resource usage Principles of additionality, common but differentiated responsibilities, and "polluter pays" The principles of sustainable development, common but differentiate responsibilities, and fairness The principles of risk assessment and environmental justice The principle of Agenda 21 and free trade in environmental goods and services

What is the goal of CITES? To ensure that markets for specimens of plants and animals are efficient To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival To ensure that poachers are arrested in their country of citizenship To ensure that states know how to take care of endangered species

When the first systematic measurements of POPs in the environment, people and certain wildlife was undertaken in northern Canada, where industrial chemicals are neither produced nor widely used, the concentration of POPs were found to be _____________________, lower than anticipated higher than anticipated higher than anticipated but lower than in the Amazon none of the above

Which is an example of an illicit wildlife trade Deer for meat African elephants for ivory Domesticated animals like house pets, which are uniquely bred All of the above None of the above

Which of the following is NOT a general trend relevant to global environmental politics? Governments trying to tackle environmental issues at intergovernmental conferences have gotten stuck in debates of treaty implementation Economics and trade liberalization can undermine global environmental policies in some ways. Most global environmental problems are clearly getting better. The stakes and costs of environmental degradation are growing.

Which of the following is not a dimension or pillar of sustainable development? Environmental protection c. Social development Military equipment production d. Economic development

he decision making structure of the most important world economic organizations, like the World Bank and IMF, now give equal weight (percent of votes) to all countries. True b. False

"Soft law", in the context of international policy, can likely include: A binding rule within an agreement created by a formal treaty Agreements or prescribed actions that require mandatory, coercive enforcement mechanisms A code of conduct and behavioral guidelines All of the above Both A and C Both B and C None of the above

A major trade agreement on clean technology goods adopted by the WTO would likely decrease environmental regulations in member states mandate that member countries can only trade technology goods that are environmentally friendly reduce or phase out tariffs and trade barriers on goods central to the promotion of green growth compel participating countries to subsidize clean technology All of the Above Only B, C, and D None of the Above

An important global initiative outside the Stockholm Convention but supportive of its objectives is the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), which has as its central objective _________________________. the securing of funds for developing countries so they can meet the provisions of the Stockholm Convention shifting the global regulatory focus beyond the dirty dozen to more harmful POPs the environmentally sound management of chemicals at all stages of their life in all regions of the world spreading the use of toxic chemicals for managing other environmental problems All of the above None of the above

Biodiversity is impacted by climate change, deforestation, desertification, trade in endangered species regimes and other issues. Which of the following is not a potential problem produced by this situation There may be little coordination between regimes. Many states have finite resources to implement each regime sufficiently. The related regimes all have the same lead and veto states which produces massive stalemates on all the environmental issues. The Biodiversity Convention, as it currently stands, is almost certainly not sufficient to prevent a large decline in global biodiversity over the next 50 years.

In the early 1970s, while governments of some industrialized countries began to regulate the production and use of pesticides and industrial chemicals, _______________. legislative action in developing countries was just as prevalent as in the industrialized countries, but was poorly implemented. no developing country made any response to the emerging concerns about toxic chemicals. few developing countries took similar measures to address these concerns. efforts to combat the negative impacts of pesticides and industrial chemicals exceeded those taken by industrialized countries.

In what year was the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling founded? 1850 1900 1946 2000 2015

Some argue that a more comprehensive indicator than GDP would consolidate ________ into a common framework to evaluate net progress. a. political, economic and social elements b. environmental, political and economic elements c. economic, environmental and social elements d. business, welfare and wealth elements

The Cartegena Protocol relates most closely to which area of environmental policy? a. Biodiversity b. Desertification c. Biosafety d. Genetic Resources e. climate change f. All of the above

The Paris Agreement is unlike previous agreements in that it ________________. Establishes binding admissions targets by all nations Has been ratified by the US Congress Encompasses the US, China and India Currently contains sufficient binding NDCs to meet the 2 degree goal. All of the above A and B only A and C only C and D only

The amount of CO2 emitted per US$1 of GDP has dropped by nearly 25 per cent since 1992, underlining that: a. GDP is becoming less expensive to produce. b. CO2 does not vary with oil production except in certain countries. c. Some decoupling of economic growth from resource use and CO2 production has occurred. d. The use of energy is unrelated to GDP. e. Newer mobile phones use far more energy despite claims by manufacturers. f. Miles Davis' stunning arrangements on the album Kind of Blue remain unappreciated.

The countries that have historically led the whaling ban include ____________; while ______ generally opposed it more than most other countries Russia and Norway ......... Chile and China Indonesia and Norway ...... Japan and the USA US and Australia ............ Japan and Norway Northern countries .......... Southern countries

There probably cannot be a truly effective treaty on international forest regulation without the support of which group of two countries listed below? a. Canada and Chad b. Chile and Italy c. United States and Brazil d. France and Switzerland e. China and UNEP e. USA and ISIS

Under the Paris Agreement, countries must submit new nationally determined contributions every ______________. Year Two years Five years Ten years None of the above

What important fact or relationship was observed when examining trends in GDP/capita and GPI/capita in many countries, such as Australia, Austria, and China? a. There is no noticeable connection between GDP/capita and GPI/capita b. GDP/capita and GPI/capita always grow and fall together c. GDP/capita and GPI/capita grow together until a certain point when GPI/capita levels off or begins to fall d. GPI/capita always grew with time, while GDP/capita varied e. All of the above

What is the goal of eco-labels? a. To make companies more environmentally responsible but only in certain countries b. To make people spend less money on consumer products c. To make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping d. To make consumers eat lower calorie diets e. All of the above

What is the principle of additionality from the 1992 Declaration on Environment and Development? Industrialized countries would offer more funding to developing countries in increasing increments by time Industrialized countries would increase funding only if developing countries complied with set standards Developing countries would receive additional funding for the implementation of environmental agreements - additional to current levels of development and environmental assistance Developing countries would exchange previous funding on development for implementation of new environmental agreements.

What type of eco-label conferring entity generally has the most credibility? Developing country governments WTO certified "Opportunity Boards" Third-party, independent entities Departments within companies producing the labeled product and focused on `green markets.' Organizations developed through the Prior Informed Consent Procedure

Which is NOT a specific policy objective in the Convention on Biological Diversity as agreed in the early 1990s? Conservation of biological diversity Sustainable use of biological diversity Set targets and percentages for conservation land to be set aside in each state Fair and equitable sharing of benefits of genetic resources

Which of the following is the best understanding of biosafety (as outlined in Chasek and Downie)? Preserving biological diversity Instructions for safely using and disposing biotechnology Safe transfer, use, and disposal of living modified organisms (LMOs) from biotechnology Keeping plants, animals, and their habitats safe from human activity

Which of the following seeks, as its primary mission, to help protect human health and the environment from hazardous wastes? UNFCC Convention Bengal Convention Basel Convention Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention UNDP GEF All of the above None of the above

Which of the following was not listed in Jacqueline Peel's article, "Environmental Protection in the 21st Century: The Role of International Law" as a source of international law?" Bilateral and multilateral treaties Binding acts of international organizations Statements from the UN General Assembly Rules of customary international law Judgements of an international court or tribuna

Why does CITES protect many species that are not endangered? a. It wants to protect partially tri-desiccated ecosystems b. It wants to protect local interests c. The protection ensures that the trade will be sustainable d. None of the above

A shared natural resource is a physical or biological system that extends into jurisdictions of two or more state. Which is not an example of shared natural resources? Animals that migrate form one state to another Marine animals that move through waters of several coastal states Nonrenewable and renewable resources located in territories under the control of more than one state Habitats secluded within one state for the use of a particular population

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, about what percent of commercially important marine fish stocks are already over fished (and thus significantly threatened)? a. 9% b. 12% c. 22% d. 52% e. 95% f. 129%

According to the article, "First-Ever World Wildlife Day Spotlights Far-Reaching Impact of US$19 Billion Illicit Trade in Flora and Fauna," which activity is associated with the $19 billion in illegal annual sales of wildlife? a. elephant poaching b. illegal timber transport c. great ape theft d. all the above e. none of the above

At the time the Stockholm Convention was signed, the "dirty dozen" POPs were ________. still heavily produced, specifically in the developing world still in production, but heavily regulated by national governments nearing the peak of their industrial production no longer intentionally produced for the most part, except for DDT not intentionally or unintentionally produced anymore in any country but still in use via stockpiles A and C A, B and C

Compared to other nations, the U.S. federal government Holds some of the lowest taxes on carbon emissions in the industrialized world Relies primarily on excise carbon emission taxes on the state level Holds a gas tax to finance highway maintenance All of the above

If you had to choose one, which of the following is most responsible for the increase in the overexploitation of fish? Consumer taste has evolved so that more people like eating fish In the last few years, almost everyone Africa has developed higher purchasing power and can afford to buy more fish The original Law of the Sea did not provide for adequate protection of fisheries in coastal waters There are more fishing vessels and better technologies for capturing fish

One drawback of a higher carbon tax in the United States would be ________________. It would require tremendous resources to create and collect, while it remains uncertain if it would have a substantial impact It would threaten the livelihood of the entire energy industry It would be the most expensive means to combat climate change, according to nearly all experts It would be especially felt by the poor unless steps were taken to offset this impact All of the above Only b and c

Some issues can arise regarding the implementation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. These issues include all but which of the following? Developing countries still need to devote resources to lifting millions out of poverty. Fairness is questioned concerning how ethical it is to force developing countries to devote scarce resources to combating global environmental problems. In the face of hindering development, developing countries should avoid duplicating the unsustainable historical development patterns of the industrialized world. All the above

The Paris Agreement requires ___________ All parties to report emissions All parties to report on implementation efforts All parties to undergo international review All of the above A and B only

The global human population is expected to surpass _________ in 2050 and _______ in 2100. 3 billion .... 5 billion 5 billion .... 7 billion 7 billion .... 8 billion 9 billion .... 11 billion 11 billion .... 12 billion

The international wildlife trade includes what? a. The trade of live animals b. The trade of live plants c. The trade of products derived from animals and plants d. All of the above e. A and C only

The main goal(s) of the Convention on Biological Diversity is/are: a. The conservation of biological diversity b. The sustainable use of its components c. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits of the use of genetic resources d. All of the above e. None of the above f. a and b only

What is a weakness of GPI in determining overall human well-being? a. It depends on data that is issued too rapidly, even every week, to get a useful measurement b. It does not measure non-economic aspects of welfare c. It does not take into account environmental degradation d. It takes into account too many different variables

What makes Japan different from most other countries in relation to GDP/capita and GPI/capita? a. GDP/capita is not measured b. GPI/capita is not measured c. Both GDP/capita and GPI/capita have seen drastic drops d. GPI/capita has generally followed GDP/capita

What methods can a state attempt to use to influence other state actors? Use diplomatic clout to sway international organization to support its position Encourage NGOs worldwide to support its position in other countries Pledge to commit financial or technical resources to address the problem All of the above None of the above a and c only

What types of nations can create veto-like coalitions, or prevent the effectiveness, with regard to adding new species to the control measures under CITIES? a. Producer nations b. Consumer nations c. A coalition of consumer and producer nations d. All of the above e. None of the above - the key to the treaty is that no set of nations can prevent its effectiveness

When it comes to taxing carbon emissions, among industrialized nations, the USA Leads all industrialized nations. Taxes at a higher rate than most industrialized nations, with the exception of Sweden and a few other countries. Taxes carbon emissions at a rate which can be considered average among industrialized countries. Has the equivalent one of the lowest tax rates on carbon emissions. Has no federal taxes on fossil fuels or products made with them.

Which non-governmental organization put pressure on policy makers by publishing a report that exposed 1,000 cases of illegal hazardous waste exportations? World Wildlife Foundation d. Greenpeace The Sierra Club e. World Resources Institute Arcade Fire f. WEO

Which of the following is a main goal of the CBD conservation of biological diversity sustainable use of the components of biological diversity fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. all of the above a and b only a and c only

Which of the following is true of emission trading systems: Countries or companies that are able exceed emissions reductions would be allowed to sell excess reductions, or credits, to a country that has trouble meeting targets. Emission trading allows countries or companies with inexpensive options to make more reduction and countries with expensive options to do less. If emissions trading were successful, it would encourage greater technological advances while simultaneously achieving GHG reductions for a lower cost. All of the above are true. A and C only

Which of the following seeks to help protect human health and the environment from toxic chemicals and hazardous pesticides by requiring "prior informed consent" before certain substances can be legally imported into countries which request it. UNFCC Convention Bengal Convention Basel Convention Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention UNDP GEF All of the above None of the above

hich is NOT a characteristic of neoliberalism? Support for Privatization Support for Increased Foreign Direct investment (FDI) Support for Free markets Support for Tariffs to protect home industries Support for Trade liberalization

A federal tax on energy or carbon emissions has the potential to Negatively impact lower-income Americans - unless Aid in balancing the United States federal budget Significantly reduce greenhouse emissions Increase the installation of solar and wind energy systems, potentially adding jobs in the green energy sector All of the above None of the

A shift towards measures that focus on human welfare would likely require more attention to a. fuller employment b. environmental protection c. more social equality d. resource use efficiency e. all the above

According to the "engine of wealth creation" theory of globalization, after developing countries attain a certain level of wealth, they pollute less. Why is this? Citizens develop greater concern for the environment. Industrialization reduces poverty, and poverty contributes to environmental degradation. Countries achieve the economic and technical abilities to implement environmental goals. Because most economic needs of citizens have been made, they can focus on other goals like sustainability. All of the above None of the above

Arguments for enacting a carbon tax in the USA arguably include. It could have less negative economic impact, on an economy wide basis, than reducing GHG emissions through regulations alone. It would lead to greater energy efficiency. It would lead to increased use of wind and solar energy. It has not proven to have negative impacts in the countries or location that have one. All of the above Only b and C

Environmental trade measures (ETMs) are trade restrictions or rules that support environmental goals. Such measures can potentially include: a. Import prohibitions b. Product standards c. Mandatory labeling requirements d. Standards governing production of natural resource exports e. All of the above f. None of the above

How might certain types of trade liberalization be used to boost sustainable practices? By encouraging/ facilitating the spread of "green technology." By eliminating trade barriers to environmental goods and services. By reducing the costs for exporting and importing green goods and services. By helping developing countries obtain the tools they need to address environmental priorities. All of the above

In order for trade sanctions to be effective as a potential `stick' in an environmental regime they must be: Credible Used as potential punishments only when the sanctioned country agrees Potent All of the above A and C B and C

What implementation shortcoming(s) does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) present? There is still formal indication within the treaty that desertification is a problem. The UNCCD lacked enough scientific and technological expertise input. Some consider desertification a development regime due to its emphasis on poverty and land management, rather than an environmental regime. all of the above a and b only b and c only

Non-governmental organizations focused on protection of water ecosystems What, according to Fisheries and Marine Mammals, is a shortcoming of RFMOs in ensuring effective protection of fisheries and prevention of fish overexploitation? Regulations are difficult to pass due to lack of consensus and objections after agreements. Fishing quotas agreed on are higher than levels recommended by scientific committee. Limitations of treating a global problem regionally allow vessels to escape regulation, such as by using "Flags of Convenience." State non-compliance due to inaccurate self-reported data of fishing catches. All of the Above

Some argue that which of the following are problems associated with using GDP as the sole or prominent measure for economic progress? a. it can interpret expenses and instances of environmental degradation as positive b. it does not distinguish welfare enhancing activities from welfare reducing activities c. it does not account for transactions that enhance welfare but fall outside the market d. it does not account for the distribution of income among individuals e. all the above f. none of the above g. a and d only

The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities means, at least in part: Nations are assigned to work with different issues, depending on their expertise. Nations use distributed funding to focus on finding solutions to different assigned environmental issues. Nations focus on lowering the impact of environmental processes that are most widespread and detrimental to their own territory and region. All nations have a responsibility to the environment, but nations which contributed most to environmental problems have more responsibility to address them.

What are some of the reasons that periodic meetings of the conferences of the parties are mandated by most global environmental conventions? To designate an annual regime leader. To review new scientific and other information concerning the relevant issue. To review and perhaps seek to improve regime effectiveness. All of the Above. Both B and C Both A and C.

What do many developing countries generally cite as reason(s) for why developed countries should bear the brunt of the responsibility for climate change solutions? Developed countries have higher levels of industrialization. Developed countries produce more combustion of fossil fuels. Developed countries produce more toxic chemicals and hazardous waster Developed countries have higher resource consumption. All of the Above

Which are ways to improve effective implementation and compliance of a regime domestically? Raising awareness and concern Building domestic capacity Improving financial and technical assistance Improving monitoring and reporting All of the above None of the above A and B only.

Which of the following are realities of globalization? The proliferation of stakeholders and potentially influential actors, and the consequential difficulty of creating and imposing top-down, system wide policies. The fragmentation of global environmental issues The need for universality The intergovernmental negotiating process itself All of the above

Which of the following is among main categories of the regulatory actions that Parties to Stockholm Convention are required to do with respect to controlling emissions of POPs Eliminate production and use and emissions of certain intentionally produced POPs Take measures to minimize the release of certain unintentionally produced POPs Limit the production and use and emission of certain intentionally produced POPs so that they are only used for certain limited purposes. Take measures to limit the release of POPs from stockpiles and wastes (trash) All of the above are among the main categories of requirements. None of the above is among the main categories of requirements.

Why do some political and economic leaders oppose action that would support sustainability? They do not view global warming, biodiversity loss, and other ideas as seriously detrimental to their country's future. They fear that stronger environmental governance would challenge state sovereignty. They fear that environmental policies may hinder economic growth. Some countries do not have the political strength and necessary resources to support sustainability. All of the above

According to the article, "First-Ever World Wildlife Day Spotlights Far-Reaching Impact of US$19 Billion Illicit Trade in Flora and Fauna," illegal logging .... a. accounts for between 15 and 30 % of the overall illegal global trade in flora and fauna. b. is not a significant issue with respect to illegal trade. c. is worth between $30 and $100 billion dollars annually. d. all the above e. none of the above f. a and c, only

What does biodiversity encompass? A variety of ecosystems A variety of species, A variety of human population centers and states A variety or diversity of genetic material within and among species All of the above a, b and d only b and c only

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