IH Final

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Pakistan's two major political parties are Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and (a) the Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N) of Nawaz Sharif, (b) the PML-Q of Chaudhry Shujaat, (c) Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F), (d) Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf of Imran Khan

"The U.S. central bank is somewhat unique in that it has what is often called "a dual mandate." In addition to price stability, it is tasked with maintaining (a) low interest rates, (b) maximum employment, (c) an adequate money supply, (d) the dollar's parity with gold."

"The United States and China announced the normalization of diplomatic relations on December 15, 1978, effective (a) Dec. 25, 1978, (b) Jan. 1, 1979, (c) Feb. 1, 1979, (d) Mar. 1, 1979"

According to the author, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was a major reason why many republicans lost in the 1932 general election.

True or false? The newly elected Reichstag was opened on March 21 with a "Day of Potsdam" staged to honor Prussian military tradition and even the exiled Kaiser.

TRUE

"In his memoir of the two Iraq wars, Richard Haass suggests a distinction between wars of necessity and wars of choice. Which of the two Iraq Wars was a war of necessity? (a) The 1990-91 Gulf War or (b) the 2003 Iraq War? "

A 1990-1991 Gulf War

The Marshall-Ridgway Memo of 1940: (a) advocated that the FDR Admin delay making any decisions about the war (b) concluded that successful actions later depended on early decisions on preparedness (c) called for immediate US entry into the War

The Soviet invasion in 1979 immediately followed (a) a coup by Daoud Khan, (b) two Communist coups aka the Saur revolution, (c) an insurgency dominated by regional warlords, (d) the first Taliban republic

The greatest strength of the Jaguncos was their ability to fight using: (a) Scythes and Simple Tools (b) Guerilla Warfare (c) Heavy Artillery

Which of following issue is most likely to push China get into the "Prisoner's Dilemma"? (a) trade war (b) INF treaty (c) human rights

In the Administration of George W. Bush, Haass (a) held the same position he did under Bush's father, but under Condi Rice, who was Bush 41's first National Security Advisor, (b) was president of the Council on Foreign Relations, (c) initially served as Director of Policy Planning under Colin Powell at the State Department, (d) served as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy under Donald Rumsfeld.

In the two months that followed, which grouping of U.S. officials worked to develop a strategy? (a) National Security Council, (b) Principals (SecState, SecDef, and National Security Advisor+CJCS and DCI), (c) Deputies (Gates, Kimmitt, Wolfowitz, Jeremiah (JCS), and Dick Kerr (CIA), (d) Office of Secretary of Defense + Joint Staff

The American president during the Iran-Iraq War was (a) Richard Nixon, (b) Jimmy Carter, (c) Ronald Reagan, (d) George H.W. Bush

In pursuing its catch-all strategy, the NSDAP had what assets? They were (a) not associated with any clearly defined set of economic interests, (b) nor had they been saddled with any governmental responsibility, (c) both (a) and (b).

The civilians who, together with the army, have dominated Pakistan subsequently are (a) ayatollahs, (b) barristers, (c) wealthy landowners known as "feudals," (d) the industrialists who run the country's state-owned businesses.

The western economist Zhao consulted about inflation was (a) James Tobin, (b) Sir Alexander Cairncross, (c) Milton Friedman, (d) World Bank chief economist Stanley Fischer

To deal with this challenge, India deployed (a) 100,000, (b) 200,000, (c) half a million, (d) one million troops in Kashmir.

Which of the following presidents would Haass not characterize as a political idealist in his war aims? (a) Woodrow Wilson, (b) Ronald Reagan, (c) George H.W. Bush, (d) George W. Bush

"At the time of Mao's death (September 1976), his designated successor was (a) Zhou Enlai, (b) Deng Xiaoping, (c) Jiang Qing, (d) Hua Guofeng."

"During the crisis, Kennedy particularly sought the advice of one former President, (a) Calvin Coolidge, (b) Herbert Hoover, (c) Harry Truman, (d) Dwight Eisenhower."

When the Great Depression began, Winston Churchill was (a) Chancellor of the Exchequer, (b) First Lord of the Admiralty, (c) President of the Board of Trade, (d) Home Secretary, (e) Prime Minister, (f) not in office.

True or false? The effect of the violence in Iraq was that it fueled a political war in the U.S. that was not helped by the November 2005 NSC-authored "National Strategy for Victory in Iraq" but calmed by the March 2006 bipartisan Iraq Study Group. (pp. 262-263)

TRUE

True or false? The growing impoverishment of most Nigerians has strengthened the system by cementing reliance on patronage. (27)

TRUE

True or false? The largest Sunni sect in Pakistan, Barelvis, venerates holy men known as pirs, whose intermediary role resembles the country's "feudal" culture of reciprocal obligations.

TRUE

True or false? The long-term religious and political context for the expansion of violent Islam was the struggle in the North to restore sharia in the criminal domain after the end of the military government in 1998. (134)

TRUE

While many scholars outline the conflict between Islamists and Nationalists as an ideological discrepancy, the true conflict stems from the state, its power and the position it holds throughout the region.

In conclusion, Haass says it is important not to overlearn lessons. He argues against ruling out all wars of choice, but observes that the standards for wars of choice must be high if the human, military, and economic costs are to be justified.

TRUE

In parallel, the CIA issued its "warning of war."

TRUE

In response to a January 31 Communist call for a general strike, Hindenburg was convinced to issue (on February 2) an emergency decree "For the Protection of the German People" that empowered the government to ban all public meetings, newspapers and pamphlets—helpful in an election campaign.

TRUE

In the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein's WMD programs were overestimated.

TRUE

Regional inequalities widened under the dictatorship: variation in income per head among Brazil's states was 8.6 to 1 in 1980 — compared to 6.3 to 1 in Mexico and 2 to 1 in the United States (113).

TRUE

Reid argues that the large-scale practice of slavery is the single most important explanation for Brazil's social inequalities, although the country never practiced racial segregation as in the United States and South Africa (pp. 10-11).

TRUE

TRUE The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Abuja since 1994, John Onaiyekan, has observed that the fuel oil subsidy so disliked by international financial institutions as a distortion in the market represents a tiny resource transfer to the mass of Nigerian people.

TRUE

The Bush administration's bottom line was "Obasanjo may be disliked at home, but he is good for Africa," reflecting his willingness to help in Africa, finding "African solutions," although on an African timeline, but that ignored Nigeria's internal problems. (155-156)

TRUE

The National Security Council's first meeting after the invasions (held August 2) was indecisive about further steps beyond the first UNSCR.

TRUE

The cost of unconventional wars also validates the continuing need for economic and military assistance to develop the capacities of threatened states.

TRUE

The high-mark of inter-war peace was embodied in the 1925 Locarno accords, negotiated between Austin Chamberlain, Aristide Briande, and Gustav Stresemann. True or false? While these agreements provided mutual guarantees of Germany's western borders, there was no "Eastern Locarno," with the implication that, despite French agreements with Poland and Czechoslovakia, Germany's eastern borders were open to revision.

TRUE

The implication of the term "war of necessity" is that one has little or no choice about whether to fight. Either one is attacked or one's existence or vital interests are threatened.

TRUE

The primary goal of political office is to gain access to state resources, so that they can distributed as patronage to members.

TRUE

The term was first applied in the Railway Quarter, a neighborhood in Maiduguri, to the followers of Yusuf, who styled themselves "People Committed to the Prophet's Teaching and Jihad." (131)

TRUE

True or false? A conflict was inevitable since the Nigerian constitution recognizes the absolute freedom of religion, while sharia has dire penalties for those who renounce Islam. (134)

TRUE

True or false? A hastily drafted "Law for the protection of a Professional Civil Service" allowed the government to dismiss tenured civil servants who were known to be "politically unreliable." It also contained an "Aryan paragraph."

TRUE

True or false? A large number of prominent victims of assassination in Borno were ANPP. (136)

TRUE

True or false? A pro-Nazi group of German Christians, with government support, gained control a Protestant "Reich Church," which was subject to the Civil Service Law with its Aryan paragraph, following church elections in July.

TRUE

True or false? A series of negotiations followed, but Hindenburg remained opposed to Hitler, and on August 13 Hitler decided he would not accept a lesser role in the Cabinet.

TRUE

True or false? A third factor was the orientation of the National Security Council staff toward the Office of the Vice President (OVP) and the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), rather than serving as a neutral honest broker.

TRUE

True or false? According to Childers, "it ... constitutes a monstrous historical irony that Adolf Hitler was inserted into power at a moment when the party's popularity was rapidly receding, its street organization was in revolt, and its treasury empty."

TRUE

True or false? According to Haass, Iraq did come up, but it did not dominate the foreign policy of the Bush 43 Administration in the early days.

TRUE

True or false? After 2011, there is some evidence that at least a few Northern politicians and heads of patronage networks attempted to make use of Boko Harm to advance their agendas. (135)

TRUE

True or false? After Lal Masjid, the Army sent its Frontier Corps into the tribal areas along the border to take control from the Pakistani Taliban, but it did not go after the Afghan Taliban and every agreement it struck with the Pakistani Taliban has either been subsequently ignored or implemented on the Taliban's terms.

TRUE

True or false? After Saddam Hussein's occupation of Kuwait in August 1, 1990, the Bush Administration went to the UN Security Council to get first a resolution on August 2, calling on Saddam to withdraw (UNSCR 660), and then, after a U.S. strategy was worked out over the weekend, a resolution imposing sanctions (UNSCR 661) on August 6.

TRUE

True or false? After being sworn in as Chancellor on January 30, 1933, Hitler's first step, as promised, was to seek support from the Zentrum so that his Government of National Concentration would have a majority.

TRUE

True or false? After declaring May 1 a national holiday, something organized labor had never managed, the Nazis forced workers to march in parades and the next day took over all labor union offices.

TRUE

True or false? The Estado Novo's propaganda ministry created a cult of personality around Vargas, who made weekly radio broadcasts promoting (1) work (and a bond with the urban masses) and (2) nationalism, with racial mixing as part of Brazil's identity

TRUE

True or false? The country is split 50-50, with Muslims in the South & Christians in the North.

TRUE

In which war has the United States lost the most troops since the end of the Second World War?

(a) Korea, (b) Vietnam, (c) Iraq, (d) Afghanistan B;

Nehru, Gandhi, and the Indian National Congress supported the British war effort during the Second World War.

FALSE;

True or false? Eisenhower fully supported British efforts to hold onto the strategically important Suez Canal.

FALSE;

To hold "free, fair, and credible" elections, there had to be (a) a national census followed by redrawn electoral boundaries; (b) the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) then had to prepare new, accurate voter registration lists, and (c) the INEC would print ballots and establish credible vote counting and tabulation procedures. (103)

"After the Chinese Communists entered the war and counterattacked, Truman dropped what war aim—which MacArthur's landing at Inchon had made seem possible? (a) Liberation and unification, (b) defeating Communism, (c) containment, (d) negotiating a ceasefire with the North Koreans"

"Besides Keynes, which British Chancellor of the Exchequer had doubts about the return to the gold standard, but let himself be convinced by the Governor of the Bank of England? (a) Churchill, (b) Lloyd George, (c) Chamberlain, (d) Baldwin"

"Finally, Chancellor Brüning enacted his ultimate plan by (a) emergency decree, (b) a pocket veto, (c) Diktat"

"In August 2011, Trichet resumes buying bonds, including (a) Italy's, (b) Turkey's, (c) Denmark's, (d) the Czech Republic's."

"In the spring of 1934, as Hindenburg's health deteriorated, (a) Papen, (b) Schleicher, (c) Blomberg, (d) Hugenberg and national Conservatives, concerned about their dwindling power and talk of a second revolution began to explore the idea of a national conservative caretaker government, supported by the army, that would prepare the way for the restoration of the Hohenzollerns. This individual spoke openly about his concerns regarding a second revolution at Marburg on June 17, 1934"

"Initially, this group considered a range of options from doing nothing to a fullscale invasion of Cuba, but eventually they narrowed the choice down to two, air strikes or (a) a blockade, (b) a diplomatic initiative through the UN Secretary General U Thant, (c) a warning to Castro, (d) economic sanctions."

"On the other hand, when private banks or businesses get "too big to fail," its leaders can act irresponsibly, a condition known as (a) moral hazard, (b) egotism run amok, (c) quantitative easing, (d) hyper-risk-taking."

"The Eastern European economist who had perhaps the most influence was the author of the Economics of Shortage (1980), (a) János Kornai, (b) Włodzimierz Brus, (c) Ota Šik, (d) Aleksandr Bajt. This book argued shortages were characteristic and chronic in planned economies. it also described firms as being in a permanent state of "investment hunger," as a result of these shortages"

"The first joint international effort by central banks in the Great Recession came in December 2007 when the Fed, Bank of England, the ECB, and the central banks of Canada and Switzerland (a) announced liquidity swap lines to provide $24bn to European banks facing shortages of dollars, (b) lowered interest rates, (c) announced an increase in the money supply, (d) bailed out Northern Rock."

"The first priority of the new regime was to assume control of the civil administration at every level, a process called (a) coordination or bringing into line (Gleichschaltung), (b) renewal, (c) cleansing, (d) purging."

"To deal with the question of Mao's legacy, this new leader published an editorial on February 7, 1777 remembered as the (a) two whatevers, (b) two whatnots, (c) two whenevers, (d) two wherefores"

.In which was a broad multi-lateral coalition assembled? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

At the end of April 1939, Chamberlain, reversing repeated pledges, (a) introduced conscription, (b) ordered a mobilization of imperial forces, (c) reversed British policy on India, (d) invited Churchill to join the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty.

At the second meeting on August 3, Scowcroft delivered "Churchillian" remarks about the need to reverse aggression. This is a reference to Churchill's attacks in the 1930s on (a) appeasement, (b) brinksmanship, (c) containment, (d) deterrence.

Faced with the prospect of leaving office in 2007 after two terms as president, Obasanjo developed (a) Plan A and Plan B, (b) plans for a coup, (c) the Mandela option

Following the purge, Hitler elevated (a) the SS, (b) the Army, (c) the Gestapo, (d) the Hitler Youth to a position of independence, responsible only to him.

In April 1939, Mussolini invaded (a) Albania, (b) the Dalmatian coast of Yugoslavia, (c) Corsica, (d) Greece.

In November 1935, the Conservatives led by Stanley Baldwin won the last British General Election until 1945, with what as the keystone of its foreign policy? (a) The League of Nations, (b) splendid isolation, (c) renewed focus on empire, (d) rearmament.

In which was overwhelming force employed? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

In which were the costs overestimated? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

Only in Prussia did Himmler run into a roadblock because another powerful "vassal" of Hitler's—(a) Göring, (b) Goebbels, (c) Blomberg, (d) Röhm—was in charge of the police

Pakistan was formed by the partition primarily of (a) Punjab and Bengal, (b) Pradesh, (c) Gujarat and Maharashtra, (d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu out of the British Raj in South Asia.

Pakistan's official languages are English and (a) Urdu, (b) Bengali, (c) Punjabi, (d) Pashto.

The Federal Government has addressed Boko Haram as (a) a security problem or (b) a symptom of Northern political marginalization and impoverishment. (141)

The army gave up power to civilians after its disastrous defeat in the 1971 war for (a) Bangladesh's, (b) Tibet's, (c) Kashmir's, (d) Nepal's independence.

The first jihadist group formed—(a) the Harakat-ul-Mujahideen, (b) the Lashkar-e-Taiba, (c) Jaish-e-Mohammed, (d) the Pakistani Taliban—was also the first group to be deployed into Kashmir.

The founder of Pakistan—its Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader)—was (a) Mohammed Ali Jinnah, (b) Mahatma Gandhi, (c) Zia ul-Haq, (d) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

The other major religious party is Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, known almost exclusively as the JUI; its membership is Deobandi in religious orientation and ethnically Pashtun. thus, it is regional, being located primarily in (a) the Northwest Frontier Province and northern Baluchistan, (b) Punjab, (c) Sindh, (d) Kashmir.

The principal architect of the boom from 1968 to 1974 was a young São Paulo economics professor (a) Antônio Delfim Neto, (b) José Piñero, (c) Guido Mantega, (d) Domingo Cavallo, who served as Minister of Finance in the hard-line Costa e Silva government.

The reaction was (a) apathy, (b) a week-long general strike by organized labor with the support of the Nigeria Bar Associaiton and the National Medical Association, (c) popular protests in Kano (invoking the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street), Lagos, and Ibadan. (126-127)

This "purge" was the infamous (a) "Night of the Long Knives," (b) Krystallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), (c) "Night of the Living Dead," (d) "Shot in the Dark."

Two key policy instruments were indexation (automatic adjustment for inflation), which maintained stable capital markets, and (a) the "crawling peg," a system of small but frequent devaluations, (b) wage and price controls, (c) elimination of all tariffs to keep prices down through cheap imports, (d) privatization of state enterprises.

Under the British Raj, Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population that was ruled by a Hindu maharaja, (a) Hari Singh, (b) Ayub Khan, (c) Sheik Abdullah, (d) Jaswant Singh II.

Vargas's centralization of power prompted resistance, particularly after he convoked a constituent assembly in 1932 to legitimize its rule. State forces in (a) São Paulo, (b) Minas Gerais, (c) Rio Grande do Sul rebelled in the name of constitutionalism. The civil war that followed lasted 3 months, and at least 600 were killed.

What two countries thought "containment" (and sanctions) would not work? (a) Saudi Arabia & Israel, (b) Jordan & Syria, (c) Pakistan & India, (d) Russia & China.

When Germany invaded Poland, Chamberlain asked Churchill to become part of the War Cabinet as (a) First Lord of the Admiralty, (b) Lord Privy Seal, (c) Chancellor of the Exchequer, (d) Prime Minster

Which began with a prolonged air campaign? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

Which was unpopular at first and then became popular? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

Nigeria is home to about (a) 10%, (b) 20%, (c) 20%, (d) 25% of the people living in Africa south of the Sahara. (vii)

A) 10%

18. Nigerian dictator General Sani Abacha, a Kanuri from Borno, seized power in a November 1994 coup following an election in June 1993, when northern generals prevented (a) Yoruba tycoon Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, (b) the Yoruba General Olusegun Obasanjo, (c) the Fulani governor of Katsina Shehu Umaru Musa Yar' Adua, (d) Mosop founder Ken Saro-Wiwa (an Ogoni) from being declared the winner. (574-9)

A) Moshood

The "Golden Sixties" were attributed to PM Ikeda's success at building a consensus around a national growth policy that included a goal of income doubling, but his plans to liberalize trade was called the second coming of the (a) black, (b) blue, (d) red, (d) brown ships.

The Korlinov Affair convinced Kerensky that (a) an attack on the Provisional Goverment would come from the Right (b) Lenin was conspiring with Conservative forces in the country (c) the Provisional Government could not rule on its own or (d) to cede power willingly

The response to Mexican default in 1982 was the imposition of "conditionality" — no reforms, no money — by the IMF & World Bank in the form of 10 policies known as the (a) Washington, (b) New York, (c) Geneva, (d) Buenos Aires Consensus, including fiscal discipline, tax reform, property rights, privatization, deregulation.

Which conflict involved no vote by Congress, only a resolution of the UN Security Council? (a) Korea, (b) Vietnam, (c) Gulf, (d) Afghanistan, (e) Iraq

Which of the following was not one of Nasser's policy practices? (a) Communism (b) "Social Justice" (c) Authoritarianism (d) Anti-Imperialism

Who is the mean who dreamt of Rwanda's rebirth, and is also credited with ending the 1994 genocide, uniting the people, and pulling Rwanda out of abject poverty to prosperity: (a) Paul Kagame (b) Romeo Dallaire (c) Fred Rwigyema (d) Bizimungu

Discussion of whether Nigeria is a "failed state" has long been a topic of the country's chattering classes." (163-164)

According to the Fund for Peace's Failed (now Fragile) State Index, Nigeria has moved from 22nd in 2006 to 17th in 2007 and to 15th in 2009 and (a) 14th, (b) 13th, (c) 12th, (d) 11th in 2012. (Hint: In 2017, it was 13th.) A

"A leading figure in the Chinese leadership in the 1980s, one of the "Eight Immortals," who was associated with the leadership of the most successful economic eras under Mao (the early 1950s and after the Great Leap Forward) but who in the 1980s frequently led opposition to the reformers and who emphasized the primacy of the planning over the market (comparing the market and the plan to a bird in a cage at the Fifth National People's Congress in December 1982) was (a) Xue Muqiao (薛暮桥), (b) Chen Yun (陈云 ), (c) Deng Liqun(邓力群), (d) Zhou Xiaochuan"

"A new tool that the Nazis used in the 1934 election campaign was (a) movie newsreels, (b) radio, (c) blimps, (d) television."

Prior to the Sino-Indian War of 1962, relations between New Delhi and Beijing were defined by the five principles negotiated by Nehru and Zhou in 1954 and known as (a) greater East Asian co-prosperity, (b) panchsheel or peaceful coexistence, (c) non-alignment, (d) swaraj.

Reid describes the Brazilian military in the mid-twentieth century as arrogating to itself the (a) guiding, (b) moderating, (c) arbitrating, (d) veto power exercised by Dom Pedro II during the 19th century. (p. 87)

"According to Kissinger, in a general war, the goal is total victory (and unconditional surrender of the enemy), but, he notes, the difficulty with a limited war is the definition of its political objective. In the case of the Korean Conflict, Kissinger says he would have favored: (a) return to the status quo ante—pushing the North Koreans back beyond the 38th parallel, (b) a penalty for aggression, (c) carrying the war to the Chinese mainland but stopping short of a war with the Soviet Union, (d) a stalemate."

"After blindsiding the Labour Government's Chancellor of the Exchequer with criticism of the country's banking regulations in his Mansion House speech in June 2009, Bank of England Governor Mervyn King was (a) endorsed by the Conservative Party for a second term, (b) outvoted on the issue of larger QE expansion by the BOE's monetary policy committee, (c) supported by the BOE's monetary policy committee on the issue of expanding QE, (d) criticized by ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet for supporting QE expansion."

"During the crisis, Kennedy and other members of this group expressed concern that a blockade of Cuba, or any move against the missiles in Cuba, might result in similar Soviet moves against (a) Israel, (b) Berlin, (c) NATO, or (d) Turkey."

"In Unlikely Partners, Julian Gewirtz tells the story of the interaction of Chinese reformers with (a) Gorbachev's perestroika, (b) Western economists, (c) the World Bank, (d) the IMF in conjunction with the story of China's economic transformation into a global economic power."

"In the era of Deng Xiaoping, China's reformers often used a pithy expression to describe their method: (a) seeking truth from facts, (b) crossing the river by feeling for the stones, (c) learning to howl like a wolf (38), (d) separating truth from fiction. ("

"Initially, the foreign economists who most interested Chinese experts and policymakers were from (a) South Asia, (b) Eastern Europe, (c) Latin America, (d) Western European countries with social democratic governments."

"Kissinger says that when Nixon was elected President in 1968, he considered three policy options for extricating the United States from Vietnam. Which did Kissinger favor? (a) an immediate American withdrawal, (b) a showdown with Hanoi through a combination of military and political pressures, (c) a gradual shifting of responsibility for the war to the Saigon government, (d) an attack on the North Vietnamese logistics system

"One of the first actions taken after Mao's death was the arrest, with the support of Marshal Ye, of a group known as (a) the Troika, (b) the Gang of Four, (c) the Six Survivors, (d) the Eight Immortals, who advocated a return to the policies of the Cultural Revolution and, with regard to economic policy, opposed "promoting production." (19)"

"Other early steps included (a) a measured, statesman-like radio address to the nation on February 1, that included announcement of a four-year plan to rebuild the economy coupled with removal of the scourge of Marxism, (b) a February 2 meeting with generals reassuring them he had no intention of transforming the SA into a people's army and saying rearmament had highest priority"

"The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was (a) Matthew Ridgway, (b) Maxwell Taylor, (c) Curtis LeMay, (d) John McCone."

"The Cuban Missile Crisis came as a result of the Soviets' deployment of (a) surface-to-air missiles, (b) MRBMs, (c) ICBMs, (d) ground-launched cruise missiles."

"The Nazi leader most critical of Hitler's "all-or-nothing" strategy was (a) Goebbels, (b) Strasser, (c) Göring, (d) Röhm"

"The development that altered the pace of events in the March 5 election campaign (and Nazi seizure of power) was (a) the theft of Göring's expensive camel-hair coat, (b) the fire at the Reichstag on the night of February 27-28, (c) the threat of a popular uprising, (d) a new call for a general strike"

"The first crisis of Kennedy's presidency was over (a) Berlin, (b) the Bay of Pigs, (c) Vietnam, (d) Laos."

A distinctive institution of the second-phase of Japanese industrialization which focused on heavy industry was "zaibatsu," (a) large horizontal, (b) large vertical, (c) small focused, (d) small flexible monopolies run by families but having their own banking subsidiary.

"The public "deal" that was struck involved Soviet agreement to remove the offensive missiles in exchange for an end to the quarantine and (a) U.S. withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles in Italy and Turkey or (b) U.S. commitment not to invade Cuba"

"The traditional guidance for central banks as "lender of last resort" goes back to the failure of a wholesale discount bank (Overend, Gurney) in London in 1866 - "lend liberally but at high interest rates and on sound banking securities" - remembered as (a) the Lombard Street Lesson, (b) Bagehot's Dictum, (c) Disraeli's Direction, (d) the Threadneedle Precept."

"The watershed meeting in December 1978 at which China's reorientation under the leadership of Deng was (a) the Tenth Party Congress, (b) the third plenum of the Eleventh Party Congress, (c) the Twelfth Party Congress, (d) the first plenum of the Thirteenth Party Congress."

"To try to gauge how the Soviet leadership might act, Kennedy turned to former U.S. Ambassadors to the Soviet Union, particularly (a) George Kennan, (b) Chip Bohlen and Llewellyn "Tommy" Thompson, (c) Averell Harriman, (d) William Bullitt and Joseph Davies."

"What new strategy did the Kennedy Administration develop to cope with the kind of war it faced and the threat of more wars of national liberation? (a) neo-colonialism, (b) nation-building, (c) green berets, (d) reform"

"When Bundy briefed the President, Kennedy called a meeting of a group consisting of members of the National Security Council (NSC) and other key advisors that came to be called (a) his "kitchen cabinet," (b) the EXCOMM (for Executive Committee of the NSC), (c) the missile defense group, (d) the Cuban working group"

"Which of the following was not one of the central bankers that Neil Irwin wrote about in his book about their efforts to manage the current financial crisis (a) Ben Bernanke, (b) Timothy Geithner, (c) Jean-Claude Trichet, (d) Mervyn King."

"While Eisenhower wisely avoided involvement in Vietnam in 1954, his Secretary of State John Foster Dulles constructed a collective security framework to defend strategic interests in the region. This framework was called (a) United Action, (b) SEATO, (c) brinksmanship, (d) NATO"

.In which war did the President go first to the Congress and then to the UN? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

After Germany announced the creation of an air force and universal conscription to serve in its army in March 1935, the Council of the League of Nations met at Stresa in April and (a) did nothing, (b) protested, (c) threatened the use of force, (d) authorized France to occupy the Ruhr.

Besides the Second World War, which of the following other U.S. wars, would Haass categorize as a war of necessity? The (a) Spanish-American War, (b) Korean War, (c) Vietnam War, (d) Kosovo War.

Churchill wrote the following — "History, which, we are told, is mainly the record of the crimes, follies, and miseries of mankind, may be scoured and ransacked to find a parallel to this sudden and complete reversal of five or six years' policy of easygoing placatory appeasement, and its transformation almost overnight into a readiness to accept an obviously imminent war on far worse conditions and on the greatest scale" — about (a) the Munich Accords, (b) the Polish Guarantee, (c) the NaziSoviet Pact, (d) the German invasion of the Soviet Union.

Despite the setbacks caused by retrenchment, Tiananmen Square, and the removal and house arrest of Zhao, the reform approach continued, given new life in early 1992 by the 88-year-old Deng Xiaoping's (a) visit to Japan, (b) Southern Tour, (c) Northern Expedition, (d) Asia-Pacific Summit.

During the Gulf War, Haass was (a) the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, (b) the NSC senior staff director for the Middle East, (c) the Policy Planning Director at the State Department, (d) President of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Haass draws a series of contrasts between the two Iraq wars; first, he notes that one was fought for limited, traditional goals to restore the status quo, while the other was fought for ambitious, even radical aims of ousting a regime and establishing a new basis for order in the Middle East. Which was the second? (a) Gulf War of 1990-91 or (b) Iraq War of 2003?

Ironically, it was not Hitler who drove the action forward but (a) President Paul von Hindenburg, (b) Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, (c) former Chancellor Franz von Papen, (d) DNVP Leader Alfred Hugenburg.

Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate, known as ISI, rose to prominence running the insurgency in Afghanistan during the anti-Soviet jihad (1979-89). Which of the following is accurate, according to Schmidt? (a) It is a rogue element in the Pakistani government, or (b) it has close personal and professional ties to Pakistan's army.

The Administration, concluding sanctions would not compel withdrawal, eventually sought a further UN Security Council resolution at the end of November (a) authorizing the immediate use of force, (b) setting a deadline for compliance, (c) requiring complete disarmament, (d) requiring the abandonment of all weapons of mass destruction (WMD), a step that was not taken after Saddam's use of chemical weapons in the Iran-Iraq War, and setting up an inspection regime to ensure compliance.

The army's officer corps is an exclusive meritocracy whose members come primarily from the urban middle class; its enlisted ranks come predominantly from rural backgrounds, particularly the "army triangle" of Attock, Rawalpindi, and Jhelum in northern Punjab. senior officers harbor a singleminded mistrust of (a) the United States, (b) India, (c) Iran, (d) Russia.

The expert they made a point of consulting was (a) the German minister Ludwig Erhard, (b) the Brazilian economist Antônio Delfim Netto, (c) Fed Chairman Paul Volcker, (d) Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore.

The leader of the Awami League that triumphed in the 1970 election, precipitating the 1971 war that led to East Pakistan's independence (as Bangladesh) was (a) Yahya Khan, (b) Sheik Mujib, (c) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, (d) Hari Singh.

The major jihadist and sectarian groups in Pakistan have come from (a) the Shiite minority, (b) the two largest minority sects of Sunni Islam in Pakistan, which are fundamentalist, (c) extremist fringe elements, (d) the tiny Salafi minority.

The struggle with India for (a) Punjab, (b) Kashmir, (c) Gujarat, (d) Bengal convinced Pakistan's early rulers that they needed to maintain a large army.

The watershed that led to Chamberlain's change of heart was (a) the meeting with Mussolini in January 1939, (b) the dissolution and subjugation of the Czechoslovak state in March 1939, (c) Hitler's demands of Poland, (d) the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939.

True or false? Deng was convinced of the need to clear the Square of protestors by the developments in (a) the Soviet Union, (b) Poland, (c) Berlin, (d) Romania.

What aspect of Hitler's policy did Churchill first warn about? His (a) fascism, (b) rearmament, (c) anti-communism, (d) hatred of Britain?

What did Churchill call "the one solid security for peace" (p. 10)? (a) The League of Nations, (b) the disarmament of Germany, (c) the Anglo-Japanese alliance, (d) reparations.

What economic development called into question the efficacy of John Maynard Keynes' analysis and policy recommendations for managing downturns in the economy? (a) the dislocations caused by the WWII, (b) stagflation (combination of economic stagnation and unemployment with high inflation)—in the 1970s, (c) the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system that Keynes had helped design, (d) the success of "supply side" economic policy under President Reagan ("Reaganomics");

When China ran into problems with inflation in the late 1980s, Chinese experts were particularly interested in the experience of (a) Germany in the 1920s, (b) Latin America in the 80s, (c) the United States in the era of "stagflation," (d) the Asian "tigers" - South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore.

When FDR asked Churchill what the Second World War should be called, he replied (a) the war to end all wars, (b) the unnecessary war, (c) the war to make the world safe for democracy, (d) the great patriotic war.

Yar'Adua's illness and absence from the country created a power vacuum, particularly with regard to cooperation with the U.S. in the aftermath of Abdulmutallab's botched terrorist attack. The National Assembly, under the leadership of Senate President David Mark (a) impeached him constitutionally on the grounds of his no longer being in touch with the government or (b) made Jonathan acting president, even though there was no such provision in the constitution. (118)

Key tools have been (a) the undertrained, underequipped, and underpaid national police force, (b) the army, (c) the State Security Service (SSS—the secret police during the years of military rule). (141)

B and C

According to Snyder, the region of the Bloodlands was a unique area for what reasons: (a) it consists of four modern nations where only two had existed (b) only place that Soviet and Nazi power met and overlapped (c) location of the Holocaust (d) witnessed the largest battles of WWII (e) there was limited collaboration with occupying forces

B and C;

The Iranian Revolution came about because people desired: (a) a more secular society and government (b) a society and government based on Islamic principles (c) an end to the corruption and the extravagance of the monarchy (d) a government and culture that focused more on Arab identity

B and C;

B) 1993

The third army chief who became the country's first military dictator, ruling as President from 1958 to 1969, was (a) Liaquat Ali Khan, (b) Ayub Khan, (c) Iskander Mirza, (d) Yahya Khan.

B) Ayub Khan

According to Richard Koo, the best means of getting out of a balance sheet recession is: (a) monetary policy (b) fiscal policy (c) debt deflation (d) private spending and saving

"Early in the Great Recession (2007-8) governments and central banks rescued a number of institutions. Which of the following did they let fail? (a) BNP Paribas, (b) Northern Rock, (c) Lehman Brothers, (d) AIG."

"Extra credit: Which central banker's first names were really "Horace Greeley"? (a) Norman, (b) Strong, (c) Schacht, (d) Moreau"

"Gradually, the police, with (a) Hitler's, (b) Goebbels', (c) Göring's, (d) Himmler's blessing, began a campaign to close SA prisons."

Which of the following regions hasn't been united by China? (a) Hong Kong (b) Macao (c) Taiwan (d) Tiber

"In January 2010, Ben Bernanke, who had originally been nominated as chairman of the Federal Reserve by George Bush, was (a) confirmed by the Senate for a second term by the largest majority in history, (b) defeated by the Senate for a second term by a large margin, (c) confirmed for a second term by the smallest majority in history, (d) reelected to a second term by the Senate although he had been opposed by President Obama."

"In defining the country's economic system, Mao Zedong Thought had been replaced in 1985 by what is described in the Chinese Communist Party's major ideological documents as (a) the lowest stage of Communism, (b) the initial stage of socialism, (c) a planned commodity economy, (d) a socialist market economy."

"Kennedy communicated with Khrushchev through all of the following EXCEPT (a) the Soviet Ambassador in Washington Anatoly Dobrynin, (b) formal messages, (c) secure "hot" line or red phone, (d) Soviet intelligence operatives"

"The 2010 UK general election resulted in (a) a Labour landslide, (b) a Conservative landslide, (c) a hung parliament with David Cameron eventually chosen as Prime Minister with support from the Liberal Democrats, (d) Scottish independence."

"The Dodd-Frank bill that was signed into law in July 2010 (a) set up a new bank regulatory agency in the U.S., (b) further reduced bank regulations in the U.S., (c) increased the Fed's powers as bank regulator, (d) decreased the Fed's powers as a bank regulator."

"The crisis took place in the run-up to what domestic political event in the United States? (a) Presidential election, (b) Presidential primary, (c) Congressional election, (d) Presidential debate"

"The third Eurozone country to request a bailout (on April 6, 2011) was (a) Italy, (b) Spain, (c) Portugal, (d) Denmark."

"To provide a legal basis for the quarantine, the United States sought action by (a) the UN Security Council, (b) NATO, (c) the Organization of the American States under the Rio Pact, (d) the U.S. Congress."

"What course did Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles propose in response to French appeals for help at Dien Bien Phu? (a) a conference at Geneva, (b) massive airstrikes, including possible use of nuclear weapons, (c) United Action, (d) SEATO"

"What government figure during this period does the author of Unlikely Partners credit with installing most of the economic reforms that played a role in the "making of Global China"? (a) Hua Guofeng, (b) Hu Yaobang, (c) Zhao Ziyang, (d) Li Peng"

"Who was China's paramount leader throughout most of this period? (a) Chiang Kai-shek, (b) Mao Zedong, (c) Deng Xiaoping, (d) Zhou Enlai"

At the same time, British foreign policy foreign policy was unsure of how to respond to (a) Hitler's denunciation of the Anglo-German naval agreement of 1935, (b) Hitler's denunciation of the Polish-German non-aggression pact, (c) Litvinov's offer of a united front with Britain, France and Poland, (d) Mussolini's offer to mediate.

At the weekend strategy meeting at Camp David, General Colin Powell, who was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said deterrence would require 100,000 troops and host nation support; what two countries was Defense Secretary Cheney sent to in order to secure HNS? (a) Iran and Qatar, (b) Britain and Germany, (c) Turkey and Saudi Arabia, (d) Syria and Jordan.

Faced with the power vacuum in the region, President Nixon, when he came into office in January 1969, developed a doctrine that relied on two regional powers—the twin pillars—because of U.S. engagement in Vietnam and in Europe (in the aftermath of the Soviet suppression of the Prague Spring in August 1968—the Brezhnev Doctrine). The "twin pillars" were: (a) Iran and Turkey, (b) Iran and Iraq, (c) Iran and Saudi Arabia, (d) Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Haass dates U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf from (a) efforts to block Soviet domination of Iran in 1946, (b) the 1953 coup that overthrew Iranian Prime Minister Mosaddegh, (c) British withdrawal "east of Suez" in 1967, (d) the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979.

How does Haass categorize the post 9/11 War in Afghanistan? (a) War of necessity, (b) war of choice, (c) hybrid (beginning as war of necessity and becoming a war of choice), (d) war of indecision.

In June 1988, China Central Television broadcast a documentary that was unusually critical of the country's civilization, while endorsing industrial civilization from the West, Zhao and his decisions at the Thirteenth Party Congress. The iconoclastic documentary was entitled (a) The East is Red, (b) Century of Humiliation, (c) River Elegy, (d) Red Detachment of Women.

In listing the "follies of the victors" [at the end of the First World War], Churchill first mentioned "the economic clauses of the Treaty" [of Versailles]. What was "the second cardinal tragedy"? (a) The League of Nations, (b) the disarmament of Germany, (c) the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, (d) the failure to impose a liberal republic on the German Empire.

While Pakistan opted to support the United States after 9/11, it tolerated the Taliban seeking refuge in Pakistan's Northwest Frontier Province as a hedge against (a) a Russian return, (b) Indian domination of the new Afghanistan government, (c) the inevitable American withdrawal, (d) the expansion of China into Central Asia along the old Silk Road.

With this old political system in tatters, Jonathan concentrated on which of the following issues: (a) increasing ethnic tensions, (b) the rise of Boko Haram in the North, (c) a true fiscal crisis in the aftermath of the massive public spending associated with the election. (126)

Although Jonathan won the PDP primary election, the other three parties were unable to agree on a unity candidate to take advantage of his break with zoning. the strongest was Muhammadu Buhari from (a) the Action Congress of Nigeria (CAN) with its base in the west; (b) the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), strong in the North; (c) the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), a much broader-based party, although strongest in the North.

C (CPC)

International donors provided significant multi-year support for the electoral process, with the (a) U.S., (b) EU, (c) UK, (d) Saudi Arabia contributing the most—more than $15 million. (101)

C) UK

Which of the following candidates was hand-picked by Obasanjo to succeed him as president? (a) Atiku Abubakar, a former vice president, rich businessman; (b) Muhammadu Buhari, a former military ruler known for his austere (known elsewhere as "Taliban Man"); (c) Umaru Yar'Adua, governor of Katsina whose patronage network did not extend beyond his state and who was little known elsewhere

C) Yar'Auda

The Niger Delta. The largest ethnic group in the Niger Delta, one of Africa's most densely populated regions and Nigeria's richest ecological region and the location of its oil, is the (a) Igbo, (b) Itsekiri, (c) Ijaws, (d) Edo. (65)

C)Ijwa

According to historian Susan Shirk, the specific example in recent history that haunts the CCP leadership is (a) the famine of the Great Leap Forward, (b) the Cultural Revolution, (c) the protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989, (d) the collapse of the Soviet Union and its empire in Eastern Europe.

Even during its two centuries of seclusion ("sakoku") from 1640 to 1854, Japan tried to keep abreast of foreign insight into the physical world through "Rangaku," or (a) Portuguese, (b) British, (c) Dutch, (d) Chinese learning.

In the Cold War, which of the following became a leader of the non-aligned movement (NAM), founded in 1961, alongside Tito of Yugoslavia and Nasser of Egypt? (a) Mao Zedong, (b) Kim Il-sung, (c) Jawaharlal Nehru, (d) Muhammad Ali Jinnah

In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and for long after, ... was the single most important industry in Britain and much of Europe. (a) the smelting of iron, (b) the building of steam engines, (c) the spinning of thread and the making of cloth, (d) the building of railroads

Smith's (economic) policy advice can be summarized as ... (a) mercantilism, (b) protectionism, (c) laissez-faire, (d) Physiocratic

The Davos Pact was (a) the meeting of Russian economists and businessmen to decide the course of privatization in Russia following the collapse of the Soviet Union (b) the unofficial club of oligarches under which political and economic decisions were conducted throughout the 1990s (c) the collective effort of the oligarchs to ensure the re-election of Boris Yeltsin in 1996 (d) nove of the above

The breakthrough that enabled Britain to increase its production of iron in the eighteenth century was the use of ... for smelting. (a) coal, (b) charcoal, (c) coke, (d) blasts of hot air

The right of individual or collective self-defense is recognized in Article (a) 2, (b) 27, (c) 51, (d) 103.

The term "United Nations" was coined by (a) Churchill, (b) Stalin, (c) FDR, (d) Goebbels

Vargas's developmentalist goals were hindered by ________and by the fact that unrestricted imports wiped out Brazil's foreign exchange reserve. (a) his interpersonal relations (b) the Great Depression (c) wartime realities (d) his approach to populism

What are the factions of the Yemeni Civil War? (a) Hadi government supported by Iran fighting the Houthis supported by Saudi coalition (b) Yemeni government fighting al-Qaeda (c) Hadi government supported by Saudi coalition fighting the Houthis supported by Iran (d) US backed rebels fighting against the Russian backed Republican government

What was the main reason that the Islamic State separated from Al-Qaeda? (a) Lack of soldiers and funding (b) Conflict between IS and AQ leaders (c) The IS declared a caliphate without Sunni support and was successful

When Nixon abandoned Bretton Woods in 1971 and the Arab oil embargo struck in 1973, most central banks tended to accommodate the price shock with easier credit, leading to an inflationary spiral. "Petrodollars" were recycled by investments in (a) the Middle East, (b) the Far East, (c) Latin America, (d) Western Europe.

"At Jackson Hole in late August, Bernanke (a) criticized Dodd-Frank for not giving the Fed more regulatory powers, (b) signaled a rise in interest rates creating a new slowdoen, (c) discounted the possibility of a new QE round, (d) raises the possibility of a new QE round to address the slowdown."

"According to Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, the President had two goals—(1) getting rid of the missiles and (2) (a) getting U.S. missiles out of Turkey and Italy, (b) humiliating the Soviet leader, (c) removing Castro, (d) avoiding war."

"After announcing and expanding swap lines and reducing interest rates to near zero, and still not stemming the crisis, central banks have turned to another monetary device known as (a) bubble busting, (b) austerity, (c) supply-side economics, (d) quantitative easing."

"At Deauville in mid-October 2010, French President Sarkozy and German Chancellor Merkel (a) supported further quantitative easing by the ECB, (b) opposed further quantitative easing, (c) agreed with ECB President Trichet that private creditors should not share bailout losses, (d) agreed private creditors must share future bailout losses"

"Historical parallels that the President and his advisors referred to in the course of their deliberations did NOT include (a) Pearl Harbor, (b) appeasement, (c) Barbara Tuchman's The Guns of August (1962), (d) Teddy Roosevelt's The Rough Riders (1904)."

"How is the era in China just before this era generally described? (a) Warlord Era, (b) Chinese Civil War, (c) Great Leap Forward, (d) Cultural Revolution."

"In June 2011, Mervyn King and Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced (a) reduction of budget deficits, (b) greater BOE control of the banking system, (c) a new round of quantitative easing, (d) a and b."

"In October, concerned about Eurozone ripple effects, the BOE policy committee (a) rejected, (b) approved, (c) postponed, (d) doubled £75 bn QE"

"In early September 1985, Zhao and other top Chinese leaders convened a conference of international economists (a) at the Great Wall, (b) in the Forbidden City, (c) in Zhongnanhai , (d) on the S.S. Bashan, a newly built luxury ship that plied the Yangtze River"

"In the fall campaign, the Nazis (a) strained to support the German worker (Goebbels even supported a wildcat strike of Berlin transport workers), (b) gave heightened prominence to their anti-Semitism, (c) attacked the reactionary nature of the Papen government, (d) all of the foregoing."

"Its leader after the 1989 Presidential election was (a) José Sarney, (b) Fernando Collor de Melo, (c) Fernando Henrique Cardoso, (d) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. "

"Kissinger says that in the end the Truman administration opted for a stalemate in Korea because it (a) feared World War III, (b) overestimated Communist strength, (c) thought doing so would encourage negotiations, (d) all of the foregoing."

"Kissinger says that the Korean Conflict grew out of a double misunderstanding. One was that Communists, based on American statements that the peninsula lay outside the American defense perimeter, had not expected the U.S. to intervene. The other was a flaw in containment based on the assumption that the next war would be an unlimited one, beginning with a Soviet attack on the United States or ___________.* (a) Japan, (b) Southeast Asia, (c) the Middle East, (d) Europe"

"Monetary policy in the United States is made by (a) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, (b) the Monetary Policy Committee, (c) the ECB's Governing Board, (d) the Federal Open Market Committee."

"The Soviet leader at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) was (a) Joseph Stalin, (b) Andrei Gromyko, (c) Leonid Brezhnev, (d) Nikita Khrushchev."

"The presence of these missiles in Cuba was discovered as a result of (a) humint = human intelligence, e.g., a human source in Cuba, (b) sigint = signals intelligence, e.g., message intercept and/or code-breaking, (c) satellite photographs, (d) U-2 overflights."

"What era is the book about? The (a) first, (b) second, (c) third, (d) fourth quarter of the twentieth century."

"What is the theory that was cited as an explanation of why the U.S. saw its vital interests at stake in Vietnam? (a) American exceptionalism, (b) Realpolitik, (c) balance of power, (d) domino"

"What tool(s) does the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee have to maintain price stability in the UK? (a) Setting the Bank of England Base Rate (BOEBR), or the rate it lends to banks, (b) an Asset Purchase Facility to buy government bonds (gilts) or "high-quality" private company debt, (c) forward guidance, i.e., giving an indication of how it will act in future (d) all of the foregoing."

. The options they considered were all of the following EXCEPT: (a) sticking with sanctions, (b) an ultimatum (ideally UN-backed), (c) wait for Saddam to provide a new cause, (d) demonstration of force (e.g., bombing Iraqi military headquarters).

4. What is the name given to the following statement made by a U.S. President in a State of the Union message? "An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force." (a) Truman Doctrine, (b) Eisenhower Doctrine, (c) Nixon Doctrine, (d) Carter Doctrine

Brazil was one of (a) two, (b) three, (d) five, (d) seven Latin American countries in which there was a coup with in two years of the Great Crash of October 1929.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's efforts in September 1938 to ensure "peace in our time" are generally remembered as a policy of (a) pacifism, (b) anticommunism, (c) rearmament, (d) appeasement.

During the Kashmiri intifada, which developed in the late 1980s and early 90s, the Pakistani army sought groups to support who would use terrorism to gain Kashmir's unification with Pakistan. Which of the following did it favor? (a) Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), (b) Hizbul Mujahideen, the armed wing of the Kashmir branch of the Jamaat-e-Islami, (c) the Harakat ul-Jihad-eIslami (HUJI), later HUA, and still later HUM, who were Pakistani nationals who had also fought in Afghanistan, (d) Lashkar-e-Taiba ("Army of the Pure"), the Jihadist wing of an Ahle Hadith missionary organization.

Growth stemmed from (a) rapidly expanding population—2.8% per year, reaching 119 in 1980; (b) income growth (from $1050 in 1929 to $6000 in 1980, measured in 2003 dollars); (c) industrialization—replaced coffee as motor of growth, though not of foreign exchange earnings, (d) all of the foregoing.

Haass does think that "wars of choice" can sometimes be justified. He says it can be justified (a) if victory is possible, (b) if the benefits outweigh the projected the costs, (c) if the ratio of benefits to costs is greater than the projected outcome of other options, (d) b+c.

In June 1938, French Premier Daladier (a) abandoned, (b) equivocated about, (c) said nothing about, (d) reaffirmed French commitments to Czechoslovakia dating from 1924.

In a memo Haass sent to National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft he outlined all of the following possible options to explain Saddam's build-up EXCEPT: (a) routine exercise, (b) bluffing, (c) seize part of Kuwait for bargaining, (d) full-scale invasion - which Haass ratcheted back following Glaspie's cable for the July 28 message from President to Saddam supporting Saudi hosted talks, which proved inconclusive.

Other issues on the Administration's agenda—"the broader agenda"—in this period included all of the following EXCEPT (a) certifying that Pakistan was not pursuing nuclear weapons, (b) getting a UN resolution criticizing Israel for its handing of zealots' trying to build a "Succoth" on the Temple Mount and Palestinians' subsequent stoning of Jews at the Wailing Wall, (c) dealing with the budget in keeping with Bush's "no new taxes" pledge, (d) dealing with a last minute crisis on German unification

Pakistan's first two army chiefs were (a) Punjabi, (b) Pashtuns, (c) Sindhi, (d) British.

The Estado Novo was not (a) anti-Communist, (b) anti-liberal, (c) anti-democratic, (d) especially repressive by Latin American standards.

The dominant political figure in Brazil in the second quarter of the twentieth century was (a) Dom Pedro II, (b) Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, (c) Julio Prestes, (d) Getúlio Vargas, who came to power in a coup in 1930, became dictator in 1937, resigned in 1945, was elected president in 1951, and committed suicide in 1954. (pp. 77-80)

The first Pakistani jihadist and sectarian groups came into being during (a) the 1947 war for independence, (b) the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war, (c) the 1971 civil war, (d) the Soviet invasion of neighboring Afghanistan 1979ff.

The only jihadist group in Pakistan that is not Deobandi is (a) Harakat ulJihad-e-Islami, (b) xxx, (c) xxx, (d) Lashkar-e-Taiba, which derives another fundamentalist sect, Ahle Hadith, which is similar to the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia.

This language was drafted by (a) Dean Acheson, (b) John Foster Dulles, (c) Henry Kissinger, (d) Zbigniew Brzezinski

When Clinton briefed Bush 43 on the top security challenges facing the U.S. in January 2001, he listed them (his "broader agenda") in the following order: Osama bin Laden and al Qaida, the absence of a Middle East peace, the nuclear standoff between India and Pakistan, Pakistan's ties to both the Taliban and al Qaida, and North Korea. (p. 167). Where did Iraq figure in this list? (a) first, (b) second, (c) third, (d) last.

Winston Churchill was (a) never a member of the Liberal Party, (b) a member of the Labour Party, (c) always a member of the Conservative Party, though he served in coalition governments, (d) a famous turncoat.

4. The most professional organization in Pakistan, according to Schmidt, is (a) its bar association, (b) the feudal political establishment, (c) its religious hierarchy, (d) the army.

D) The Army

Campbell argues that although the economy was booming in Lagos and Ibadan (largely based on finance, real estate, and consumer spending along with high oil prices), the November 2009 hospitalization and May 2010 death of President Yar'Adua precipitated "a period of profound political crisis" marked by (a) the radical but largely uncoordinated Islamic insurgency in the north, (b) oil theft ("bunkering") of up to 10% of state revenue in the Delta, (c) the corruption in and deteriorating credibility of the federal and many state governments, (d) all of the foregoing. (115)

D) all the foregoing

*At the Vienna Summit, Khrushchev (a) threatened he would go to war (b) stated that the status of Berlin had to be changed, and if necessary he would do it unilaterally (c) told Kennedy that he was planning on putting nuclear weapons in Cuba (d) A and B (e) all of the above

A major factor preventing the United States from addressing issues regarding the impending civil war in Cameroon is: (a) issues of trade (b) US efforts to combat terrorism in the region (c) a lack of trust between the two countries (d) an issue of Camerron's self-determination to decide their own fate

Adam Smith argued that the source of wealth was ... (a) gold, (b) a favorable balance of trade, (c) supply and demand, (d) labor

For what reason was Iran Geopolitically Isolated for much of the war? (a) Saddam conducted an effective information campaign (b) Iran had lacked diplomatic relations with other countries (c) Sunni Shia divide (d) Islamic Revolution

The 19th century German economic thinker Friedrich List, who became a fierce opponent of Adam Smith, was influenced by the American debate over how to challenge Britain's industrial ascendancy. Which U.S. free trader was he drawn to although philosophically he was on the side of interventionism? (a) Millard Fillmore, (b) Andrew Jackson, (c) John Quincy Adams, (d) Alexander Hamilton

Which explanation does Robert Allen find most compelling for why the Industrial Revolution took place in Britain? (a) Enclosure movement in the countryside created cheap labor for factories in the cities, (b) more technological innovation due to greater penetration of the Scien- tific Revolution, (c) cultural differences, particularly the Protestant ethic, (d) a combination of relatively high wages and cheap energy and capital, (e) wealth gained from trade and dominion (exploitation of overseas empires)

Which of the following are key issues leading to the "Thucydides's Trap?" (a) economig growth of a rival state (b) misperceptions between two rival states (c) military buildup/arms race (d) all of the above

What were the reasons that Haass cited to explain why he thought one of the Iraq Wars was a war of necessity? (a) Prevent hostile power's domination of lion's share of world oil, (b) enforcing UN Security Council Resolutions banning Iraq from having weapons of mass destruction, (c) setting a constructive precedent for the new post-Cold War international order - after both diplomacy & sanctions had failed, (d) punishing collusion with the Al Qaeda terrorist organization, (e) a+c, (f) a+b, (g) b+d

Which of the following presidents would Haass not characterize as a political realist? (a) Franklin Roosevelt, (b) Harry Truman, (c) Dwight Eisenhower, (d) Richard Nixon, (e) Jimmy Carter

Cecil Rhodes held many positions over the years, including: (a) Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (b) Director of the British South Africa Company (c) Chairman of the De Beers Group (d) None of the above (e) All of the above

Stearns contributes what factors to the war(s) of Congo? (a) retaliation for the Rwandan Genocide (b) failure of the UN and Congo to prevent genocidaires from receiving humanitarian aide (c) clashes about trade of diamonds and minerals (d) corrupt government in Congo (e) all of the above

Which of the following has most contributed to the rise of the far-right politicians in Brazil? (a) Crime (b) Foreign policy (c) Government corruption (d) None of the above (e) Both a and c

"True or false? When Kennedy's national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy, was told of the discovery on October 15, he immediately informed the President"

The economic policy challenge faced by Fernando Henrique Cardoso following Collor de Melo's resignation in 1992 included (a) reducing inflation (b) getting government spending / deficits under control, (c) balance of trade in face of tariff reductions, (d) bank failures from reduced profits from loans as a result of the fall of inflation, (e) checking growth of government bureaucracy at all levels, (f) all of the foregoing.

The top issues during the first years of George H.W. Bush's presidency—his "broader agenda"—were (a) German unification, (b) political repression in China postTienanmen, (c) Panama, (d) the risk of war in South Asia (India-Pakistan), (e) a+b, (f) a+b+c+d

"True or false? Prior to the crisis, President Kennedy had never met with the Soviet leader in person."

True or false? Haass also sees a correlation between political realism and wars of choice.

According to Haass, "war of choice" is one (a) where a country's existence or vital interests are not threatened, (b) where other policy options (e.g., diplomacy or sanctions) are available, (c) where a country is fighting for principles, (d) where a country is supporting an ally or friend, (e) a+b, (f) all of the foregoing.

F- all of the foregoing

Cuba is the only country in the world that had received the US policy of embargo. This was an economic sanction against expropriations to American properties in the Island. In 1992 it acuqired the condition of Law of the nation.

Does Graham Allison's theory of the Thucydides Trap always end in warfare between the two rival powers?

Due to Berlin's blockade, the United States organized a significant logisitic program to deliver food and industrial supplies in the east part of the city.

For Hitler, the goal of his new wars of conquest was always to kill the Jewish population of Europe as part of his dream of a new Germany.

Privatization of the Russian economy began with Anatoly Chubais's Voucher Program in 1992

Signed in 1918, the Brest-Litovsk treaty that ended hostilities between Germany and Russia was greeted with near total support by the Russian people, and represented a political masterstroke on the part of Vladimir Lenin

The Bay of Pigs was a successful invasion by US trained Cuban exiles that forced Khrushchev to accept Kennedy's terms on Berlin

The Bretton Woods Conference established which key global banking insitutions? (a) The IMF (b) The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (c) The World Bank (d) The European Investment Bank (e) C and D (f) A and C (g) A and D

The Chinese government has undertaken a massive expansion of its military primarily in order to reach parity with the United States armed forces in anticipation of a direct and future conflict with the US military.

The Cuban Resolution usually receives little International Support on their Annual Resolution for the repeal of the US Embargo.

The Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) and the People's National Party (PNP) had strongly divergent policy goals following Jamaican independence.

The Lend-Lease Act allowed Congress to decide whether or not to send materials to foreign actors, provided it be in the defense of the nation.

The Marshall Plan was motivated mainly for humanitarian reasons to address the lack of food and industrial supplies in Europe.

The Marshall's offering to Russia to collaborate in the ERP was expected to be positive answered, aiming to share expenses.

The Second Anglo-Boer was a "tea time" war, meaning it was over quickly, because the British were extremely prepared for the number of Boer fighters and their fighting style.

The Truman speech on the Greek and Turkey crisis before the Congress blamed the responsibility on the USSR, ending any possibilites of further negotiations.

The primary aim of U.S. policy at Bretton Woods was indeed to exploit the Pound-Sterling, but was not to replace it with another currency such as the Euro. Rather, the U.S. sought to simply sought to place the USD as the premier global currency, thus removing the Pound as the standard-bearer for world trade. The Pound remains to this day as a stable international currency. However, most international trade and other forms of financial measurement are hedged against the strength of the U.S. dollar.

20. True or false? Rising national income has promoted the development of the country, and the standard of living has improved, and, according to official statistics, the number living on less than $1/day has fallen by 20%. (11)

FALSE

25. True or false? Nigeria's oil wealth has not been distributed throughout the country, but it has been invested in agriculture or in infrastructure.

FALSE

30. Who Runs Nigeria? True or false? The power of the president and the federal government is not circumscribed by the institutions of government. (26)

FALSE

35. True or false? When civilian government was restored in 1999, President Obasanjo insured that his inner circle did not come from the uniformed services (the military, police, and customs service) that had dominated government since the Biafra War although he did draw on civilians who had been perennials in military governments. (25-26)

FALSE

49. True or false? Violent, radical opposition to Nigeria's traditional Islamic establishment and the federal government did not exist before Boko Haram. (55)

FALSE

True or false? Any action in the Reichstag elected in November 1932 was blocked by the Nazis (the largest party) and the Communists (who gave the Nazis a majority).

FALSE

True or false? Churchill supported the conclusion of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in June 1935, because it limited the German navy to roughly one third the size (35%) of the Royal Navy

FALSE

True or false? During the Clinton years, Iraq complied completely with the UN inspection regime.

FALSE

True or false? Hitler told Hindenburg, who was weary of issuing repeated emergency decrees, that progress with the Zentrum was impossible. Was that true?

FALSE

True or false? Soviet Foreign Minister Litvinov's offer of aid to Czechoslovakia at a meeting of the Assembly of the League of Nations in September 1938 was used by Britain and France in their negotiations with Hitler.

FALSE

9. True or false? In the South Britain ruled through native institutions and personalities, but in the North, where state structures were lacking, the UK introduced western institutions. (3-4)

FALSE- reverse

Nehru and Gandhi favored the partition of British India at the time of independence in 1947.

FALSE;

"True or false? During the quarantine there was not a single military encounter that might have provoked a "shooting war.""

False

"True or false? He also met with key Congressional leaders, including Senator Richard Russell of Georgia (chair, Senate Armed Services Committee) and Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas (chair, Senate Foreign Relations Committee), whose immediate reaction was positive."

False

"True or false? Hjalmar Schacht thought Germany could and should pay reparations."

False

"True or false? Several years later (in 1988), Milton Friedman strongly endorsed the dual-track price system."

False

"True or false? The Fed's September 2011 Maturity Extension program aims to replace $400bn long-term bonds with a comparable amount of short-term bonds. (It's the other way 'round—replacing short-term with long-term—Operation Twist.)"

False

"True or false? The Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, strongly agreed with and endorsed their recommendation."

False

"True or false? The U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Permanent Representative on its Security Council, Adlai Stevenson, was opposed to any action at the UN."

False

True or false? On this trip Deng said, "The essential difference between socialism and capitalism is the proportion of planning to market forces."

False

True or false? There is also a sizable Shiite minority that historically has not been well integrated.

False

"The European power with the most gold was: (a) Germany, (b) Britain, (c) France, (d) the Soviet Union"

France

14. Biafra's independence got some support from (a) France, (b) the Soviet Union, (c) South Africa, (d) Portugal, (e) Britain, (f) the United States. (7)

France

Cardoso's plan, called the Plano Real, (a) ruled out shock treatment of wage-price freeze, (b) drew up a balanced budget for 1994 (which Congress passed), (c) created a twostage transition to a new currency—first stage (March 1994) = creation of URV (unit of real value) - second = introduction of real on July 1 1994, (d) adopted mildly overvalued exchange rate to fight inflation with cheap imports, (e) imposed high real interest rates to prevent runaway consumer boom of cruzado, (f) managed the privatization of state enterprises, (g) all of the foregoing

"Following Trichet's farewell in mid-October 2011, (a) a Eurozone summit negotiated further bondholder losses, (b) agreed a new aid package, (c) Papandreou called for a referendum, raising the possibility of Grexit, (d) the ECB cut interest rates reversing Trichet's hikes from the spring, (e) Merkel, Sarkozy and others pressured Papandreou and Berlusconi to fulfill their obligations or resign, (f) a and b, (g) c and e, (h) a and d, (i) all of the foregoing."

. Roughly a decade after the Gulf War, the U.S. position vis-à-vis Iraq was in disarray for the following reason(s): (a) Saddam was firmly in control inside Iraq despite the two no-fly zones (in the north and south), (b) opposition to his rule within the country was weak and disorganized, (c) sanctions were a constraint but not a threat to Saddam, (d) international inspections efforts had effectively ended, despite the creation of UNMOVIC as a successor to UNSCOM in December 1999, (e) support for containment within the Administration was fading and support for regime change outside the Administration was growing, (f) a+b+c, (g) a+c+d, (h) all of the foregoing.

Match the key leaders discussed in the book, who served as president (dates in parentheses) following the end of Ibrahim Babangida's dictatorship from 1985 to 1993, with their ethnic group:

Sani Abacha (1993-98) Northern Muslim Kanuri Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) Southern Christian Yoruba, Fulani Umaru Yar'Adua (2007-10) Northern Muslim Fulani Goodluck Jonathan (2010-15) Southern Christian Ijaw

True or false: According to Allen, the increase in English coal mining and production over the period from 1560 to 1800 was due to the increased demand, resulting from the success of English trade and the growth of London.

"True or false? Chinese reforming experts were split on the issue of addressing inflation."

9. True or false? Bush agreed to double the U.S. force in Saudi Arabia at the end of October, but he did not announce his decision until after the mid-term election on November 6.

True or false? Ben Bernanke was a student of the Great Depression and was guided by the "lessons" he learned from the failures of central bankers at that time.

True or false? During the Clinton "interregnum" (1993-2001), the Administration's initial approach was described as "dual containment," per a speech delivered by Haass' successor, Martin Indyk, but containment of Iraq was, according to Haass, "aggressive" (involving regular applications of military force), while containment of Iran was "active" (involving sanctions).

True or false? Haass says the price of getting General Powell's support was agreeing to his call for "overwhelming force" - 200,000 troops to defend Saudi Arabia and another 200,000 troops if it was decided to liberate Kuwait. (Haass calls Powell a "reluctant warrior.")

True or false? The "ultimatum" issued by the Security Council on 29 Nov 1990 (UNSCR 678), authorized Member States co-operating with the Government of Kuwait to use all necessary means to uphold and implement UNSCR 660 and all subsequent relevant resolutions and to restore international peace and security in the region, unless Iraq did so on or before 15 Jan 19

True or false? The actual policy of the Clinton Administration toward Iraq, according to Haass, "focused mostly on containing Saddam and shoring up the inspections and sanctions regimes." (p. 160)

According to Euclides de Cunha, the campaigns of the Brazilian Republic against Canudos could ultimately be seen as a hypocritical attack against a barbaric lifestyle.

Between 1972 and 1989, Jamaica faced economic downturn under the leadership of the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) and the People's National Party (PNP)

Bolsonaro's election was the biggest shift to the far right that Brazil has experienced since it democratized in 1989.

For China's leadership the social stability is the biggest concern and the government is willing to achieve this at any cost.

One of the immediate international consequences of the implementation of the Marshall Plan is the failure to negotiate the Korean affair.

Richard Koo says that the economy naturally has two parts, an ordinary phase and a post-bubble phase. This means that a bubble-burst is a natural occurrence.

Rob Johnson Identifies that Saddam Hussein's personal insecurities toward Iraq's Shia population is a major motivation for Saddam to attack Iran's Khuzestan region in 1980?

Since 1993, has there been a pattern of compliance, and then noncompliance, in regards to North Korea's response towards the United States' policy goal of denuclearization.

The "End of Days" mindset is an apocalyptic, scripture-based recruiting tool that was successful in motivating foreign recruits to join the Islamic State.

The Liberal Alliance coalition of 1930 focused on the need to reach out to new groups, recognize the needs of industrial workers, extend the government's influence throughout the entire country, and enlarge the electorate by giving women the right to vote.

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was not successful because it was influence by political interests and did not help the farmers as it was perceived to be.

The Soviety Union was expecting American isolationist foreign relations after WWII. The Marshall Plan was never anticipated.

The joint statement signed by President Trump and Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un, expresses the desire to denuclearize the Korean peninsula

The root cause of the animosity between Hutu and Tutsi can be traced back to colonial rule under Belgium

There have been multiple attempts at a peace settlement since the outbreak of war in 2015, all 3 attempts have failed so far.

Today's Chinese leaders have learned from history that nationalism is a potent but double-edged force. From the standpoint of the rulers, nationalism can be the key to managing social unrest and surviving politically. But if the rulers appear too weak to stand up to the foreigners, then their critics will turn on them and use nationalist appeals to mobilize popular support for overthrowing them.

True or false? On New Year's Day 2012, Jonathan ended the federal petroleum subsidy. (126

TRUE

"Although the Nazis proved unable to make dramatic inroads into the industrial strongholds of the SPD and KPD, they did succeed in attracting a substantial following among workers in handicrafts, small-scale manufacturing and agriculture. It has been estimated that by 1932 as much as 40% of the Nazi vote was drawn from these elements of the working class"

TRUE

"If a newspaper was not owned by the Nazis, it was, according to the party campaign literature, either "Jewish" or "Marxist" or both."

TRUE

"Papen was determined to dissolve the new Reichstag before a vote of no confidence, rule by emergency decree, and postpone elections indefinitely, although new elections were required by the constitution within 60 days of dissolution, but he was frustrated by Reichstag President Göring, who acted on a Communist motion before Papen could speak."

TRUE

"True or false? According to well-established traditions of German political culture, parties made little effort to cross social boundaries in mobilizing support. The parties of the left appealed to workers, the liberals and conservatives to elements of the middle class. ... Only the Catholic Zentrum, whose appeal was based on religious affiliation, sought to straddle the great social divide of German politics, but almost exclusively within the Catholic community."

TRUE

"True or false? As a catchall party of protest that argued that the German political system was broken and the country's institutions dysfunctional, the Nazis had a surprisingly diverse following, but it was highly unstable politically."

TRUE

"True or false? Even women, who had been the most reluctant demographic to embrace the Nazis, were turning to the party in ever-increasing numbers by 1932"

TRUE

"True or false? Following the Nazi success in the July 31, 1932 election, Hitler expected to be offered the Chancellorship and planned to ask for an enabling act (Ermächtigungsgezetz) that would allow him to govern without the Reichstag."

TRUE

"True or false? Four months after the party's greatest triumph, its vote in November 1932 fell by 2 million to 33%. Although it remained the largest party, its aura of invincibility had been punctured"

TRUE

"True or false? From its earliest days, the Nazis had projected themselves as the party of youth, and 43% of new members between 1930 and 1933 were between 18 and 30, and another 27% between 30 and 40, but they also made a systematic, sustained, and surprisingly successful effort to attract older Germans. "

TRUE

"True or false? Hindenburg signed a decree dissolving the Reichstag and calling new elections for March 5."

TRUE

"True or false? In Campbell's view, even though the election of 2011 was relatively more credible, the election of Goodluck Jonathan exacerbated the crisis situation of the insurgencies, since his election marked the end of power alternation between the North and South, commonly called "zoning." (115-116, 125) "

TRUE

"True or false? In Prussia, the Interior Ministry (Göring) and Gestapo (Diels) were successful in closing SA prisons throughout the fall, but in Bavaria, the SS and SD (Himmler and Heydrich) and the SA (Röhm) thwarted efforts by Nazi state authorities to investigate charges of torture at Dachau"

TRUE

"True or false? In the months after Hitler's appointment as chancellor, Himmler as chief of both the SS and Bavarian state policy undertook a systematic campaign to expand his power by seizing control of the political police in one state after another."

TRUE

"True or false? In the wake of the Marburg speech, after months of doing nothing, Hitler summoned Himmler and Heydrich, to accelerate their readiness, and conferred with Blomberg to secure military support to deal with an SA Putsch."

TRUE

"True or false? On July 8, a Concordat was signed with the Vatican, with the Church promising to halt its assaults on "heathen" National Socialism and withdraw from politics, while the Nazis pledged to respect the rights of the Church and its lay organizations. On July 6, the Zentrum had voted itself out of existence."

TRUE

"True or false? On June 26, Alfred Hugenberg was forced out of the government, ostensibly for demanding the return of Germany's colonies at the World Economic Conference in London, and the Conservative coalition disbanded itself, with members given the option of joining the Nazis (Stahlhelm the SA)."

TRUE

"True or false? The March 1933 election was the first sham election of the Third Reich, and the Nazi vote rose from 11.7 to 17.2 million, but still failed to win a majority (43.9%). (The Social Democrats got 7.1 million, the Communists 4.8 million, the Catholic Zentrum and its Bavarian sister party 5.4 million, and the Conservatives 3.1 million.)"

TRUE

"True or false? The brutal wave of political terror that had swept Germany since 1928 and that had reached new intensity after the ban on the SA and SS was lifted in the 1932 election continued in the weeks that followed it, with many frustrated SA members hoping to seize power (and disaffection with the party's policy of "legality")."

TRUE

"True or false? The party's grassroots propaganda apparatus expressed disappointment that Hitler did not enter government, indicating some first-time Nazi voters would not vote for the party again."

TRUE

"True or false? The party's grassroots propaganda organization concluded that "the decline in our votes can in many ways be attributed to the fact that Hitler did not enter the government." Rural voters had also been shocked by cooperation with the Communists. The party had reached the outer limits of what its base would tolerate."

TRUE

"True or false? They believed, as Papen put it, that the National Socialist demagogue could be "tamed," that they had "sandbagged Hitler.""

TRUE

"True or false? Vietnam was one example, where fear of Communism blinded U.S. policymakers to the appeal of nationalism. (p. 273) "

TRUE

"True or false? What Hitler and the NSDAP's sophisticated propaganda apparatus had failed to achieve at the apex of the party's popular appeal in 1932, a group of highly placed conservative figures managed by engineering a backroom deal to create a Hitler cabinet.""

TRUE

"True or false? Within less than six months, the Nazi leadership seized the state apparatus, smashed the labor movement, abolished other parties, neutralized churches, intimidated the business community, and seduced the army, all without plunging the country into chaos or civil war, although thousands were already in concentration camps"

TRUE

"While Hitler did speak to SA leaders on July 6, declaring that the "revolution" was over and that it was no longer time for terror in the streets but for indoctrination by Goebbels' propaganda ministry, and violence did decline, he basically "withdrew to the sidelines.""

TRUE

(54) 48. True or false? Starting in 2000, in the aftermath of the Abacha military dictatorship, twelve Northern states officially adopted sharia in the criminal domain with significant popular support. (55)

TRUE

. True or false? Haass characterizes American policy toward the war as "classic balance-of-power" diplomacy.

TRUE

. True or false? In April 2002, in a speech to the Foreign Policy Association, Haass argued for moving "from a balance of power to a pooling of power"—a doctrine of integration, but despite William Safire's column saying there were two competing schools of thought within the Administration, Haass was speaking only for himself.

TRUE

. True or false? In October 1998, Congress passed the Iraq Liberation Act, which Clinton signed (but with little enthusiasm); it said, "It should be [U.S. policy] to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein ... and to promote the emergence of a democratic government...," and authorized $97 million in military support.

TRUE

. True or false? In trying to explain Saddam Hussein's behavior, Haass admits he (Haass) never considered that Saddam Hussein might not have had WMD, but calculated it would be better to absorb what he expected as a limited American attack than to show a sign of weakness (by admitting he had only been hiding the fact that he did not have WMD). (p. 245)

TRUE

. True or false? The most effective government response has been the amnesty program (costing $450 million in 2012), introduced by Yar'Adua in the wake of the 2008-9 decline in oil prices and continued by Jonathan. (79)

TRUE

. True or false? There is almost certainly an important criminal element in Boko Haram, given the long traditions of smuggling and kidnapping for ransom. (137)

TRUE

. True or false? While Reid is critical of the revival of "national developmentalism" in Brazil because it can undercut democracy (where it has made recent progress) and adaptation to globalization, he also does not think the country can imitate the American ideal of Jeffersonian republic with a minimal role for government and neo-liberal economic policy because the country is "too big" and its regional and social inequalities too great. (288-289)

TRUE

.True or false? Suicide is anathema to West African culture. (138)

TRUE

0. True or false? Rigged elections appeared to have replaced military coups as the means for the transfer of power.

TRUE

11. True or false? Because there was never European settlement in Nigeria, racism was less overt than in eastern or southern [British] Africa, though it infused the colonial system as it did everywhere else in Africa. (4)

TRUE

13. True or false? After independence and the 1967-70 civil war (over Biafra), Nigeria's three regions were dissolved and replaced by states giving the country a "Federal Character." (5).

TRUE

15. True or false? After the Biafra war, military coup followed military coup, with few exceptions, until 1998.

TRUE

16. True or false? The exceptions included a military-organized election in 1979 (when General Obesanjo ruled) that led to violent, fractious, and corrupt civilian administration under Shehu Shagari that was ousted by General Muhammedu Buhari in 1983.

TRUE

19. True or false? According to its constitution, Nigeria's Fourth Republic distributes just under half of the nation's oil and gas revenues via a complicated formula to the states and local governments, with the states that produce oil receiving an additional allocation. (9-10)

TRUE

2. True or false? The mensalâo blew away the PT's sanctimonious claim, based on its municipal administrations and congressional discipline, to command a monopoly of ethical behavior in Brazilian politics. (150)

TRUE

24. True or false? According to Ambassador Campbell, the end of the process described in question 2 has exacerbated the Islamic region's alienation and encouraged the rise of radical Islam, while alienating an increasing number of Nigerians in both North and South from the federal government and caused them to see the country as a failed state. (vii-viii)

TRUE

27. True or false? In 2005-6, Obasanjo's Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and her "dream team" negotiated a debt settlement with the Paris Club and paid off the country's debts the following year by delinking government expenditures from volatile oil prices. (19-20)

TRUE

28. True or false? Okonjo-Iweala, who was "demoted" to Foreign Minister in June 2006, was "deeply unpopular" for reducing fuel subsidies. (20)

TRUE

3.True or false? "Formal decision-making processes," according to Haass, "can be time-consuming, can increase the chance of leaks, can stifle innovation, and are no guarantee against groupthink and error. But it is also true that rigorous and inclusive policy development mechanisms can improve the quality of policy, protect leaders from themselves and the shortcomings of those around them, and increase the odds that implementation faithfully reflect what is sought." (p. 272)

TRUE

31. True or false? In most places in this enormous country fragmented by ethnic and religious divides, power is exercised through patron-client networks without much reference to the formal structures of governance or to the Nigerian people. This wielding of power by "big men" —ogas (a Yoruba word meaning "masters")—is a West African tradition.

TRUE

33. True or false? Since the Biafra War, military officers have gained wealth by going into business. (27)

TRUE

36. True or false? Over time Obasanjo's inner circle grew to include a few civilians with an independent power base of their own (and therefore particularly dependent on him). (26)

TRUE

38. True or false? Competition for government office (and the power to distribute oil wealth) has intensified, but in 2011 both Goodluck Jonathan and General Buhari have sought popular support by appealing to ethnic and religious identities outside traditional patronage networks. (28-29)

TRUE

4.True or false? According the Haass, George W. Bush "paid the price for the informality of national security decision making during much of his administration." (p. 272)

TRUE

43. True or false? Ambassador Campbell sees the most likely source for a challenge to Nigeria's corrupt governmental system as coming from "civil society" - intellectuals, the legal profession, and religious leaders whose standard is western democratic practice. (40-41).

TRUE

44. True or false? From an American perspective, Nigerians, both Christian and Muslim, are highly religious. (45)

TRUE

47. True or false? Despite growing Christian influence in the North, the region's formal politics were still overwhelmingly dominated by Muslim elites until the Boko Haram insurgency undermined most traditional institutions from 2009 onward.

TRUE

5. The British began trading in the Gulf of Guinea in the 17th century, first for slaves to work sugar plantations in the Caribbean, and then for palm oil, an essential lubricant for the machinery of the industrial revolution.

TRUE

54. True or false? Oil has become the glue that holds Nigeria together, motivates the ogas to preserve the federation, and generates government revenue, making Nigeria a world player. (66)

TRUE

6. True or false? The British government's goal was keeping the costs of governance to a minimum. (1)

TRUE

6.True or false? On the general and the particular, Haass warns against the danger of allowing "global designs" blind decision makers to "local realities." (p. 273)

TRUE

8. True or false? Brazil's Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), or Workers' or Labor Party, is Latin America's biggest and most successful left-wing party. Organized in a São Paulo suburb in 1980, it brought together unions (fresh from the 1978-79 strikes in car factories), Christian base groups active with urban squatters and landless rural workers, remnants of the guerilla movements of the 1960s and '70s, and leftist intellectuals. Its Marxism was not aligned with Moscow, Beijing, or Havana, but egalitarian democracy. It was Brazil's only major party organized "from below."

TRUE

A Petroleum Industries Bill (PIB) that was to reform the industry and the relationship of the government to the major oil companies was "dead in the water" because of regional rivalries. (127)

TRUE

A second decree dissolved all elected bodies in Prussia, the stronghold of democratic forces, and transferred all power to the national government, enabling Göring as Reich commissar for the Prussian Interior (Police) Ministry, to create a secret state police (the Gestapo).

TRUE

Although sharia was adopted in northern states, it did not solve the fundamental problem of different standards of justice for the rich and poor, ever more critical in a time of impoverishment and misgovernance. (135)

TRUE

At an Arab League meeting in late May, Saddam Hussein had attacked Kuwait for "over production" and asked for debt-forgiveness.

TRUE

Both Iraq wars involved intelligence failures. True or false? In the Gulf War the intelligence community failed to predict Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

TRUE

Campbell argues that while Nigeria is so big, it can only be influenced at the margins, but he urges strengthening democratic institutions, the rule of law , and ties to civil society and encouraging development that decreases poverty.

TRUE

Campbell's first recommendation to policymakers is "do no harm."

TRUE

Chamberlain resigned as Prime Minister when the Germans invaded the Netherlands, Belgium and France on May 10 because he could not form a multi-party national government.

TRUE

Haass argues that fighting unconventional wars requires not only larger forces, not so much to win on the battlefield, but to secure the environment afterwards and civilian forces to assist with basic nation-building.

TRUE

In Nigeria the term applies not just to the followers of malam (teacher, not a worship leader or imam) Mohammed Yusuf (who was killed by police in 2009), though little is known about their structure and leadership, and other groups of political opportunists and criminals as well as radical Islamists. (129)

TRUE

In a 1938 speech in São Paulo explaining corporatism, Vargas said "the Estado Novo doesn't recognize individual rights against the community. Individuals don't have rights, they have duties. Rights belong to the community! The State, placing itself above the struggle of [vested] interests, guarantees the rights of the community, and ensures that duties to it are carried out." (p. 85)

TRUE

True or false? After the debacle of Fernando Collor de Melo's brief Presidency, the strongest political parties in Brazil were the PT (Partido dos Trabalhadores or Labor Party) led by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and the PSDB (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira or Brazilian Social Democratic Party) led by Fernando Henrique Cardoso.

TRUE

True or false? Although this leader's vision was secular, his goal was a homeland for South Asia's Muslims.

TRUE

True or false? An NIE (national intelligence estimate) judged Iraq (like Iran) as "too drained" from the Iran-Iraq War to cause trouble.

TRUE

True or false? Another thing he did do was commission an in-depth examination of the lessons-learned from U.S. experience with nation-building undertaken by Haass's Policy Planning Staff concluded that you get what you pay for and that the larger the gap between ambitions and situation inherited, the larger the necessary commitment of time and resources. (pp. 225-228)

TRUE

True or false? Another worrying factor was the effective silencing of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.

TRUE

True or false? As a regional and continental power, Nigeria has been the most important African strategic partner for successive Washington administrations. (116)

TRUE

True or false? As a result of their experience with the world financial crisis, Brazilian policymakers drew the conclusion that liberal capitalism (e.g., in the United States) had failed and that the future lay with state capitalism (on the Chinese model). (155)

TRUE

True or false? As the years of military dictatorship came to an end, the strongest political force initially, capitalizing on the initial success of the cruzado (a currency reform), was the opposition political party established during the dictatorship, the PMBD (Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, or Democratic Movement Party of Brazil), which drew on the strength of populism.

TRUE

True or false? At about the same time (June 1938), Hitler told his Supreme Commander Keitel that he was convinced, "as in the case of the demilitarized zone [of the Rhineland] and the entry into Austria, that France will not march, and that therefore England will not intervene."

TRUE

True or false? At the end of chapter 8, "Sanctions Against Italy," Churchill criticized the Baldwin government for estranging Italy (and upsetting the Stresa Front and the balance of power in Europe) while gaining nothing for Ethiopia.

TRUE

True or false? At the first working session of the new Reichstag, Hitler proposed passage of his enabling act, a "Law for Removing the Distress of People and Reich," which was opposed by the Social Democrats but not by the Zentrum.

TRUE

True or false? At the same time, land under cultivation expanded from 19.1 million hectares in 1950 to 49.2 million in 1980, and the country ceased to be dependent on coffee as the main source of foreign exchange earnings as a host of nontraditional exports (cars, aircraft, arms, and soybeans) came into being (p. 110).

TRUE

True or false? Because it became so powerful, the army was able to sweep aside Pakistan's first rulers within a decade of the country's independence.

TRUE

True or false? Between 1928 and January 1933, German politics had been driven by large-scale economic and political developments — the Great Depression, mass unemployment, political polarization, institutional paralysis, and a rising tide of violence and chaos

TRUE

True or false? Brazil was the first Latin American country to declare war on the Axis in the Second World War and the only one to commit troops—an expeditionary force of 25,000 sent to Italy.

TRUE

True or false? By 1980 Brazilian dirigisme had succeeded in creating the largest and most sophisticated industrial base in the developing world — with Petrobras and offshore oil, a petrochemical industry, Embraer (the aircraft manufacturer), huge hydroelectric dams, and ethanol (p. 110).

TRUE

True or false? By mid-1933, when Hitler believed it was time to consolidate Nazi achievements, SA leader Ernst Röhm wanted a "second revolution." He saw the four-million member SA as a third pillar of the regime alongside the army and police, but many storm troopers were still without work and engaged in widespread hooliganism, such as the "blood week of Köpenick" in June 1933.

TRUE

True or false? Campbell argues that inattention to Nigeria's internal problems is unwise: "With a weak or nonexistent presidency, religious and ethnic violence in the North, and the continued alienation of the Delta, Nigeria largely abandoned its leadership role in the region [in the period of crisis following Obasanjo]." (161)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell argues that the inherent violence of the slave trade has continued in both the extraction of palm oil and petroleum. (65)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell argues that unless Abuja moves to counter the alienation of the impoverished North, with its Christian-Muslim rivalry and new, indigenous forms of radical Islam, a major impetus to state failure could develop. (63)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell attributes public apathy following the elections to a desire to avoid a political crisis as in Kenya, Chad, and Somalia. (110)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell believes that the Senate's tabling (defeating) of the constitutional amendment lifting term limits on May 16, 2006, resulted from a consensus among the political elites against a Third Term shaped by fear of the public's growing anger. (82)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell says U.S. National Democratic Institute (NDI) observer team head Madeline Albright was impressed by the honesty, competency and organization of Nigerian civil society's observers. (108- 109)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell says each portion of the election scenario failed. (103)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell, after citing warnings against police clampdowns in response to al-Qaeda by various Islamic umbrella organizations, notes that the internal dynamics of Northern Nigerian religion remain obscure not only to outsiders but also to Nigerian elites, whether Christian or Muslim. (61)

TRUE

True or false? Campbell, noting that Nigeria has responded to challenges in the past, argues that what was challenging at the time of writing (in 2012) was the confluence of (a) Boko Haram depredations in the North, (b) intensified ethnic and religious violence in the Middle Belt, (c) the prospect of renewed insurrection in the Delta, and (d) the paralysis of the presidency. (164)

TRUE

True or false? Cardoso's success in the Presidential election of November 1994 turned on the Plano Real, his economic strategy for dealing with inflation.

TRUE

True or false? Communists and Social Democrats were arrested (by the end of the year the number of political arrests ran to more than 100,000), and on June 22, the SPD was outlawed.

TRUE

True or false? Despite inauspicious beginnings as a likely puppet of Obasanjo, Yar'Adua gradually extricated himself and became surprisingly independent, insisting on respect for Supreme Court decisions. His amnesty in the Delta halted attacks on the oil infrastructure for a time. His rule marked not only a generational change but the first truly civilian rule. (117)

TRUE

True or false? Family, ethnic, and religious identities are trumping a sense of national allegiance in large part because the state no longer addresses the basic concerns and needs of the people. (165)

TRUE

True or false? Federal Character and the practice of zoning provided some boundaries to the otherwise winner-take-all political culture where the prize was the state and its oil revenue, since the system allowed for the almost complete impunity from the law for the country's most important elites. (116)

TRUE

True or false? Following Hitler's annexation of Austria in March 1938, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, who had succeeded Baldwin in May 1937, concluded that there was nothing to be done to save Czechoslovakia.

TRUE

True or false? Following Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, the Assembly of the League of Nations voted 50-to-1 to take measures against Italy, but British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, declaring that sanctions meant war, resolved (per Churchill) that there must be no war, and therefore decided against sanctions — in a breakdown of collective security.

TRUE

True or false? Frequent criticisms include going to war with a small number of troops, demobilizing the Iraqi army, and de-Ba'athification beyond the senior levels, but Haass also wonders, given the nature of Iraqi society, whether with far more troops and wiser decisions about managing reconstruction, a successful outcome could have been achieved. (p. 271)

TRUE

True or false? From 1930 to 1980, Brazil's economy grew strongly, expanding at an annual rate of 6.5% (with 2 slowdowns, late 1930s and early-to-mid 1960s, and 2 spurts, 7.5% from 1942 to 1962 and 10.7% from 1968 to 1974).

TRUE

True or false? Haass also felt that senior State Department officials—almost all senior career diplomats—and Powell himself were ill-suited for the rough-andtumble of the interagency process in the Bush 43 Administration.

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that "sanctions turn out to be an extraordinarily complex foreign policy instrument. As a rule of thumb, their effectiveness increase to the degree they enjoy considerable international backing, are buttressed by military force, and allow for humanitarian exceptions to lessen their impact on innocents." They can influence behavior, but they cannot produce fundamental changes. (p. 274)

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that a national security process that allowed the VP to make such claims without through vetting was flawed.

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that both policy makers and intelligence analysts need to be aware of assumptions. (p. 272) He argues for both a culture and procedures where assumptions are challenged, for a robust process, competitive analysis, and multiple layers of oversight.

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that preventative strikes should not be ruled out as a matter of principle, but they should not be depended upon because, beyond questions of feasibility and retaliation, they run the risk of making the world less stable by encouraging proliferation and weaken the long-standing norm against the use of force in cases other than self-defense.

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that the Gulf War, the first Iraq War, was "consistent with the precepts of the just war": "it was fought for a worthy cause, it was likely to succeed, it was undertaken with legitimate authority, and it was waged only as a last resort." (p.268)

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that the you-are-either-with-us-or-against-us line of the President's November 6, 2001 speech fueled anti-Americanism.

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that there was an option between a limited use of force for punitive purposes and a (costly) full-scale invasion, what he calls "coercive force"—such as the U.S. and its NATO allies practiced in Kosovo in 1999.

TRUE

True or false? Haass argues that this did not mean that a formal decision to go to war had been made, but rather that it was seen as both necessary and desirable to oust Saddam, and the President was prepared to do what was necessary. A formal decision had not been made, but the President and his inner circle had crossed "the political and psychological Rubicon." (p. 216)

TRUE

True or false? Haass blames the way the U.S. went about war planning on assumptions—mainly arguments by academics and exiles that were uncritically accepted the U.S. would be greeted as liberators. (p. 254)

TRUE

True or false? Haass characterizes the Israeli attack on Iraq's nuclear plant at Osirak in 1983 as a classic preventive (NOTpreemptive) attack.

TRUE

True or false? Haass criticizes both the way the war was fought—with too few troops (not for winning but for controlling the country afterwards—Phase IV, postwarfighting scenarios)—and the post-war reconstruction, citing two National Intelligence Council studies outlining regional and domestic Iraqi post-war challenges. (pp. 253-254).

TRUE

True or false? Haass describes UNSCR 1441 (November 8) as an extraordinary document that declared Iraq as in "material breach" of its obligations under previous resolutions and giving it one last chance to cooperate with inspectors or "face serious consequences" (an ultimatum). What was unclear was what would follow if it did not cooperate. Inspectors were readmitted, a trove of documents were released, but it was also clear that his was still inadequate. (pp. 231-232)

TRUE

True or false? Haass feels that U.S. policy really only found its way in early 2007, when the NSC resumed control, the approach changed to classic counterinsurgency, and 30,000 additional troops—the "surge"—were sent in. (p. 263)

TRUE

True or false? Haass notes that although a small interagency group chaired by Deputy National Security Advisor Steve Hadley (and usually attended by Under Secretary Marc Grossman) was considering (not the advisability of a war with Iraq but) how to prepare for one, neither Secretary Powell nor his deputy Rich Armitage took it seriously as indication that a decision for war had been made. (pp. 212-213)

TRUE

True or false? Haass notes that most never appreciated a key distinction about the goal of the UN inspection effort: It was intended to confirm Iraqi compliance, not uncover non-compliance. But the bottom line was that Iraqi actions did not constitute a casus belli for France or Russia or China. (p. 243)

TRUE

True or false? Haass notes that the Congressional vote for the Iraq War (October 10 in the House, 296-133, and October 11 in the Senate, 77-23) was much stronger than for the Gulf War, when he thought the case was stronger legally, strategically, and diplomatically. True or false? His explanation is a "triumph of politics" - in the wake of 9/11 war—expected to cost little and accomplish a lot—was more popular. (pp. 229-230)

TRUE

True or false? Haass says he knew of no attempt to falsify intelligence by anyone in the U.S. government.

TRUE

True or false? Haass says much has been written about the Vice President's tendency to the "one percent solution," but argues that while the worst possible case is worth considering, so is the alternative (what if we are wrong). Raising such questions is one thing, allowing them to dictate policy is something else. The dominant thrust should be to invest in "most likely" outcomes. (p. 218)

TRUE

True or false? Haass says the British insisted on a second UNSCR because Blair faced a revolt in the Labour Party, but Saddam Hussein had not done anything as egregious as his invasion of Kuwait. (p. 243)

TRUE

True or false? Haass says the Iraq War was the first preventive war in American history, begun not just to disarm a regime but to oust it. (p. 246)

TRUE

True or false? Haass says there were two contending U.S. approaches to the aftermath—a traditional occupation and building up the Iraqis. What happened was a combination, but with regard to the first, we did not have enough troops /suitably trained troops to deal with the immediate looting and with regard to the second an effort like the one in Afghanistan failed because the gulf between Saddam's supporters and opponents was too great. (pp. 258-260).

TRUE

True or false? Haass stresses the "issue of process"—saying that both policy development and implementation require rigorous attention.

TRUE

True or false? He also discusses policy makers' "cherry-picking" to fit preconceptions and improperly vetted sources

TRUE

True or false? He criticized the decision to exclude companies from countries who had opposed the war—notably the French and the Russians—saying we would need all the help we could get. (pp. 251-252)

TRUE

True or false? He notes that some assessments were accurate—e.g., no operational link between Al Qaida and Saddam Hussein.

TRUE

True or false? Hitler claimed SA excesses were mostly the work of Communist spies.

TRUE

True or false? Hitler had often told impatient Storm Troopers (who wanted to seize power) that the Nazi revolution would come after the assumption of power.

TRUE

True or false? Hitler's long-stated aim had been to secure an "enabling act" that would enable him to govern without having to seek either a vote from the Reichstag or an emergency decree from the Reich President.

TRUE

True or false? Hitler's regime operated in a state of "organized chaos," its guiding imperative "institutional Darwinism"

TRUE

True or false? In April 1995, the Administration secured the passage of UNSCR 986 "oil-for-food," which enabled Iraq to sell $1bn every 90 days, with half available for food, medicines and basic human needs while the other half went toward funding the inspections.

TRUE

True or false? In Iraq, he argues "widely held notions of the potential for democratic transformation ran up against the hard reality of Iraq's history and political culture, Saddam's legacy, and the country's religious, ethnic, tribal, and geographic divisions." (p. 274)

TRUE

True or false? In Islamic circles there was an ongoing theological dispute, sometimes violent, between populists/literalists (commonly labeled "Salafists") and the more mystical/less literal "Sufis," which is more cosmopolitan and associated with the establishment. (130-131)

TRUE

True or false? In January 2008, Brazil became a net foreign creditor.

TRUE

True or false? On the issue of democracy promotion, Haass argues that it is important to give Muslim countries a choice beyond authoritarian regimes and "the mosque," but using military force to oust regimes and build democracies is "simply too costly and to uncertain in results to constitute a sustainable approach to U.S. foreign policy. " (p. 276) Elections have role, but improving education, promoting the rule of law, and protecting civil society are also vital to democracy.

TRUE

True or false? In arguing for Brazil's aspiration to become a global power, Michael Reid notes that it is the world's 4th most populous democracy (with 200 million people), 5th-largest country by area (half of Latin America), 6th biggest manufacturing power in 2010, 7th largest economy (GDP of US$2.4 billion in 2012), 3rd largest food exporter (should replace the U.S. as number one in 2025), self-sufficient in oil (plus largest oil strike in 21st century in South Atlantic), world leader in plant-based fuels (half its cars run on ethanol from sugar cane), and richer in fresh water per head than any other country, and a key player in lowering carbon emissions with 70% of Amazon rain forest.

TRUE

True or false? In conjunction with his discussion of the conduct of the war, Haass notes that "implementation is not a second-order concern. Execution is every bit as important as policy design." (p. 271)

TRUE

True or false? In discussing the preparation of Secretary Powell's intervention in the UN Security Council making the case for Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction, Haass recalls that the NSC had not provided a draft, OVP had but it was often selective and unsubstantiated, so his team went back to the NIE, and felt good about the product—primarily in the sense of how much it had been improved.

TRUE

True or false? In his critique of the January 26, 1998 "Project for a New American Century" letter signed by 18 prominent foreign policy figures (mostly neoconservatives), which called for regime change, Haass argues there was a contradiction between calling for compliance but seeking regime change (which reduced the incentive of the regime to comply).

TRUE

True or false? In his final chapter on "Takeaways," Haass says "that few if any would have predicted that U.S. foreign policy in the initial decades following the end of the Cold War would be defined to a considerable degree by two armed conflicts with Iraq." But, according to Haass, "it was." (p. 267)

TRUE

True or false? In mid-2012, Boko Haram attacked the towers that play an essential role in Nigeria's wireless telecommunications network, but up to the end of 2012 there had still been no Boko Haram attacks in Lagos. (138-139)

TRUE

True or false? In the October 2006 election, Lula lost votes from the middle class in the South and Southeast, but his increase of the minimum wage, the Bolsa Familía program, and the decline in poverty all won him votes among the poor in the northeast (belying the saying that "the poor don't vote for their own").

TRUE

True or false? In the aftermath of 9/11, Haass felt the Bush 43 Administration's focus—as illustrated by the "axis of evil" line in the January 2002 State of the Union address—was too narrow. Besides the Middle East (where it took a major effort to get a Presidential address, and where Haass commented, be careful what you hope for as the drafting proceeded), other examples were protection for domestic steel (despite being for "free trade"), handling of the coup in Venezuela, policy to Afghanistan (no enthusiasm for a large U.S. presence), abrogation of the ABM treaty, unwillingness to negotiate with Iran or North Korea, and growing militancy on Iraq. (p. 210)

TRUE

True or false? In trying to answer the question about why the United States went to war against Iraq in 2003 (ch. 8, "War of Choice," p. 234ff.), Haass argues that while the issue was "on the table" from the beginning of the Administration, it was really 9/1l that provided the opening and the rationale, although he speculates that the President may have seen it as an opportunity to do something bold—noting Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz's "strategic opportunity" comment.

TRUE

True or false? Income inequality, already extreme, rose under the dictatorship: between 1960 and 1980 the share of national income of the poorest 20% fell from 3.9% to 2.8%, while that of the richest 20% rose from 39.6% to 50.9% (113).

TRUE

True or false? Initially, Jonathan indicated that in respect for zoning he would not run for president in 2011, but when he changed his mind the Northern Political Leadership Forum tried to find a unity candidate that could block his nomination by the PDP. Atiku Abubakar won the vote, but reportedly by only one vote over Ibrahim Babangida. Northern elites did not work for Abubakar's candidacy, and Jonathan did surprisingly well in the Middle Belt. (120-121)

TRUE

True or false? Investigations into the mensalâo (big-monthly stipend) scandal that exploded in mid-2005 (eventually causing Lula's chief of staff José Dirceu to resign) showed that while the PT shunned donations from the private sector, it raised off-the-books cash for campaign expenses (the so-called caixa dois, or second till) in cynical calculations to keep the party in power (putting party interest ahead of the state's). (148-150)

TRUE

True or false? John Quincy Adams said the United States is the "well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all," but advised against going "abroad in search of monsters to destroy."

TRUE

True or false? Looting weapons from arsenals and explosives from the mining industry is relatively easy, and operations are cheap, with little need of outside subvention. (138)

TRUE

True or false? Major changes in the Brazilian political landscape during the years of military dictatorship included the fragmentation of political parties and the growth of the size (and youth) of the electorate.

TRUE

True or false? Militant activity in the Delta provides good cover for corporate oil thieves, whose operations range from physically stealing oil (up to 10% of Nigeria's total production) to falsifying production and shipping documents. (75)

TRUE

True or false? Najibullah, the pro-Soviet ruler of Afghanistan after Soviet troops departed, only fell from power after the break-up of the Soviet Union and Russia's decision to stop paying his troops, provided by the Uzbek General Dostam, who then switched sides, joining the Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, whom Pakistan had supported, and the Tajik leader, Ahmed Shah Masood

TRUE

True or false? Nazi leaders worried that Hindenburg might decide that the "national revolution" had gone too far, dismiss the Hitler government, and install a military dictatorship.

TRUE

True or false? On July 14, a new edict outlawed all political parties and organizations, except for the NSDAP

TRUE

True or false? On June 28-29, the two liberal parties voluntarily disbanded themselves.

TRUE

True or false? On the morning of August 1, CIA warning officer Charlie Allen persuaded Haass that attack was imminent, while the agency its "warning of war" to the more imminent "warning of attack." An interagency meeting at State endorsed asking the President to call Saddam, and Haass was putting the recommendation to Scowcroft when news of the attack was passed by State's Under Secretary Bob Kimmitt, who had learned of it from Embassy Kuwait.

TRUE

True or false? On the same day the first concentration camp—primarily for Communist subversives—was opened at Dachau

TRUE

True or false? One thing that made Haass uneasy was that the State Department was isolated and outnumbered on interagency discussions of many issues—such as the ABM treaty, the International Criminal Court, climate change, Iran, and North Korea.

TRUE

True or false? Pakistan's first rulers were politicians from the All India Muslim League, who hailed from the major urban centers of New Dehli, Bombay, and Calcutta and who were called "mohajirs," from the Arabic word for "immigrant."

TRUE

True or false? Pakistan's political parties are coalitions of patronage networks whose pursuit of power is aimed at gaining access to state resources.

TRUE

True or false? Papen's government, still without a majority following another round of discussions, resigned on November 17. He produced a plan to postpone new elections indefinitely, but Hindenburg had deep reservations, and he was more impressed by an Army study presented by Schleicher which stated that the 100,000- man Reichswehr would be not match for the paramilitary organizations of the parties

TRUE

True or false? Per Schmidt, the dominant form of Islam throughout South Asia is a "colorful brand of Sunni Islam that is among the most tolerant and non-threatening in the entire Muslim world."

TRUE

True or false? Preemptive strikes—against imminent attacks—are also logical (as self-defense), but the problem is being sure about the intelligence.

TRUE

True or false? Reflecting on the use of military force, Haass notes that there can be no serious debate about the right to use military force in self-defense (the rationale for the first Iraq War and for the war in Afghanistan after 9/11). (pp. 276- 277)

TRUE

True or false? Reid gives as reasons for state dirgisme the facts that Brazilian entrepreneurs lacked resources and ambition to create capital-intensive industries such as steel, car and petrochemical plants and the lack of domestic savings making it hard to tap foreign sources of financing (until 1970s).

TRUE

True or false? SA leaders lashed out at the party's policy of legality.

TRUE

True or false? Salafists (only a generation old in the Sahel) rejected "accretions" to Islam from African traditional religions, such as the veneration of saints, that older Sufism tolerated. (130)

TRUE

True or false? Schmidt argues that Pakistan has supported the Afghan Taliban primarily as a hedge against Indian domination of Pakistan's northern neighbor.

TRUE

True or false? Schmidt describes Pakistani "feudal" society as a network of reciprocal expectations and obligations, with power relationships being a key element of the fabric.

TRUE

True or false? Schmidt says political allegiance in Pakistan tends not to be ideological but focused on self-interest.

TRUE

True or false? Since independence, U.S.- Nigerian relations have usually been good, though cooler under military rulers and uniquely bad during the later years of Sani Abacha's dictatorship with his flagrant violation of human rights. (143)

TRUE

True or false? Starting in 2011, Boko Haram's tactics became more sophisticated, and it started using suicide bombers, suggesting assistance from some part of the jihadist movement, but up to the end of 2012, there was little evidence of meaningful links with AQIM or other elements of the international jihadist movement. (139-140)

TRUE

True or false? Still over the next two decades the number of voters rose from less than one third of the adult population to over one half as a result of the increase in literacy and urbanization. (p. 87)

TRUE

True or false? Ten months after Iranian students overran the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, a mob led by the student wing of Jamaat-e-Islami, responding to reports that the U.S. was behind the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, burned the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad to the ground.

TRUE

True or false? The "Downing Street Memo" of July 23, 2002, written by Sir Richard Dearlove ("C" or head of MI6) for David Manning, following a visit to DC, reported "a perceptible shift in attitude. Military action was now seen as inevitable. Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD." (p. 215)

TRUE

True or false? The 1965 war was the first time Pakistanis used the term mujahideen (warriors seeking to spread Islam through jihad) to refer to irregular forces fighting for the Pakistani cause, although the irregulars seem to have been motivated more by reuniting their divided homeland than by religious ideology.

TRUE

True or false? The 2011 election not only split the country in two between the Muslim North and Christian South, it discredited most the traditional Northern elite. (117

TRUE

True or false? The Administration's response was the August 26 speech by Vice President Cheney to the VFW in Nashville, in which he stated that Saddam Hussein was amassing WMD to use "against our friends, against our allies, and against us."

TRUE

True or false? The Brazilian state's dirigisme became self-reinforcing and helped generate distortions that became unmanageable, namely (1) inflation (2) currency and Brazil's persistent balance of payments deficit (3) the set of distortions that came from state interventions in economy

TRUE

True or false? The Estado Novo had two essential features (1) the personal dictatorship of a civilian politician (Vargas) maintained by the military and (2) corporatism. (pp. 83-84)

TRUE

True or false? The opening salvo in the political war as former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft's Sunday, August 11, appearance on CBS's Face the Nation and Thursday, August 15, op-ed in the Wall Street Journal arguing that a war against Iraq would be a costly distraction that would result in "a serious degradation in international cooperation with us against terrorism...." Haass described the article as throwing oneself "in front of the train." (p. 216)

TRUE

True or false? The politics-first approach of the occupation was misguided, Haass argues, because sectarian violence came to dominate the country, and the strategy of placating the powerful Shi'a clergy was deeply flawed because it served to reinforce sectarian identities. (p. 262)

TRUE

True or false? The second largest sect, the Deobandis, arose as a back-tobasics reaction to the Barelvis practice of Hindu rituals.

TRUE

True or false? The violence, of which Yusuf's followers were only a part, appears to have been shaped by the populist Islamic radicalism of the Sahel from Khartoum to Dakar.

TRUE

True or false? The world economic crisis served to show Brazil's new-found economic strength. Its central bank sold $220bn from its ample dollar reserves and loosened banks' reserve requirements, pumping 200bn reais into the economy. After a brief and mild recession, the Brazilian economy roared back to life in 2009, as the government injected a large fiscal stimulus.

TRUE

True or false? Those wrenching macro-level forces had provided the context and catalyst for the rise of the Nazis and had delivered Hitler to the very threshold of power, but they could not push him across

TRUE

True or false? Though this governance provided little or nothing for most Nigerians who were increasingly impoverished, and though ordinary crime and banditry increase, it kept the country together and avoided civil war. (116)

TRUE

True or false? Under "Plan B," the ex-president (Obasanjo) would wield power from a position within the ruling People's Democratic Party (chairmanship of its Board of Trustees).

TRUE

True or false? Vargas decreed a labor code (still largely in force), established a minimum wage, made unions a branch of the state, outlawed strikes, set up courts to settle disputes, and created an incipient social security system for all with a work card

TRUE

True or false? When Hitler occupied the Rhineland in March 1936, in breach of the Treaties of Versailles and Locarno, but made conciliatory proposals, Baldwin refused to support French Foreign Minister Flandin's proposal for a police action, saying he could not accept the risk of war.

TRUE

True or false? When Lula was elected President in 2002, after defeats in 1989, 1994, and 1998, he made his peace with the Plano Real and Cardoso's reforms and portrayed himself as a consensual leader and the embodiment of the Brazilian dream of upward mobility (and not as a strike leader).

TRUE

True or false? When Vargas resigned in October 1945, at the insistence of the military, the new constitution kept the suffrage provision of the 1934 constitution which denied illiterates the right to vote. (p. 87)

TRUE

True or false? When the Bush Administration pushed for a further UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR 665), British PM Margaret Thatcher expressed her concern about getting tied up—"Don't go wobbly."

TRUE

True or false? Wherever one comes out on the advisability of the second Iraq War, Haass notes, "it is hard to dispute criticisms over the conduct of the war and the aftermath."

TRUE

True or false? While the ISI had supported Hekmatyar against Masood, Benazir Bhutto was convinced by her JUI political ally to support Mullah Omar's Taliban, peopled with graduates of JUI madrasses in NWFP, whose Deobandi fundamentalism was filter through the ancient tribal code of Pashtunwali.

TRUE

True or false? With a sense of irony, Haass notes that an Administration that began belittling nation-building, ended up doing "just that and then some." It started in the camp of the realists and ended up outdoing Woodrow Wilson in promoting democracy. (p. 266)

TRUE

True or false? With the 1938 election, in which Vargas could not run, approaching, the war minister, Gen Eurico Gaspar Dutra, sent the police to shut down the Congress, and the government issued a decree setting aside the 1934 constitution and proclaiming a "New State" (Estado Novo).

TRUE

True or false? With the growing emphasis on Iraq in 2002, Haass, fearing the President's increasingly bellicose statements were putting himself and the government "in a box," shifted from arguing for containment and against going to war in December 2001, to arguing in late April 2002 for reintroduction of international weapons inspectors, prosecuting Saddam for war crimes, building up the Iraqi opposition, and consulting with regional states (to reassure them of our support for Iraq's integrity) and by doing more to deal with the plight of Palestinians . (p. 212)

TRUE

True or false? Yusuf's deputy and successor, Abubakar Shekau, argued (in apparent contrast to Yusuf) that armed struggle was necessary. (133)

TRUE

Under Plan A, the "Mugabe Option," favored by the denizens of Aso Villa, Obasanjo would run for rigged reelection after amending the constitution to abolish term limits. (82)

TRUE

When U.S. Ambassador April Glaspie was summoned for her first meeting with Saddam Hussein on July 25, 1990, the message she heard was that Saddam intended to resolve his differences with Kuwait peacefully—which was consistent with what Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was telling us. (This is the now famous meeting that has been scrutinized with regard to whether, even without instructions, she should have warned Saddam about attacking or whether she gave him a "green light.")

TRUE

While the military regime clung to its strategy for a controlled return to civilian rule, the opposition pushed for a direct presidential election in 1985 with a campaign for Diretas Já ('Direct Elections Now!'), launched by the newly elected PMDB governor of São Paulo Franco Montoro, that mobilized millions. (p. 106)

TRUE

"True or false? Hitler himself led the arrest of Röhm in the early morning hours of June 30, and Goebbels telephoned the code word 'Kolibri' to Göring to round up "conspirators" in Berlin—including all of the following, who were shot and killed, except (a) Papen, (b) Schleicher, (c) Gregor Strasser, and (d) Catholic Action President Erich Klausner."

TRUE, A

Afghanistan's history in the twentieth century was shaped by tensions over modernization.

TRUE;

Among the principles included in the Atlantic Charter were self-determination, no territorial gains, and a reduction of trade barriers.

TRUE;

Faced with a popular revolt in February 1917, Tsar Nicholas II at first ordered it suppressed, but when the troops refused to fire, he abdicated.

TRUE;

Gandhi, Nehru, and Jinnah all got their initial legal education at the Inns of Court in London.

TRUE;

In his 1902 pamphlet (What Is To Be Done?), Lenin argues that a Marxist political party should serve as the vanguard of the working class in a revolution

TRUE;

In the July Days, when the crowd seemed to be offering leadership to Lenin, he held back. Later in the month, when he was branded a German spy, he fled to Finland.

TRUE;

More Russians died during the Civil War following the Revolution than died during the First World War.

TRUE;

Most of the UN Charter was negotiated by the U.S., UK, and Soviet Union at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion in Washington DC in 1944.

TRUE;

Nehru's economic policy emphasized state planning.

TRUE;

One of the five principles of the Charter Oath of the Meiji Restoration was to "search for knowledge abroad to strengthen imperial rule."

TRUE;

The Taliban drove the Soviets out and ruled all of Afghanistan for over a decade.

TRUE;

The legal system in both India and Pakistan is based on English common law, although elements of shari'a law have been added in Pakistan and there are separate systems of personal law for each religious community in India.

TRUE;

The practice of "over loaning" protected conglomerates from foreign takeover, encouraged cross-placement of shares (vertical and horizontal integration), and helped business focus on market share instead of profits but also put them under the direction of the Bank of Japan.

TRUE;

Though Nehru's leadership was never challenged in his lifetime, his commitment to democracy played an important role in ensuring that India remained democratic.

TRUE;

To pass, a UNSCR must have the vote of 9 members of the Security Council, with all of the permanent members concurring.

TRUE;

True or false: According to Allen, the Industrial Revolution spread beyond England only when English engineers improved their inventions to the point where it made economic sense for them to be used elsewhere.

TRUE;

True or false: Evidence that the French Revolution retarded industrialization can be found in the examples of Antoine Lavoisie, Marc Brunel and the du Ponts.

TRUE;

True or false: Smith believed that the way to increase wealth was through a division of labor and specialization since that would maximize production (and the wealth of nations).

TRUE;

True or false? He saw the Middle East's political landscape as divided between the Arabs on the one hand and Britain, France, and Israel on the other.

TRUE;

True or false? When Eisenhower became President in 1953, his primary goal in the Middle East was to shut the Soviets out.

TRUE;

When Lenin returned from Finland in October, he argued that the time was ripe for an armed take-over.

TRUE;

"In late 2011 and early 2012, the European Central Bank instituted two (a) shortterm refinancing operations, (b) long-term refinancing operations, (c) tranches of quantitative easing, (d) rate reductions to support European banks."

True

"In parallel, Ota Šik's proposals for introducing prices and enterprise reforms, his emphasis on the vices of planning and the virtues of market correction, were called "Anti-Marxist Economic Reform Theory"

True

"On February 20, Göring summoned two dozen leading industrialists; at the end of the meeting, when Hjalmar Schacht spoke to them, it became clear that the main purpose was a "shake down," i.e., to get money to finance the next election campaign"

True

"The Campaign to Combat Spiritual Pollution targeted "bourgeois ideology" (detective novels, pornography, but also a factory-manager responsibility system"

True

"The Nazis claimed to be a people's movement (Volksbewegung) that stood above class, region, and religion; its base was found among shopkeepers, small farmers, school teachers, and clerks of the embattled Mittelstand, but they tried to recruit day laborers and steelworkers, attacking both Marxist socialism and largescale corporate capitalism. They pursued a "catchall strategy.""

True

"True or false: "August 10" refers to the insurrection by sansculottes and féderés in Paris in 1792 when the city government (aka the Paris Commune) deposed the Legislative Assembly (created by the Constitution of 1791) and arrested the King."

True

"True or false? A CCP work conference in March 1977 issued major decisions about the importance of the Four Modernizations, opening China's economy to the outside world, and strengthening Party rule."

True

"True or false? Although Mao had said in January 1967 that "political work is the lifeline of all economic work" (and a Red Flag editorial had made clear that there is no "pure learning" and that all kinds of learning are subordinate to politics), Deng countered in an August 1977 article with a quote about "seeking truth from facts.""

True

"True or false? Article 231—the "war guilt" clause — was a compromise put forward in part by John Foster Dulles to help solve the debate over reparations."

True

"True or false? At a subsequent National Conference of Party Delegates who were working on defining seventh five-year plan the outcomes reflected the "conclusions" summarized at the end of the Bashan conference: (1) making enterprises bear "complete responsibility for profits and losses" (i.e., hardening their budget constraints), (2) expanding commodity and capital markets, and (3) shifting from direct to indirect management of enterprises and economy."

True

"True or false? At the Thirteenth Party Conference in October 1987, Zhao set out a new characterization of the Chinese "planned commodity economy," framed by the "initial stage of socialism thesis," as one in which "the state manages the market, and the market guides the enterprises," meaning that all ownership types should be guided by the market, while macroeconomic controls should be primarily indirect."

True

"True or false? Before announcing his decision about how to respond to the American people, Kennedy consulted with key Allied leaders—British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, French President Charles de Gaulle, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, and Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker."

True

"True or false? Ben Bernancke has conceded that this might have been a mistake, since it caused uncertainty about the stability of the banking system, where the central bank has responsibility as the "lender of last resort" to keep the system afloat."

True

"True or false? By March of 2009, when global stock markets had reached the lowest level in a decade (and the S&P500 was off 57% from its 2007 peak), both the Fed and the Bank of England had announced bond purchases of $1.75 trillion and £75 bn respectively."

True

"True or false? By the end of 1979, two dynamics were at play: (1) the newfound prominence of economic experts and (2) the continued commitment to socialism in the minds of many reformers."

True

"True or false? China's ossified price system was reformed by the "dualtrack price system," which required prices for goods within the plan to remain at state-set prices, while permitting goods outside the plan to be sold at market prices."

True

"True or false? Early in the Great Depression, governments raised interest rates to preserve their gold (i.e., to protect the gold standard)."

True

"True or false? Following the failure of the 4th largest U.S. investment bank (Lehman Brothers) on September 15, 2008 and the $85bn rescue of another large financial institution (AIG) by the Fed on September 16, 2008, the same central banks plus the Bank of Japan, in the first globally coordinated monetary action, announced coordinated cuts in interest rates in October 2008."

True

"True or false? Following this event, China's new leader, in a break with Mao's economic policy, defined "revolution" as the "liberation of productive forces.""

True

"True or false? German central bankers (from the Bundesbank) and their reps on the ECB's Governing Board tend to favor hard money policies because of Germany's experiences back to the days before Hjalmar Schacht, when his predecessor Reichsbank president Rudolf Havenstein presided over the period of hyperinflation in the early 1920s (and the monetization of debt—aka printing money)."

True

"True or false? Gewirtz argues that by mid-1978 "an astonishing intellectual opening was underway—with economic ideas at its center.""

True

"True or false? Hua's ten-year plan for the Chinese economy presented at the February 1978 National People's Congress called for boosting investment in heavy industry, mechanization of agriculture, and use of imported technology it was called yang yuejin ("foreign or Western leap forward" or the "great leap outward")."

True

"True or false? In countering reformist officials in the run-up to the seventh five-year plan, Chen Yun emphasized "the planned economy as primary and market regulation as supplementary"

True

"True or false? In early November, when the Fed announced purchase of $600 bn Treasuries (QE2), the action was criticized by Germany, China, and Brazil."

True

"True or false? In early September, Kennedy held internal meetings on the Soviet build-up, met with the Congressional leadership and sought special authority to call up reservists during the forthcoming recess, and issued a statement that "there is no evidence of ... the presence of offensive ground-to-ground missiles" - thus accepting "defensive" systems (which could shoot down U.S. planes but not the mainland) - but adding the warning, vis-à-vis offensive systems, "Were it to be otherwise, the gravest issues would arise.""

True

"True or false? In late April 2010, Greek PM Papandreou asked for a €45 bn bailout from the EU and IMF, and on May 2 Eurozone leaders agreed on a €110bn package which markets initially thought was excessive."

True

"True or false? In seeking a solution to the crisis, Kennedy and his brother opted to respond not to the most recent message from Khrushchev, but the previous one which contained a possible way forward."

True

"True or false? In the Eurocrisis, the German government has pressed the Greek government to take austerity measures as the price for lending to cover debts."

True

"True or false? In the run-up to the UK general election on May 6, 2010, BOE Governor Mervyn King signaled his support for the Conservatives austerity plans by indicating his support for quantitative easing to cushion the effects."

True

"True or false? Kissinger argues that in a limited war whichever side convinces the other that it is willing to run the greater risk will have an advantage."

True

"True or false? Kissinger notes that America's initial concern about Communism in Indochina after the Second World War ran up against a moral issue— the traditional American commitment to anti-colonialism. However, the U.S. had no troops of its own to send, so it had to accept French rule. It wanted to reconcile the matter for itself by pushing the French to commit to independence, which the French resisted because of the implications for its North African possessions—Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco."

True

"True or false? Kissinger notes that although Truman had powerful geopolitical arguments in favor of intervention in Korea, instead he appealed to the American people on the basis of their core values, and described intervention as a defense of universal principle rather than of the American national interest."

True

"True or false? Kissinger says "the nightmare of Vietnam was not the way in which America entered the war, but why it did so without a more careful assessment of the likely costs and potential outcomes" - specifically whether it would be possible to establish democracy and achieve military victory simultaneously. He notes that both Bundy's White House staff and McNamara's Pentagon were "gluttons for analysis" and that both men were extraordinarily intelligent—but they lacked criteria to assess the challenge they faced, which was so at variance with the American experience and ideology."

True

"True or false? Kissinger says that once the issue of war has been raised as being beyond power politics, it became difficult to define practical war aims."

True

"True or false? Later that month, Ireland, under post-Deauville pressure from bond markets, requested a bailout."

True

"True or false? On August 1, 1934, the day before Hindenburg died, Hitler introduced a new law stipulating that on his death the offices of Chancellor and Reich President would be merged; as the latter, he commanded the armed forces, and Generals Blomberg and von Reichenau drafted an unconditional loyalty oath not to the office, nor the constitution or the German nation, but to the person of Adolf Hitler"

True

"True or false? Quantitative easing (QE) refers to the purchase by central banks of financial assets (e.g., bonds) from commercial banks and other financial institutions, thus raising their price and lowering their yield (while simultaneously increasing the money supply). This differs from the more usual practice of buying short-term government bonds to keep interbank interest rates at a specific target."

True

"True or false? Some Republicans were criticizing President Kennedy for not doing anything about the Soviet military build-up in Cuba, and in late August Senator Keating (R-NY) had charged that the Soviets were building a missile base in Cuba."

True

"True or false? Subsequent discussion of bond purchases (QE) by the European Central Bank to support a rescue fund was initially supported by Bundesbank President Axel Weber."

True

"True or false? The "Strike Hard Campaign," led by Chen Yun and Hu Qiaomu, targeted smuggling and corruption."

True

"True or false? The Four Modernizations—agriculture, industry, national defense, science & technology—were originally proposed by Zhou Enlai in 1963, as a counter to Mao's utopian radicalism, but by the late 1970s they had come to be associated with Deng Xiaoping."

True

"True or false? The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously recommended bombing followed by an invasion."

True

"True or false? The financial crisis in the Eurozone is usually dated to PASOK's election in Greece in 2009, and the discovery of the Greek government's massive deficits."

True

"True or false? The financial crisis of 2008 in the U.S. is usually attributed to the sub-prime mortgage crisis"

True

"True or false? The point of departure for Mao's economic policy was Stalin's Economic Problems of the U.S.S.R. (1951), although in general Mao tried to go beyond Stalin's socialism, to be "pure" even though that might mean being "poor.""

True

"True or false? The primary mandate of most central banks (and thus the goal of their monetary policy) is "price stability," which in the case of the Bank of England is defined as 2% of the CPI (consumer price index) and in the case of the Eurozone is defined as "below but close to 2%.""

True

"True or false? The problem with a blockade was that it was a violation of international law, essentially an act of war."

True

"True or false? The spectrum of opinion in both the U.S. and the European Central Bank (ECB) is sometimes described in the same terms applied to Kennedy's advisors during the Cuban Missile Crisis, "hawks" and "doves," with the hawks being those in favor of "hard money," or a currency whose value is not set by governments ("fiat money") but on something fixed, like the gold standard."

True

"True or false? The war in Vietnam for both the French and later the Americans was different from the war in Korea in that it was a guerilla war. However, both the French and the Americans prosecuted the war as a conventional war, but Kissinger observes that in a guerilla war, the guerilla army wins as long as it can keep from losing."

True

"True or false? Two days later, seeing a risk of inflation as the Eurozone fell into depression, the ECB raised interest rates, the first of two quarter-point increases."

True

"True or false? Two key areas of focus by reformers were (1) the price system and (2) the nature of enterprises."

True

"True or false? When Eurozone Finance Ministers create a €750 bn European Financial Stability Facility on May 9, 2010, the ECB agrees to buy bonds, despite Weber's vote against doing so, and the Fed reopens swap lines with the ECB and other central banks."

True

. True or false? Haass dates the "war over whether to go to war" to August 2002, observing that all wars are fought three times: First, the political war over whether to go to war; second, the actual war itself; and third, the subsequent struggle over the "lessons learned" (or interpretation). (p. 216)

True

37. True or false? Given the legal principle of public ownership of petroleum resources (dating back to the colonial period), under the Fourth Republic more than 90% of profits go to the federal government. From that amount, 13% off the top goes to the oil producing states; the remainder is divided as follows: 58% to the federal government, 30% to the states, and 12% to local government authorities. (28)

True

39) True or false? Not all networks have been military officers or politicians; the pinnacle of the richest civilian network is the Dangote family of Kano, whose wealth is based on commodity trading (cement and sugar). (29)

True

40. True or false? Obasanjo's patronage network was destroyed by Abacha, but he rebuilt it during his first term in office, becoming an equal ally, not a client of the generals. (30)

True

42. True or false? Obasanjo's efforts to secure a third term was defeated by a nationwide oga consensus. (31)

True

45. True or false? Over the period from 1998 to 2013, Muslims appear to have become more "Islamic" in the Saudi Arabian sense. (43)

True

Brazil's dirigiste tradition reflected a debt to French intellectual influence and was justified by UN Economic Commission for Latin America's "inward-looking development." It was called "national developmentalism" in Brazil. Its three main elements were: (1) creation of national capitalism (2) import substitution industrialization and (3) an active state role in promoting economic development.

True

Following Finance Minister Antonio Palocci's departure in March 2006, the PT fell under the sway of neo-developmentalists. Palocci's plans for the reform of public finance, and talk of reforms to Vargas's labor code or the tax system was shelved. Dilma Rousseff, Lula's new chief of staff, led a Growth Acceleration Program of 500 bn reais to urbanize favelas; there were also other programs aimed at irrigating the sertão using water from the São Francisco river, providing low-cost housing (Minha Casa Minha Vida), and expanding rural electrification (Luz para Todos). (152)

True

The enactment of this decree removed restraints on the SA which launched a campaign of unrestrained terror; makeshift prisons or "camps" sprung up, prisoners were tortured, beaten to death, hanged, or shot.

True

True or false? "Boko" is the Hausa word for "book" (it commonly refers to western education); "Haram" is Arabic for "forbidden." (131)

True

True or false? According to Kissinger, the United States consistently went to war throughout the twentieth century in the name of resisting aggression and reinforcing collective security.

True

True or false? After 9/11, Pakistan helped the United States go after Al Qaeda, even arresting key AQ leaders who sought refuge in their cities and turning them over to the United States. however, they never went after AQ leaders hiding in rural areas along the border, where the Pashtun populace supported the Taliban.

True

True or false? Analyzing the influential October 2002 NIE—which judged that Iraq was "reconstituting its nuclear weapons program" , "probably has stocked at least 100 MT and possibly as much as 500 MT of CW agents", and "has some lethal and incapacitating BW agents ... And is capable of quickly producing and weaponizing..."—Haass concludes there were a series of factors explaining why the Intel Community got it so wrong: no inspectors since 1998—less "ground truth"; years of judgments made it hard to question assumptions, overcompensation for past underestimation of Iraq's WMD. (pp. 230-231)

True

True or false? Because Pakistan's first rulers had no political constituency in the lands that became Pakistan, they had little interest in putting their leadership to a vote. thus, Pakistan in its first quarter century was starved for democracy.

True

True or false? By late spring / summer 2002, Iraq was increasingly dominating interagency deliberations; the first public indication was President Bush's June West Point address arguing that deterrence could not be relied upon in an age of rogue states and terrorist groups; this argument was advanced for a preventive war. (213)

True

True or false? Deng also repeated his famous metaphor from the early 1960s, "It doesn't matter whether a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice."

True

True or false? Domestic and international observers estimated a turnout of 14 million; the INEC declared a total of 33 million votes, with the winner taking 24 million. (107)

True

True or false? Following the 1929 crash, coffee prices fell to one third of what they had been in the 1920s; Brazil's exports fell by three quarters, its imports by three fifths; it ran out of foreign exchange and suspended payment of its debts (for the third time since 1889). In response, the Vargas government became interventionist: It devalued the mil-reis by 60%, introduced foreign exchange controls. Between 1931 and 1944, it bought up and destroyed 78 million bags of coffee (the equivalent of three years' world coffee consumption). Devaluation was an incentive for import substitution; deficit financing led to its economic recovery, so that by 1933 its GDP was 7.7% above its 1929 peak. (pp. 80-81)

True

True or false? Following the economic orthodoxy of the day, this Chancellor submitted a series of stringent budget reforms to the Reichstag to reduce the deficit.

True

True or false? Haass cited the new, revised National Security Strategy document (released September 2002), which took its cue from the President's West Point speech and which was drafted by Phil Zelikow, as a signal of where policy was headed; he argued it would be seen as little more than a justification for a preventive war (which the document incorrectly called "preemptive"). The operative word, per Haass, is "imminent" - how imminent is the attack (p. 221)

True

True or false? Haass describes participants in the debate as divided into three camps: First, the VP (and staff), the civilians in DOD, the NSA and her staff who believed action was urgent, success would be easy, all sorts of good things would flow from it in the region (and they wanted to involve the Congress, UN and allies as little as possible); second, the skeptics, including Scowcroft, Rep. Dick Armey (RTX), and most Europeans, who saw no urgency, thought it would be difficult, and predicted it would trigger all sorts of bad things—instability, terrorism, costly oil; and third, those in the middle more focused on the "how," Jim Baker, Henry Kissinger, Colin Powell. (pp. 222-223)

True

True or false? Haass thought sanctions could have been made more effective, but there was little enthusiasm for such efforts; the problem with the alternative— regime change—was that the cheap version—a coup—was unlikely to come to U.S. attention before Saddam knew about it—while the sure version—ousting the regime ourselves and installing a replacement—would involve expensive nation-building.

True

True or false? Haass, describing himself as between two and three, was outside of the policy process; he did draft another memo assessing the pro's and con's of each side in the policy debate, but he did not include the argument that the stated rationale of the war—Saddam's possession of WMD—might not exist. (pp. 223-5)

True

True or false? Hitler rarely interceded and never committed himself to paper orders were verbal, notoriously vague, and not infrequently contradictory.

True

True or false? In February 2012, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reported a rise in the percentage of Nigerians living in absolute poverty rose to 60.9% in 2010 from 54.7% in 2004; using the dollar-a-day measure, it estimated that poverty rose to 71.5%, with the Northeast and Northwest—the heartland of Boko Haram—being the highest. (128)

True

True or false? In early July Haass met with Condi Rice and argued that Iraq would come to dominate foreign policy, prove harder to do, and yield less in the way of dividends; Rice responded that the President's mind was made up. (p. 213)

True

True or false? In his book, The Unraveling, John Schmidt argues that Pakistan has become "the most dangerous place on earth" for a combination of reasons. Two key reasons are (a) its self-absorbed feudal class that is disposed to kick problems down the road and (b) its powerful army that is in love with its image, bewitched by its obsession with India, and thinks it can use radical Islamic groups to achieve its goals in Afghanistan and Kashmir.

True

True or false? In response, Hindenburg was prevailed upon to issue a new emergency decree "For the Protection of the People and State," that suspended freedom of the press, freedom of expression, freedom of association, freedom of assembly; it also gave the government authority to open private mail, place wiretaps on phones, and conduct warrantless searches.

True

True or false? In spite of the inflation, General Secretary Zhao Ziyang wanted to launch a coastal development strategy in early 1988 that emulated the export-led growth of the Asian tigers. (194-196)

True

True or false? In the follow-on period when Iraq was administered by the Coalition Provisional Authority under L. Paul "Jerry" Bremer (from May 2003 to June 2004, when Iraq regained its sovereignty) two key mistakes that were made were draconian de-Baathification and disbanding the Iraqi Army; one symptom of the lack of direction from Washington was the lack of clarity about whether Bremer worked for the Pentagon or the White House. (pp. 260-261)

True

True or false? In the summer election, the Nazis had targeted the parties of the left, emphasizing defense of the middle class in the campaign leading up to the November election (the fourth this year), the target was Papen and his reactionary government

True

True or false? On August 5, Powell was invited to the White House for dinner and argued for getting international and Congressional backing, not only best in case of war, but best way to render unnecessary; he warned that war would not be easy, we would "own" Iraq (as occupier), and it would "take the oxygen out of the room." Haass's sense was the President thought Powell was exaggerating the costs, but thought the price still worth the benefits. (pp. 214-215)

True

True or false? One response to Pakistan's support for the U.S. was the growth of opposition to the government by domestic Deobandi groups often inspired by AQ these Pakistani Taliban mounted waves of terror attacks against Shiite groups and even government officials, including President Musharraf.

True

True or false? President Bush did decide to take the case to the UN, thanks to the advocacy of Colin Powell and British PM Tony Blair; both his September 12 speech to the UN (a last-minute draft that inadvertently spoke of "resolutions") and other statements expressed certainty about WMD—what CIA Director George Tenet called a "slam dunk." (pp. 228-229)

True

True or false? Scowcroft had thought through the sequencing: He did not inform Bush 41 in advance; he did fax Condi Rice a copy, but staffers had not shown it to her. (p. 217)

True

True or false? Sindhi landowner Bhutto's rise came in the wake of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War; whereas his military predecessors were pro-business and pro-American, Bhutto espoused third-world socialism, was pro-Chinese, and led Pakistan into the Non-Aligned Movement. "while his socialist populism and mania for nationalization earned him the support of the poor and dispossessed, it dealt the Pakistani economy a blow from which it has never recovered."

True

True or false? The Army grew from 38,000 in 1927 to 95,000 in 1940, double the headcount of the state police forces; the military's share of the budget rose from 20% in 1930 to 36.5% in 1942.

True

True or false? The concept of a "socialist market economy" was codified into the Chinese constitution at the eighth National People's Congress in late March 1993, replacing a "planned economy on the basis of socialist public ownership" and justified by another amendment saying China was in the "initial stage of socialism." This new socialist market economy was formally defined as requiring "macroeconomic management (bongguan tiaokong), a term coined at the Bashan Conference in 1985.

True

True or false? The height of the Nazis' electoral popularity came in July 1932, when they received 38% of the vote. In November, the last truly unfettered elections of the Weimar era, the Nazi vote fell to 33% and continued to plummet in the state and local elections that followed. Through virtually all of the elections from 1928 to 1933, more Germans had voted for the divided parties of the left than for the Nazis.

True

True or false? The largest and most influential religious party in Pakistan is the Jamaat-e-Islami, which sees itself as the vanguard of a peaceful Islamic revolution that would establish sharia rule in the country; unusually it is nonsectarian, with membership from all three major Sunni sects, although twothirds of its membership comes from Deobandi backgrounds.

True

True or false? The passage of this law unleashed a new wave of violence by the SA, targeting (among others) Jews; complaints from abroad occasioned the first nationwide boycott on April 1, despite pressure from Schacht, Foreign Minister von Neurath, and even Hindenburg

True

True or false? The vast majority of terrorist attacks in Pakistan in the two decades prior to the storming of Lal Masjid (the Red Mosque) in 2007 had been sectarian in nature, perpetrated by groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and the Sipah-e Mohammed after Lal Masjid these continued but were overshadowed by attacks on Pakistani military and police as well as civilian targets using IEDs, car bombs, and suicide vests.

True

True or false? Vargas, his successor Juselino Kubitschek and the Brazilian military were all keen to attract foreign investment (as only means of obtaining technology); but once these foreign firms became established in Brazil they became just as protectionist as other Brazilian firms. (p. 109)

True

True or false? Zhao's defeat on the inflation issue at the third plenum of the Thirteenth Party Congress in September 1988 left him vulnerable when protests formed in the summer of 1989 in Tiananmen Square.

True

When Haass started work as the Senior Director for the Middle East on Bush 41's NSC staff, Iraq was not on his short list of top issues, a list that included Pakistan's nuclear program, Afghanistan after Soviet withdrawal, Libya, Persian Gulf, arms sales, Lebanon, hostages, Arab-Israeli issues.

True

"True or false? On December 3, Hindenburg asked Schleicher to form a government Schleicher was called the "social general," he had a jobs creation program, and he opened negotiations with (a) Goebbels, (b) Göring, (c) Strasser, (d) Röhm. But this episode ended with this individual's resignation on December 8."

True, C

True or false? Middle East expert Michael Doran in his book Ike's Gamble: America's Rise to Dominance in the Middle East argues that in time Eisenhower came to realize that "the Arabs were forever at each other's throats, and no effort to organize them into a single bloc had the slightest chance of success." (pp. 245-246)

True?;

8. It consisted of (a) the royal colony of Lagos and the adjacent Yorubaland, (b) the Oil Rivers Protectorate, (c) the Gold Coast, and (d) Middle Belt and the North.

Up until 2012, Boko Haram attacks appeared to be largely funded by (a) bank robberies, (b) subventions from the international jihadist movement, (c) kidnapping, (d) the Nigerian diaspora. (138)

Overlaying the insurgency in the region is (a) gang warfare, sometimes sponsored by ogas, (b) tribal strife, particularly between the Ijaw and Itsekiri, (c) religious proselytizing, (d) cross-border clashes with Cameroon. (68)

a and b

a) 85

One other structural challenge to governance is that the country is home to about 250 different ethnic groups, each with its own language, and even the three largest constitute less than two thirds of the population; they are the (a) Hausa-Fulani, (b) Urhobo-Isoko, (c) Yoruba, (d) Igbo, (e) Edo, (f) Ijaw, (g) Kanuri. (xvi)

a) Hausa-Faluani C) Yoruba, d) Igbo

23. The policy pursued by President Yar'Adua and continued by President Jonathan to co-opt the old leadership of the loosely organized insurgency known as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) was (a) an amnesty, or (b) a heavy-handed response by the military and the police.

a) amnesty

According to Doran, at the end of his administration, Eisenhower saw his role in the Middle East as (a) supporting Israel, (b) undercutting Britain's empire, (c) managing inter-Arab conflict, (d) supporting Nasser.

41. Rules of the patron-client system include: (a) no president for life, (b) money accumulated by a political figure in office is sacrosanct, (c) patrons at the pinnacle of a network are never killed by their rivals but clients are fair game, (d) protection for Boko Haram following the end of zoning. (31)

all of the above

A major casualty of this focus on immediate benefit is long-term financial solvency and (a) economic development, or (b) education.

46. The major centers of Islamic thought and practice are (a) the Middle Belt, based in the federal capital of Abuja, (b) the Sokoto caliphate, based in Kano and led by the sultan, (c) the sultanate of Borno, based in Maiduguri and led by the shehu, (d) the emirate of Ilorin in Yorubaland. (47-51)

b and c

12. The British chaired pre-independence process saw the development and articulation of the "Nigeria (a) Dream, (b) Project, (c) Union, (d) Dominion" - a vision of a huge multi-ethnic, multi-religious democratic state pursuing economic development under the rule of law with an important place in the world. (5)

b) Project

21. Goodluck Jonathan's election in 2011 ended an informal arrangement under which the presidency alternated between candidates from the North and South called (a) rotation, (b) zoning, (c) power sharing, (d) taking turns. (vii)

b) zoning

Nasser shared with the Soviets the goal of (a) spreading socialism, (b) destroying the Baghdad Pact, (c) controlling Yemen, (d) supporting Mao and recognizing Communist China.

Eisenhower identified (a) Ben Gurion, (b) Anthony Eden, (c) Gamal Abdel Nasser, (d) Faisal II, (e) Saud as his primary partner.

c) 1914

Nasser's primary goal was (a) peace with Israel, (b) ousting Britain from the Suez Canal, (c) supremacy in the Arab world, (d) pro-western alliance.

22. In which areas of the country are the federal government's authority challenged by an insurgency? (a) North, (b) South, (c) Yorubaland, (d) Niger Delta, (e) Biafra, (f) a+c, (g) a+d, (h) c+e. (vii)

d) NIger Delta

26. Why, if Nigeria is so rich (from oil), are Nigerians so poor? (a) Bad governance, (b) crony capitalism, (c) corruption, (d) all of the foregoing.

d) all the foregoing

In this situation he saw his only chance as (a) supporting Israel, (b) backing Britain, which still had bases in the region and was the principal outside power, (c) supporting Egypt, (d) playing the honest broker.

32. While elsewhere the wielding of power by these oligarchs has not necessarily been associated with corruption, that has happened in Nigeria as a result of (a) the militarization of governance during the Biafra war, (b) the longterm deindustrialization of the economy, (c) sudden amounts of oil wealth, (d) a + b, (e) a+c, (f) b+c, (g) all of the foregoing. (26-27)

g) all of the foregoing

True or false? Lula survived the crisis because the opposition lacked the votes in Congress, and Lula could have portrayed a move as directed by traditional elites, plus the opposition PSDB (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira or Brazilian Social Democratic Party) led by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, thought it could win the next election. But Lula brought the PMDB into the coalition and government, and the economy improved following Finance Minister Antonio Palocci's reforms and a commodity boom.

true

True or false? The military coup in 1964 that ended the presidency of João Goulart was sparked in part by an economic crisis and a key goal was getting inflation under control.

true

"Extra credit: Which banker, a manic depressive who suffered from nervous breakdowns and dressed like a chief conspirator in an Italian opera, traveled under the pseudonym of Clarence Skinner? (a) Norman, (b) Strong, (c) Schacht, (d) Moreau"

"Hindenburg, the conservative and monarchist, was supported by (a) the conservative DNVP and other right-wing organizations, (b) the Social Democrats and the Zentrum, (c) the Communists, (d) most members of the Nazi party. "

"In the spring of 1930, Hitler, who had been acting head of the Propaganda Section, appointed (a) Himmler, (b) Goebbels, (c) Strasser, (d) Rudolf Hess to lead the effort."

"At the peace conference the British were surprised at the assertiveness of "the Dominions." Which of the following was NOT one of them? (a) New Zealand, (b) South Africa, (c) Egypt, (d) India"

"Benjamin Strong was (a) Chairman of the Federal Reserve, (b) Chancellor of the Exchequer, (c) Governor of the New York Fed, (d) Secretary of the U.S. Treasury"

"Nazi advance into working class politics was blocked by (a) the Social Democrats, (b) the Communists, (c) the Social Democrats and the Communists, (d) the Catholic Zentrum"

"Hindenburg dismissed Brüning as chancellor at the end of May because of (a) the unpopularity of his austerity program, (b) his failure to lure the Nazis into his government, (c) his foreign policy initiatives regarding reparations and disbarment, (d) General Kurt von Schleicher convinced him that a new right-of-center cabinet could get the support of both the Conservative DNVP and the Nazis."

"In response, the Convention called for a levée en masse (a conscription of 300,000), which in turn intensified a revolt by a self-styled Catholic and Royal Army to restore the heirs of the martyred king in (a) Alsace, (b) Provence, (c) the Ardennes, (d) the Vendée"

"The Nazi vote (a) did not surpass their 1930 total, (b) barely beat the Communists' 10%, (c) with 11.5 million nearly doubled their 1930 total, (d) reached 30% of the vote, (e) both (c) and (d). "

"Which of the following parties joined the majorities that rejected these plans? (a) Social Democrats, (b) Communists, (c) Conservatives, (d) Nazis, (e) all of the foregoing."

"Following the French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, the Duke of Brunswick (who commanded Austrian forces) at the end of July 1792 issued a manifesto, written by the émigré Prince of Condé and approved by the King and Queen, threatening to burn Paris if the royal family was harmed. True or false? This manifesto succeeded in prolonging the king's life"

False

"The Nazis' relative success in the farm communities of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Thuringia, and Upper Bavaria in the election of 1928 and the continuing decline of traditional liberal and conservative parties led the Nazis to shift their focus to the middle class"

False

"True or false? According to MacMillan, Allied polices regarding the Ottoman Empire were "confused, inept and risky," but they were effective in dampening Turkish nationalism."

False

"True or false? During the First World War, the British Government did not suspend convertibility (the gold standard) as it had during the Napoleonic Wars, although the French and German Governments did."

False

"True or false? Faced with this revolt and reverses in the Netherlands, the Ghirondins, at the beginning of June 1793, gave into sanscullotte demands and ordered the arrest of the Jacobins of the "Mountain" (the Montagnards), who were arguing loudly against the intimidation of the Convention by the people of Paris."

False

"True or false? Hjalmar Schacht succeeded in ending the period of hyperinflation in Germany in the early 1920s by returning to the gold standard; this action and the ensuing boom earned him the reputation of a financial wizard."

False

"True or false? Liaquat Ahamed believes that the Great Depression was the result of inexorable economic forces, not policy mistakes."

False

"True or false? MacMillan argues that fear of Bolshevism shaped the peace talks."

False

"True or false? Mounting shortages of food and fuel during the war led to an increasing number of strikes, including 400,000 workers in Berlin in January 1918, which Hitler supported"

False

"True or false? Stock markets reopened quickly after the beginning of the First World War."

False

"True or false? The British and Americans were united in supporting the distribution of German naval ships among the victorious powers."

False

"True or false? The First World War disproved Normal Angell's argument in the Great Illusion (1910) that countries were so economically interdependent that they could not go to war."

False

"True or false? Émile Moreau argued against those who believed that international finance was an Anglo-American conspiracy to keep France down."

False

"Hitler (a) lived a Bohemian existence, (b) was a draft dodger, (c) moved to Munich in 1913 after inheriting a legacy from his father, who died ten years earlier, (d) enlisted in the German Army after the outbreak of the First World War and served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front, (e) a and c, (f) b and d, (g) all of the foregoing."

"True or false? In 1919, besides peace, Lloyd George's agenda centered on labor unrest, parliamentary revolt, and India."

True

"True or false? Other policy mistakes that were made include letting banks go under and trying to reduce budget deficits by raising taxes."

True

True or false? Since John Law and the Mississippi bubble, the history of the French monarchy in the 18th century can be described (see p. 27) as "a struggle to avoid bankruptcy."

True

"The issue that thrust the Nazis into the main stream was (a) its membership in the League of Nations, (b) the decline in industrial production by 31% between June 1928 and May 1930 and 200% increase in unemployment, especially among blue-collar workers, (c) the continuing memory of Germany's defeat in the First World War. ("Into the Mainstream,""

"Hindenburg's choice as Brüning's successor was an obscure Catholic politician (a) Franz von Papen, (b) Ludwig Kaas."

"In the late 1920s the most influential banker in the world was: (a) Montagu Norman, (b) Benjamin Strong, (c) Hjalmar Schacht, (d) Émile Moreau"

"In the second election in 1924, in December, following the influx of American capital, the drop in unemployment, and the rise in real wages (as well as the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops), the vote for the Nazis and the völkisch right (a) fell to 3%, (b) stabilized, (c) grew to 20%, (d) exploded to 30%."

"The Duke of Brunswick's defeat at Valmy (September 20, 1792) emboldened the new National Convention to (a) declare the end of the French monarchy, (b) establish the Committee on Public Safety, (c) declare war on Great Britain, (d) replace the Catholic Church with the Cult of the Supreme Being."

"The first age of "globalization" in the modern sense of the word was (a) before the First World War, (b) during the Great Depression, (c) after the Second World War, (d) at the end of the twentieth century"

"The policy that Montagu Norman pursued as Governor of the Bank of England in returning Britain to the gold standard was: (a) deflation (i.e., letting the pound sterling increase in value) OR (b) devaluation"

Efforts at deregulation, aimed at increasing agricultural production, were undermined in 1788 by (a) a ruling by the parliament of Paris, (b) the failure of the harvest, (c) competition from America, (d) the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

The Nazis first appeared on the national political scene in the November 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in the wake of (a) the hyper-inflation of 1923, (b) the assassinations of various leaders of the Weimar Republic such as Matthias Erzberger in 1921 and Walter Rathenau in 1922, (c) separatist movements in the Rhineland, Saxony, and Thuringia, (d) all of the foregoing.

"Keynes proposed financing economic recovery with (a) German reparations, (b) American aid, (c) a world bank, (d) a return to the gold standard"

"MacMillan summarizes the formative political campaigns of the Big Three as "attacks" —Wilson on banks, Clemenceau on the church, and Lloyd George on (a) trade unions, (b) landowners and the aristocracy, (c) Irish Free Staters, (d) shipping magnates"

"The "Supreme Council" of the Paris peace conference began as a Council of Ten but ended as a Council of Four. Besides foreign ministers, who was dropped? (a) Germans, (b) Japanese, (c) Italians, (d) Russians"

"The Canadians suggested, if the League of Nations did not work, (a) a return to the balance of power, (b) an Anglo-Saxon alliance, (c) a division of Germany, (d) a new entente with Russia"

"The Nazis emerged as the most prominent and aggressive voice of the anti-Republican right in the campaigning that led up to the December 22, 1929 referendum on the (a) Dawes, (b) Young, (c) Hoover, (d) Schacht Plan that called for reparations payments totaling 2.5 billion marks (instead of 132 billion) over a period of 59 years."

"The most radical phase of the Revolution (September 1793-July 1794), when the government of France was effectively the Committee on Public Safety dominated by Maximilien Robespierre, is known as (a) the Great Fear, (b) the Reign of Terror, (c) the Thermidorean Reaction, (d) the Directorate. During this period as many as 40,000 may have been guillotined or otherwise put to death by order of the Revolutionary Tribunal, particularly after enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial (June 1794)."

"The second great schism of the revolution over the monarchy was opened by (a) the king's failure to accept the reforms of the Constituent Assembly, (b) the flight to Varennes, (c) the king's veto of ecclesiastical legislation that was opposed by the Pope, (d) the Declaration of Pillnitz by the Prussian King and the Holy Roman Emperor supporting Louis XVI"

"To form a government "above parties," Hindenburg turned to the leader of the Catholic Zentrum (a) General Kurt von Schleicher, (b) Heinrich Brüning, (c) Prelate Ludwig Kaas, (d) Gustav Stresemann"

At the age of eighteen, Adolf Hitler left technical school without a degree and went to (a) Linz, (b) Vienna, (c) Munich, (d) Berlin, hoping to gain admission to the Academy of Fine Arts

In the run-up to the 1928 election, Hitler turned the job of managing the party's organization over to (a) Hermann Göring, (b) Gregor Strasser, (c) Heinrich Himmler, (d) Joseph Goebbels

Shortly after Hitler returned to Munich in November 1918, a Bavarian Socialist Republic was proclaimed, sweeping aside the ancient Wittlesbach monarchy, but after its leader was assassinated toward the end of February 1919, a series of even more radical governments were proclaimed only to eventually be deposed by (a) the German Army, (b) volunteers in the Free Corps, (c) the Austrian Army, (d) the French Army. ("Hitler and the Chaos of Postwar Germany,"

The train of events that led to the French Revolution began when Louis XVI summoned the Estates General for the first time since 1614. He did so in order to (a) create a constitutional monarchy, (b) address his government's financial crisis, (c) solve a dynastic problem, (d) declare war.

"The Japanese demand for a provision on racial equality was most adamantly blocked by (a) Clemenceau, (b) Orlando, (c) Wilson, (d) Lloyd George"

"The League of Nations, according to MacMillan, represented (a) an anti- Bolshevik league, (b) the balance of power, (c) collective security, (d) a democratic alliance."

"When locked out of their normal meeting room at Versailles on June 20, 1789, the Third Estate, which had begun calling itself the National Assembly, (a) moved to Paris, (b) stormed the Bastille, (c) swore the Oath of the Tennis Court, (d) signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen "

"Which of the following was not one of the "Big Three"? (a) Georges Clemenceau, (b) David Lloyd George, (c) Vittorio Orlando, (d) Woodrow Wilson"

"True or false? In October 1918, (a) Kaiser Wilhelm II, (b) General Paul von Hindenburg, (c) General Erich Ludendorff, (d) Prince Max von Baden, who was virtually a military dictator, demanded that the German Government seek an armistice to shift responsibility for defeat on to the Reichstag"

C, True

At the German Workers' Party's* first mass meeting on February 20, 1920, in the Hofbräuhaus in Munich, Hitler stole the show by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as a "second betrayal" and blaming it on (a) the Social Democrats, (b) the Communists, (c) the Weimar Republic, (d) the Jews.

"In the run-off campaign, Hitler's most dramatic stroke was (a) carrying a revolver, (b) speaking in 12 cities in 11 days, (c) speaking 19 times in Berlin and at mass meetings in 9 other towns, (d) taking to the skies—a Deutschlandflug—so he could appear in 21 cities in six days"

"In the six months following their victory at Valmy, the French overran the Austrian Netherlands and the left bank of the Rhine. By November, they were already offering (a) an alliance with other republics, (b) peace, (c) to free Marie Antoinette and allow her to return to Austria, (d) "fraternity and help to all peoples wishing to recover their liberties.""

"Pressure for a rapid conclusion did not come from (a) disease, (b) hunger, (c) demobilization, (d) inflation, (e) revolutionary insurrections"

"The German boom in the 1920s was financed by (a) the Rentenmark, (b) deflation, (c) a return to the gold standard, (d) borrowing at low interest rates from the United States"

"To secure Hitler's "toleration" of the Papen government, Schleicher had to promise (a) to make Hitler minister of defense, (b) to lift the ban on the SA and SS, (c) to call a new election on July 31, (d) both (b) and (c)."

"Which of the following was not a member of "the most exclusive club in the world"? (a) Montagu Norman, (b) Benjamin Strong, (c) Hjalmar Schacht, (d) John Maynard Keynes"

"In the July 31, 1932 election, (a) the Nazis took 38.8% of the vote and became the largest party, (b) the Social Democrats' vote fell from 24.5% in 1930 to 20.4%, (c) the Communists increased from 13.1 to 14.3%, (d) the Conservatives fell to 5.9%, (e) the liberals got only 2%, (f) regional, special interest and single-issue parties fell to total of 3%, (g) all of the foregoing."

"True or false: In this stage of the Revolution, as the foreign threat grew (e.g., following the Prussian capture of Verdun on September 2), one of the responses in Paris was a series of massacres (leaving some 1400 dead, including refractory priests). These massacres are remembered as the "September Massacres.""

True

"True or false? Although Hitler lost to Hindenburg (36.6% to 53%), the Nazis were not disappointed. The presidential campaigns thrust the Führer cult into the mainsteam of national political consciousness."

TRUE

"True or false? During the first three campaigns of 1932, the Nazis, rather than emphasize their own radical views, hammered away at Weimar democracy's political and economic failures and offered a vision of an "awakened" National Socialist Germany that would liberate itself from international subjugation and unleash its own energies that had been suppressed by class conflict, religious division, and regional loyalties."

TRUE

"True or false? In mid-April Interior Minister Wilhelm Groener dissolved the SA and SS (but not the SPD's Reichsbanner or the Communists' Red Front)."

TRUE

Surprisingly underplayed were the vicious anti-Semitic tirades of early years, but the party's anti-Semitism was always there, in plain sight. Nazi strategists believed anti-Semitism was not enough to galvanize voters.

TRUE

True or false? Contemporary analysts, political opponents, and many subsequent historians were convinced that the apparently unstoppable surge of National Socialist support could be explained as a "revolt of the lower middle class," a movement of the undereducated, downwardly mobile, and economically marginal who deserted the traditional parties of the moderate center and right after 1928. Driven by economic despair and desperately afraid of "proletarianization," so the argument goes, the resentful and frightened "little men"* of German society flocked to the NSDAP.

TRUE

True or false? While Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in Landsberg Prison, the Nazis participated in two national elections in 1924, during which various efforts were made to coax the party into an alliance with various other anti-Republican, völkisch (nationalist) movements, but generally Hitler remained aloof.

TRUE

"True or false? 1928 was the high-water mark of Weimar stability, but while the Nazis garnered only 2.6% of the vote, more disturbing was the steady growth of special-interest, single-issue, and regional parties. Greatly facilitated by Weimar's radical system of proportional representation that guaranteed every party that gained 60,000 votes a seat in the Reichstag. In 1919-20, they had won only 3% of the vote, but by 1924 they won 10% and by May 1928 13.7%, matching the Conservatives and surpassing the two liberal parties combined"

True

"True or false? Although the Constituent Assembly had renounced war as an instrument of policy (except in the case of self-defense) in May 1790, the threats from Prussia and Austria in the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791, coupled with massive slave uprisings in the Caribbean, eventually led to a French declaration of war against the Emperor on April 20, 1792"

True

"True or false? Childers argues that 1932 looked to be the "year of decision" that would bring the Nazis to power the NSDAP was well financed and organized, and elections were scheduled in Prussia and Bavaria (Germany's two largest states) and for Reich President in the spring"

True

"True or false? Clemenceau was not against the League of Nations, but since the Franco-Prussian War of 1871 he believed a balance of power was crucial — meaning France needed Allies. His goals in the negotiation were to reduce the German threat and ensure that Britain and America would come to France's aid."

True

"True or false? Demonstrating their commitment to property owners, the National Constituent Assembly in November 1789 declared church lands biens nationaux (national goods) and issued assignats (bonds) backed by them to pay the nation's debts, including those of the monarchy"

True

"True or false? Europe impoverished itself by borrowing to finance the First World War. The country it borrowed from was the United States. Hence, after the war the United States held most of the world's gold."

True

"True or false? Following Louis's execution on January 21, 1793, Austria, Prussia and the German princelings were joined in the War of the First Coalition by Britain, the Dutch Republic, and later Spain and some Italian states."

True

"True or false? For six months in 1919, Paris was the capital of the world, according to Margaret MacMillan, because the world's most important business — peace — was debated there, new nations, organizations formed."

True

"True or false? In May, in the wake of the Dawes Plan, the anti-Republican Conservatives increased their vote from 14% in 1920 to 19.5%; the Nazi vote was concentrated in the south, but the strength of their völkisch fellow-travelers in the north indicated an opportunity"

True

"True or false? In the regional elections in Prussia at the end of April, Goebbels targeted blue-collar workers in Bavaria, the Nazis emphasized the defense of religious values against the Weimar Republic's cultural decadence and godless Marxism."

True

"True or false? In the wake of the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, a "great fear" spread across the countryside as brigands pillaged peasant communities and destroyed crops in the run-up to the harvest. In response, on the night of August 4, the National Assembly abolished feudal dues, renounced all sorts of privileges (including the venality of offices), deprived the church of tithes and proclaimed the equality of taxation"

True

"True or false? MacMillan describes Allied policy toward Russia throughout the conference as "confused," dabbling in intervention but also dabbling in negotiation, with no clear line drawn at the end."

True

"True or false? Schacht resigned as head of the Reichsbank in March 1930 because he foresaw the effects of the Great Crash."

True

"True or false? The Great Coalition collapsed and the Reichstag dissolved in March 1930, when the National Liberal DVP, supported by major employers' associations, insisted on a reduction in unemployment benefits, while the Social Democrats, backed by the unions, demanded greater government contributions, when unemployment surpassed 3 million in January 1930 (and tax revenue declined, creating greater government deficits)."

True

"True or false? The UK's secret agreements with France during the war were primarily intended to protect and strengthen trade routes to India."

True

"True or false? There, in the sixth largest city in the world, the capital of a multinational empire, he was exposed to specter of being overwhelmed by "inferior peoples" after the introduction of universal male suffrage in 1907, and he was attracted to the rabid anti-Semitism of Georg Ritter von Schönerer, leader of the Austrian Pan-German movement, and Karl Lueger, mayor of the city since 1897. But Hitler's favorite targets were "the Jesuits and the Reds.""

True

"True or false? To maximize the impact of its limited resources, the party developed saturation campaigns that involved hundreds of rallies in target areas in periods of 7-10 days."

True

"True or false? To repay the United States, Britain and France were counting on the reparations imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles."

True

"True or false? Volunteers (féderés) from Marseille coming to the capital's aid, sang a march as they entered Paris at the end of July. In 1795, it was declared the French national anthem, La Marseillaise."

True

"True or false? Wilson's approach centered on collective security and international law, while Clemenceau's centered on the balance of power."

True

"True or false? Wilson's main goal at the peace conference was securing a League of Nations."

True

While the plan had been accepted by Germany's Grand Coalition as the basis for negotiations following its June 9, 1929 release, Hitler made an unusual tactical decision to join a "front of National opposition" organized by the Conservatives new leader, Alfred Hugenberg, after the party's support fell from 20% in 1924 to 14% in 1928.

IH Final

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