Immune System

12. Discuss and interpret results of the white blood cell count (WBC) with differential in the classroom and clinical setting.

-Extremely high WBC counts are associated with sepsis. -A decresed WBC is associated with bone marrow failure. -Basophils and eosinophils are involved in an allergic reaction -Eosinophils and basophils do not respond to bacterial infections.

14. Define autoimmune disorders.

-Group of disorders that can affect almost any cell or tissue in the body & are the leading causes of death in females of reproductive age.

13. Describe the effects of stress on the immune system.

-Stress significantly suppresses the immune system. Chronic stress seems to age the immune system.

1. Define immunity.

-The body's specific protective response to invading foreign agent or organism

8. Describe the humoral immune response.

-The immune system's second line of defense; often termed the antibody response. Begins with the B lymphocytes, which can transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies which attempt to disable invaders.

5. Define acquired immunity.

-specific immunity that usually develops as a result of prior exposure to an antigen through immunization or by contracting a disease, both of which generate a protective immune response. It relies on the recognition of specific foreign antigens. The two types are active and passive and they are interrelated.

b. Discuss an example of passive acquired immunity.

-when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta

A nurse is working in a pediatric clinic. After giving a hepatitis B immunization to an infant, the mother asks what kind of protection this provides for her child. The correct response is which of the following? a) Passive acquired immunity, which is temporary b) Passive acquired immunity, which lasts many years or a lifetime c) Active acquired immunity, which lasts many years or a lifetime d) Active acquired immunity, which is temporary

Active acquired immunity, which lasts many years or a lifetime

Which of the following is the most severe form of hypersensitivity reaction? a) Anaphylaxis b) Immune complex c) Delayed-type d) Cytotoxic

Anaphylaxis

Which of the following cell types are involved in humoral immunity? a) Helper T lymphocyte b) B lymphocytes c) Suppressor T lymphocyte d) Memory T lymphocyte

B lymphocytes

Which of the following is a age-related change associated with the immune system? a) Ability to differentiate "self" from "nonself" b) Increased antibody production c) Elevated phagocytic immune response d) Decreased antibody production

Decreased antibody production

All the following items are related to cancer. Which does not affect the immune system? a) Diagnostic tests for cancer b) Radiation treatment c) Chemotherapy d) Altered production of lymphocytes

Diagnostic tests for cancer

Which of the following is an action of cytotoxic T cells? a) Decrease B cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life b) Lyse cells infected with virus c) Production of circulating antibodies d) Attack of foreign invaders (antigens) directly

Lyse cells infected with virus

Which type of cells is capable of directly killing invading organisms and producing cytokines? a) Null lymphocytes b) Memory cells c) Natural killer cells d) Cytotoxic T cells

Natural killer cells

Which type of immunity becomes active as a result of the infection of a specific microorganism? a) Naturally acquired passive immunity b) Naturally acquired active immunity c) Artificially acquired active immunity d) Artificially acquired passive immunity

Naturally acquired active immunity

Which of the following is a process in which the antigen-antibody molecule is coated with a sticky substance that facilitates phagocytosis? a) Opsonization b) Agglutination c) Apoptosis d) Immunoregulation

Opsonization

Which of the following statements accurately reflects current stem cell research? a) Stem cell transplantation has been performed in the laboratory only. b) The stem cell is known as a precursor cell that continually replenishes the body's entire supply of both red and white cells. c) Stem cell transplantation cannot restore immune system functioning. d) Clinical trials are underway in patients with acquired immune deficiencies only.

The stem cell is known as a precursor cell that continually replenishes the body's entire supply of both red and white cells.

3. Review the anatomy of the immune system: a. List central and peripheral lymphoid tissues, organs, and cells.

-Adenoids, Tonsils, Thymus, Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue, Intestine, Peyer's patches, Appendix, Bone marrow (B & T cells), Axillary lymph nodes, spleen, and Inguinal lymph nodes.

15. Discuss theories of autoimmune disease and types of autoimmune disorders.

-Lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis are some autoimmune disorders. The occurrence of different autoimmune diseases within a family strongly suggests a genetic predisposition to more than one autoimmune disease.

9. Discuss and infection transmission methods.

-Skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, percutaneous injection, or infectious particles carried in the air.

2. Discuss the function of the immune system.

-The basic function of the immune system is to remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain homeostasis.

7. Describe the cellular immune response.

-The third mechanism of defense. Involves the T lymphocytes, which can turn into special cytotoxic (or killer) T cells that can attack the pathogens.

3. Review the anatomy of the immune system: b. Discuss the function of the bone marrow to the immune system.

-The white blood cells involved in immunity are produced in the bone marrow.

A nurse is monitoring a client who developed facial edema after receiving a medication. Which white blood cells stimulated the edema? a) Monocytes b) Neutrophils c) Eosinophils d) Basophils

Basophils

A nurse is taking health history from a new client, which includes asking about a history of blood transfusions. This is important for which of the following reasons? a) Blood products cause a high risk for hepatitis B. b) Blood products cause lower antibody titers. c) Exposure to foreign antigens may cause altered immune function. d) Blood products cause a high risk for exposure to HIV.

Exposure to foreign antigens may cause altered immune function.

When describing the immunoglobulin most likely involved with allergic reactions, which of the following would the nurse address? a) IgM b) IgG c) IgE d) IgA

IgE

Which of the following immunoglobulins assumes a major role in blood-borne and tissue infections? a) IgA b) IgG c) IgM d) IgD

IgG

The nurse is taking the health history of a newly admitted client. Which of the following conditions would place the client at risk for impaired immune function? a) Surgical history of a partial gastrectomy b) Surgical removal of the appendix c) Negative history for radiation therapy d) Previous organ transplantation

Previous organ transplantation

A client is diagnosed with multiple site cancers and has received whole-body irradiation. The nurse is concerned about a compromised immune system in this client for which of the following reasons? a) Radiation causes an excess of circulating hemoglobin. b) Radiation causes an excess of circulating lymphocytes. c) Radiation causes a deficiency of circulating hemoglobin. d) Radiation destroys lymphocytes.

Radiation destroys lymphocytes.

A nurse is caring for a client with multiple sclerosis. Client education about the disease process includes which of the following explanations about the cause of the disorder? a) The immune system recognizes one's own tissues as "self." b) The immune system recognizes one's own tissues as "foreign." c) Excess cytokines cause tissue damage. d) Regulatory mechanisms fail to halt the immune response.

The immune system recognizes one's own tissues as "foreign."

Which of the following is accurate regarding acquired immunity? Select all that apply. a) A nonspecific immunity present at birth b) An immunologic response acquired during life but not present at birth c) Can develop by contracting a disease d) Also know as innate immunity e) Usually develops as a result of exposure to an antigen through immunization

• An immunologic response acquired during life but not present at birth • Usually develops as a result of exposure to an antigen through immunization • Can develop by contracting a disease

As a nursing instructor, you realize the importance of your students understanding how the immune system works and its role to protect and defend the body from potential harm. What type of cells are the primary targets of the healthy immune system? Select all that apply. a) Typical cells b) Infectious cells c) Cancerous cells d) Foreign cells

• Infectious cells • Foreign cells • Cancerous cells

As a nursing instructor, you realize the importance of your students understanding how the immune system works and its role to protect and defend the body from potential harm. What type of cells are the primary participants in immune response? Select all that apply. a) Monocytes b) Leukocytes c) T-cell lymphocytes d) B-cell lymphocytes

• T-cell lymphocytes • B-cell lymphocytes

11. List diagnostic tests utilized in diagnosis of immune disorders.

-Various lab tests that assess leukocytes and lymphocytes, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, phagocytic cell function, complement activity, hypersensitivity reactions, specific antigen-antibodies, or human immunodeficiency virus infection.

a. Discuss an example of active acquired immunity.

-a child being exposed to chickenpox before that child has received a chickenpox vaccine. His body will develop antibodies which will combat any chickenpox pathogens throughout the rest of the child's life.

4. Define natural immunity.

-nonspecific response that provides a broad spectrum of defense against and resistance to infection. It is considered the first line of defense following antigen exposure, because it protects the host without remembering prior contact with a infectious agent.

6. Describe the inflammatory response.

The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. This helps isolate the foreign substance from further contact with body tissues.