immune system
Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)
allergen
All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT
antibodies
All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one
antibodies
Identify the figure above.
antibody
Vaccines contain
antigens of the pathogen
Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by
bacteria
The bubonic plague epidemic that swept through Europe between 1348 and 1350 A.D. was induced by a(n)
bacterium
Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially
becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins
When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?
both contain genetic material
Bacteria are helpful to humans in many ways, including all of the following EXCEPT which one?
digestion of cellulose in the human intestine
Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes
direct attack of antigen-bearing cells
Ebola virus can be transmitted via
direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person
All of the following are ways in which a mild fever participates as part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body EXCEPT
enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.
Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?
eosinophils
Histamine is released by neutrophils to induce an inflammation response when tissues become damaged.
false
Lymph nodes filter the blood and remove bacteria and other invading microorganisms that may have entered the bloodstream.
false
Tears and saliva contain the enzyme dermicidin, which is effective in preventing bacteria from entering the human body.
false
The first type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of an infection is the eosinophil.
false
Viral infections can usually be treated with antibiotics.
false
When considering transfusions or transplants, it is more difficult to match blood than to match tissue types because blood cells have more self markers on their surface
false
Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by
having keratin in the uppermost layer
The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that
if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells.
Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are
interferon
Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity
involves the administration of preformed antibodies
Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?
lymphocytes
The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from
mast cells
All of the following are used in making monoclonal antibodies EXCEPT which one?
mouse T cells from thymus
Which one of the following would result in passive immunity?
movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child
Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?
natural killer cells
Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as
nonspecific mechanisms.
During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, which one of the following is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell?
perforin
Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus?
rabies
Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?
Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce.
Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?
IgA
Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?
IgE
Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin?
IgG
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen?
Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.
Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell?
The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?
They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells
Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?
cell-mediated immunity
Which of the following are proteins in the blood that can be activated to lyse bacterial cells, mark other bacterial cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation?
complement
Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?
cytokines
Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated?
t lymphocytes
Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?
t-helper cells
Bacterial pathogens cause symptoms of a disease by invading host cells or by producing toxins that damage host cells.
true
Individuals infected with HIV produce antibodies, but these antibodies do not prevent progression to Phase II and Phase III of infection.
true
One role of MHC proteins is that they serve as self markers to the human immune system.
true
Prions are infectious proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold.
true
The bacteria that normally live on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and vagina provide protection against infection with harmful disease-producing microorganisms.
true
The best way to defend the body from a viral infection is to prevent the infection by using a vaccine.
true
The thymus gland, which is responsible for the development of T cells, stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as one grows into adulthood.
true
