immune system

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)

allergen

All of the following are involved in the inflammatory response EXCEPT

antibodies

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one

antibodies

Identify the figure above.

antibody

Vaccines contain

antigens of the pathogen

Antibiotics are most likely to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by

bacteria

The bubonic plague epidemic that swept through Europe between 1348 and 1350 A.D. was induced by a(n)

bacterium

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially

becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

both contain genetic material

Bacteria are helpful to humans in many ways, including all of the following EXCEPT which one?

digestion of cellulose in the human intestine

Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

Ebola virus can be transmitted via

direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person

All of the following are ways in which a mild fever participates as part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body EXCEPT

enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)?

eosinophils

Histamine is released by neutrophils to induce an inflammation response when tissues become damaged.

false

Lymph nodes filter the blood and remove bacteria and other invading microorganisms that may have entered the bloodstream.

false

Tears and saliva contain the enzyme dermicidin, which is effective in preventing bacteria from entering the human body.

false

The first type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of an infection is the eosinophil.

false

Viral infections can usually be treated with antibiotics.

false

When considering transfusions or transplants, it is more difficult to match blood than to match tissue types because blood cells have more self markers on their surface

false

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

having keratin in the uppermost layer

The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that

if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells.

Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are

interferon

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity

involves the administration of preformed antibodies

Which one of the following is/are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?

lymphocytes

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells

All of the following are used in making monoclonal antibodies EXCEPT which one?

mouse T cells from thymus

Which one of the following would result in passive immunity?

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

natural killer cells

Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as

nonspecific mechanisms.

During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, which one of the following is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell?

perforin

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

rabies

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce.

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?

IgA

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?

IgE

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin?

IgG

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen?

Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell?

The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells

Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?

cell-mediated immunity

Which of the following are proteins in the blood that can be activated to lyse bacterial cells, mark other bacterial cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation?

complement

Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?

cytokines

Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated?

t lymphocytes

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

t-helper cells

Bacterial pathogens cause symptoms of a disease by invading host cells or by producing toxins that damage host cells.

true

Individuals infected with HIV produce antibodies, but these antibodies do not prevent progression to Phase II and Phase III of infection.

true

One role of MHC proteins is that they serve as self markers to the human immune system.

true

Prions are infectious proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold.

true

The bacteria that normally live on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and vagina provide protection against infection with harmful disease-producing microorganisms.

true

The best way to defend the body from a viral infection is to prevent the infection by using a vaccine.

true

The thymus gland, which is responsible for the development of T cells, stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as one grows into adulthood.

true