immunization and serology chapter 23
unlike the whole agent vaccines the strategy for a ____vaccine is to have the vaccine contain only those parts or subunits of the antigen that stimulate a strong immune response. for exaple the subunit vaccine for pnemoccoal pnemonia contains 23 different polyssacharides from the capsules of 23 strains strptoccous annomia a.subunit vaccine b.conjugate vaccine
a
when you combine multiple vaccines in one its is called a a.single dose vaccination b.multiple dose vaccination
a
which major type of antisera used in artificially acquired immunity is used primarilty to post exposure of hep a and measles a.gmma globulin b.hyperimmune globulin c.antitoxins
a
___occurs when antigens enter the body and the individuals immune system actively responds by producing antibodies to epitopes on those antigens a.active immunity b.adaptive immunity
a
a similar test for dipitheria is the ____test in whicha persons immunity to dipitheria can be determined by injected diptheria toxin intradermally. a skin reaction will occur if local read swollen area a.schicks b.titer c.titration
a
example of aggulation test is known as a.direct aggulation test b.indirect aggulation test
a
in a positive test for elisa the enzyme changes the colorless substrae to a ______colored product a.yellow/organe b.blue c.red
a
this antisera is used to treat rabies, tetanus,hep b a.hyperimmune globulin b.gamma globulin c.antitoxins
a
this indirect preotection called _____ immunity implies that if enough perople in a population are immunized agaisnt certain infectious diseases it is very difficult for those disease to spread a.herd bimmmunization
a
another strategy for preparing vaccines is to kill the bacterial or viral pathogen this whole agent vaccine is known as
killed inactivated
_____aggulation antigens are absorbed onto the surface of latex spheres and igM antibodies are added a.latex b.hemaggulation
latex
what are two examples of direct aggulation tests
latex aggulatiin and hemgglutination
mmr vaccine is an example of what whole agent vaccine
live anneuated
1998 andrew wakefield publishes a potential link between ____and ____ a.mmr and autism b.polio and autism c.hov and autism
mmr and autsim
____is the dilution of an antigens or antibody solution to the most favorable concentration a.titration b.titer c.serology
titration
the process called ______ can be used to the physcians advantage because the dilution series is a valuable way of determing the titer of antibodies a.titration b.serological reaction
titration
according to health experts and disease epidemiologists when greater than 85% of the population (around 95% from some diseases like measles)is vaccinated the spread of the disease is effectively stopped true or false
true
adults need to get a tdap once and then a td booster every 10 years true or false
true
antigen antibody ag-ab characteristics can help diagnose infectious disease true or false
true
artifically acquire passive immunity is induced by a transfer of antibodies (antitoxins) taken from the circulation of an animal or another person true or false
true
attenuated are the closest vaccine to stimulate natural pathogens and because they closely mimic a natural infection they generate the strongest immune response ture or false
true
herd immunity results from effective vaccination programs ture or false
true
if no individuals in a community are vaccinated making it likely an outbreak epidemic could occure ture or false
true
immunity can be generated naturally or artificially true or false
true
most vaccines represent preventative vaccines true or false
true
newer vaccines contain only subunits or fragments of antigens true or false
true
pcv13-ppsv23 are vaccines for 65 +years old true or fasle
true
people with egg allergies should not take flu vaccinations true or false
true
the risk of contracting a disease with death or disability is much greater than any risk associated with vaccines true or false
true
true of false passive immunity is temporary as the prtoection declines after several weeks
true
true or false chance of a serious side effect is 1 in 1,000,000
true
true or false vaccines can protect the individual and also the population
true
true or false you need a influenza shot every year
true
vaccine side effects are rare and mine true or false
true
whole agent vaccines contain weakend or inactivated antigens true or false
true
adverse reactions to vaccines are reported to the ....? a.peta b.vaers
vaccine adverse events reporting system
this antisera characterized as a serum of proteins that may be recognized as non self leading to serum sickness
antitoxins
____is the most dilute concentration of antibody that reacts to specific antigen
titer
Which one of the following vaccinations would most likely require booster shots periodically throughout life? A. Tetanus B. Measles C. Hepatitis B D. Mumps
A
_____vaccines that protect an individual from contracting a particular infectious disease a.preventative b.therapuetic
a
____is the process of adminestering a vaccine that produces immunity in the body a.vaccination b.immunization
a
A hybridoma cell ______. A. secretes monoclonal antibodies B. presents antigens on its surface C. secretes polyclonal antibodies D. is an antigen-presenting cell
a
Approximately _____ of 100,000 vaccinated individuals are likely to suffer a serious reaction to the vaccination. A. 1 B. 50 C. 100 D. 500
a
Immune complex formation and serum sickness are dangers of ______. A. artificially acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired active immunity C. artificially acquired active immunity D. naturally acquired passive immunity
a
In an ELISA, the primary antibody represents ______. A. the patient's serum B. the antibody recognizing the secondary antibody C. the enzyme-linked (labeled) antibody D. the antibodies having been washed away
a
______is used to detect antibodies to a variety of pathogens a.elisa b.titer c.titration
a
_____are substance that prepare the immune systems to recognize and respond to a pathogen resulting in protection to that pathogen a.vaccine b.immunization
a
_____involves binding between antibody and antigen a.neutrilization b.aggulation c.elisa
a
_____is used to identify toxins and antitoxins viruses and viral antibodies a.neutrilization b.aggulation c.elisa
a
the bodys immune system responds to antigens by producing its own antibodies and lymophcytes is known as
active immunity
antibody binding to antigens can cause visible clumping known as
aggulation
this antiserum is a serum produced in animals, especially horses and it contains antibodies againsst only ONE antigen . used to treat botulism and dipitheria. causes an allergic reaction called immune complex and can lead to serum sickness this is known as
antitoxins
An attenuated vaccine contains ______. A. inactive toxins B. living, but slow-growing (replicating) antigens C. killed bacteria D. noninfective antigen subunits
b
Exposure to the flu virus, contracting the flu, and recovering from the disease would be an example of ______. A. artificially acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired active immunity C. artificially acquired active immunity D. naturally acquired passive immunity
b
The serological reaction where antigens and antibodies form an extensive lattice of large particles is called ______. A. fixation B. precipitation C. neutralization D. agglutination
b
When antigens are attached to the surface of latex beads and then reacted with an appropriate antibody, a/an _____ reaction occurs. A. inhibition B. agglutination C. neutralization D. precipitation
b
_______ acquired immunity because immununity arises from the international transfer of antibody rich serum (blood) from one human (or animal) into the patients circulation. a.naturaully acquired passive immunity b.artifically passive immunity
b
______acquired active immunity is by vaccination this form of active immunity because the antigens are contained in a vaccine. vaccination is less risky than naturally acquired active immunity because the recipient of the vaccine does not (usually) contract the disease or potential disease complications . the process still produces antibodies and memory cells following exposure to vacine antigens. vaccines are simply educating the bodys natural infection fighting system a.naturally b.artifically
b
_____can be done in tubes or on slides a.neutrilization b.aggulation c.elisa
b
_____involves the clumping of antigens a.neutrilization b.aggulation c.elisa
b
_____is the process by which an individual becomes protected from an infectious disease a.vaccination b.immunization
b
a few vaccines represent ____ vaccines which act to lessen the severity of the illness that might appear or already exists a.preventative b.therapuetic
b
latex aggulation test for a.herpes b.staphyloccocus
b
the ____is the most dilute concentration of serum antibody yeilding a detectable reaction with its specifc antigen a.titration b.titer c.serological reaction
b
this type of vaccine is characterized as attaching a weak antigen t cell independent to a strong antigen t cell dependent a.subunit b.conjugate
b
what whole agent vaccine is characterized a a weekend microbe (less virulent),microbe only multiples at low levels induces strong immune response (many antigens)-immunity can be life long a single dose vaccine can rovide protection against multiple organsims such ass mmr vaccine (measles mumps rubella) some associated risks organisms can revert to more virulent form ----disease should not be given to immunocompromised a.killed inactivated pathogens b.live attenuated pathogens
b
which whole agent vaccine is this -easy to produce because the pathogen is killed by simply using specific chemicals and or heat. -cannot reproduce or replicate -the inactivation alters the antigens structure and shape -weaker humoral response and little to non cell mediate immunity -require multiple doses to generate a protective response -booster shots and periodic shots needed for life to maintain immunity -examples-hepatitis a and salk polio vaccine -safer vaccine than attenuated -can be stored in a freeze dried form at room temp making it the vaccine of choice in devloping nations a.live attenuated vaccine b.killed inactivated vaccine
b
_____immuniy antibodies passed from immune indivdual to a non immune individual is known as a.active b.passive
b.passiive
______ is a serological reaction that produces little or no visible evidence of a reaction. A. Precipitation B. ELISA C. Neutralization D. Agglutination
c
for some bacterial disease such as diptheria and tetnaus a bacterial exotoxin is the main cause of illness. for these disease a third immunization strategy is to inactivate these toxins and use them as a vaccine. these toxins can be inactivated by formaline -allows body to produce antibodies and memory cells to recognize natural toxin should the individual be exposed to active toxin. -booster shots are necessary -dtap and dtp a.live anneutated vaccine b.killed inactivated c.toxoid inactivated
c
to determine if someone is hiv positive you can perform the ____Test a.aggulation b.neutrilization c.elisa
c
what whole agent vaccine represents a inactivated toxin a.live attenuated b.killed inactivaed c.toxoid inactivated
c
haemphilus influen b which is responsible for a form of childhood menigitis, produces a capsule. materials like the capsulare polysaccharaded represent haptens which refers to substances that are not strongly immunogenic and therefore do not cause a strong immune response. therefore the strategy is to conjugate the haptens to a protein molecule such as the tetanus or diptheria toxoid the result is what vaccone
conjugate vaccine
Herd immunity is affected by ______. A. the percentage of a population that is vaccinated B. the strength of an individual's immune system C. the number of susceptible individuals D. All the above (A-C) are correct.
d
Titer refers to ______. A. the most concentrated antigen-antibody concentration showing a reaction B. the first diluted antigen-antibody concentration showing a reaction C. the precipitation line formed between an antigenantibody reaction D. the most dilute antigen-antibody concentration showing a reaction
d
What serological test requires sheep red blood cells and a preparation of antibodies that recognizes the sheep red blood cells? A. ELISA B. Radioimmunoassay C. Immunodiffusion D. Complement fixation test
d
whole agents contain what three things below a.live attenuated pathogens b.killed inactivated pathogens c.toxoid inactivated d.all of the abvoe
d
______microbiology focuses on applying microbiology to medical diagnosis and makes extensive use of the serological reactions between antigen and antibody
diagnostic microbiology
the _____test only indicates that antibodies to the pathogen are present
elisa test
elisa stands for
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
a rise in titer is indicative of no diease true or false
false it is indicative to a disease
artificially acquired passive immunity makes use of three majors types of antisera (antibodies) to treat diseases what are the three
gamma globulin hyperimmune globulin antitoxins
what type of direct aggulation is used to determine bloodtype prior to blood transfusions
hemaggulation
______refers to the clumping of red blood cells. this process is particulary important in the determination of blood types prior to blood transfusions.
hemmaggulation
the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination. is known as
herd immunity
declining vaccination reates leads to (increase/decrease)in preventable disease
increase
______acquired active immunity is by experiencing the disease and recovering from it. exposure to infectious pathogen, which may lead to ilness and disease symptoms and during this memory cells are made during primary antibody respose and are atored in the bone marrow until needed again a.naturally b.artificially
naturally
there are two types of immunity what are they
naturally artificially
_____acquired passive immunity maternal igG remains 3-6 mothes post birth and maternal IgA pass to newborn through colustrom early milk and breast milk a.passive b.naturally acquired
naturally acquired
the most common form of passive immunity is ____which is also called congenital immunty
naturally acquired passive immunity
this form of immunity develops when during the last 1-2 months of pregnancy the igG antibodies pass into the fetal circulation from the mothers bloodstreem via placenta and umbilical cord. this maternal passed igG antibodies remain with the child for up to one year after birth and play an important role durin these moths of life providing additional resistance to certaind isease such as measles and rubella
naturallyacquired passive immunity
_____is a serological reaction used to identify bacterial toxins and antitoxins as well as viruses and viral antibodies.
neutrilization
how can we tell if an individual has a specific antibody or has been exposed to a specific antigen what are the three methods
neutrilization aggulation elisa
the ______test can be used to dectect bacterial toxins, such as the botulism toxin. if a food is believed to be contaminated with botulism toxin, injecting the food into a rat will allow the toxin to attach to nerve cells and the release toxin will kill the rat. to make sure it is the botulism toxin and not another foodborne toxin the food material is mixed with botulism antitoxin .if the food does not contain botulism toxin the antibodies will block binding of the toxin and on injection of the mix the rat will survive
neutrilization test
_____immunity deveolops when antibodies enter the body from an outside source. the source of antibodies can be unintentional such as a fetus recieving antibodies from the mother or intentional such as the transfer of antibodies to an individual through injection .... a.active b.passive
passive
____ the study of blood serum and its constituents has great diagnostic significance as well as more broad ranging applications
serology
_____is the study of blood serum and its components especially relating to immune response in antigens ] a.titration b.serology
serology
this vaccines are characterized as -only parts of the antigen that stimulate a strong immune response -subunits cannot cause disease -can be made by recombiant dna technology -example hepititus b virus
subunit
what are the two types of antigen subunits or fragments
subunit conjugate