Independence of India and Pakistan
Direct Action Day (1946)
INC and Muslim League divide over partition in 1946. In July, Jinnah declares intent to create Pakistan. In August 16, 4,000 died from riots in Calcutta when it was supposed to be peaceful
Post-partition exodus/swap (1947)
When Britain moved partition date closer (August 1947)
Two Nation Theory
Belief that Muslims and Hindus could not live in the same nation. Hindu majority (India) and Muslim majority (Pakistan)
Muslim Leagues belief
Believed a separate state for Muslims called Pakistan would help the under-represented Muslims and they wanted self-rule
Jinnah's goals
Believed in two states, Pakistan (Muslim) and India (the rest). Wanted cooperation between Hindus and Muslims like Gandhi
Why did resistance to British rule grow over the course of the early 20th century?
Britain was getting rid of Indians religious and traditional customs by imposing British customs, undermining caste norms, high taxation on Indians
How did foreign influence shape (or not shape) nation-building in India during the revolution?
Brought nationalism to India because of education
Satyagraha
Civil disobedience led by Gandhi
Muslim League
Created in response to INC by Jinnah in 1906
Reasons for violence prior to independence
Everyone wanted to go to Pakistan because India was not good, deadline moved up so nation was in chaos, religious tensions, Britain was less present, everyone wanted their religion to be the majority of their neighborhood
Jawaharlal Nehru
First prime minister of India (democracy). Non-violent protests
Importance of Satyagraha in Indian independence
Followed satyagraha in order to split from Britain with no war
Indian National Congress (INC)
Founded in 1885 by Gandhi in order to get Indian Independence. It was an elitist/moderate group that was very radical
Swaraj
Gandhi's message "self-rule" where India should rule itself
How much of Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah's visions were actually achieved?
Gandhi- India became independent Nehru- India became independent, industrialization, democracy Jinnah- India became independent, Pakistan created
What does Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah not achieve?
Gandhi- No single state, industrialized India, no socialism, western influence Nehru- No single state Jinnah- no weak central gov, military dictatorship in Pakistan
How did Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah differ and similar on their strategies for revolution and nation building?
Gandhi- non-violent, anti-industrialization, rejects British culture, wants socialism Nehru- non-violent, industrialize, likes British culture, not isolationist, single-state Jinnah- violence, wants two states eventually, wants weak central gov, self-rule
Why did chaos in Direct Action Day occur?
Happened because India had weak gov, religious intolerance and chaos over where to go. Britain backed off of India because of this
Nehru's goals
He pushed for female participation, believed in swaraj and satyagraha, wanted a single state, Indian identity is not religion, liked some British culture, strong federal gov, peace, liked industrialization, wanted state directed economics, international trade
Why was the partition date moved closer?
In order for Britain to avoid being a part of the mess, which resulted in everyone moving to Pakistan
Agrarian vs. industrialization future
India (industrialized) had railroads, infrastructure,... while Pakistan was struggling to build economy. Gandhi wanted agrarian, but Nehru wanted industrial
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Leader of Muslim league and first president of Pakistan (dictatorship)
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
Led India to independence by not being aggressive
What were some challenges India faced as it was building its nationalism?
Nehru begins with semi hostile population, food insecurity, development issues, rejection of Western culture
How did foreign influence shape (or not shape) nation-building in India during it's early years of independence?
No allies for India :(
Location of Lahore post-independence
Pakistan
How did the struggle to create a cohesive identity shape the revolution and outcomes of the Indian struggle for independence?
They struggled so much that they created different states
How effective was India's approach to nation-building and resistance?
Very effective, could gain independence from Britain, but chaos
Gandhi's goals
Wanted non-cooperation with British gov, boycotts British goods, anti-industrialization, civil disobedience, social equality, no english, creates movement involving all religions, abolish caste norms, creates Indian identity
INC's big questions
Weren't sure whether to work with the British or not, whether to be violent, whether to have social reform or nationalism and whether to have Hindu identity
