Indian FP (week2) Overview
1971 (India)
- Bangladesh independent -Pakistan becomes just PAKISTAN INSTEAD OF WEST PAKISTAN
Historical imperial relationships
- However, it has been constantly invaded, controlled, or contacted by imperial forces such as a. greece b. portugal c. Britain d. Holland e. Denmark f. France - India pulled in influences from these countries, such as legal system form UK - the importance of India and why it has been colonized so frequently is becuase of geo strategici position a. access to oil b. central trading positions between asia and europe c. critical connection between east asia and middle east - India jewel of UK and so one reason why Uk went to middle east - India important in WW2 stopping japan from expanding and Cold War cuz of dominio theory
extended strategic neighborhood
- IOR , Act East 2 , Asia Pacific , Africa - Need for New Markets, FDI, Technology - Rising for new markets, FDI, Technology - rissing energy security and commodity needs - Indian aid and development programmed - india influences moves beyond south Asia to extend to Indian ocean region and extension of look east policy to act east policy - India needs to look for new markets and needs more stuff = froces its leaders to engage more with the world and helps worlds to enage more with India - starts its own aid and development programme and starts its own soft power intiatifes
social norms
A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors. - a standard of appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity - katzeznstein
Kashmir
A region of northern India and Pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought - Pakistan help
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. - India last domino in domino theory -
Partition of India
India was separated into 2 countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus - reuslted in major communal violence with at least 1 millin deaths - In addition, India and Pakistan were born at war and there are constant territorial disputes, such as Kashmir - west pakistan coontained part of kashmir that resulted in a war right after partition - east pakistan would later become bangladesh
Jawaharlal Nehru
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). - major architect of India -
Rajiv Gandhi
Indira Gandhi's son and successor as Prime Minister of India; killed by a car bomb while campaigning - Indira's son (nehru's grandson) and was prime minister of india 1985-1989. Had some reform of eonomy and gov't but also faced rebellion and was assassinated by Tamil Tigers.
Kashmir Conflict
Ongoing conflict for territorial control; between Pakistan & India; Origins of British imperialism - conflict between India and Pakistan both want land/water religious differences - occured right after partititon
Second Kashmir Wars
Pakistan initiated these wars but India later become dominant - Tashkent agreement
Manmohan Singh
Prime Minister of India - 2004 election important cuz BJP thought they would win - leader instructive in terms of liberalization of India - important to epxanding and liberalizaing India
communal violence
Refers to a situation where violence is perpetrated across ethnic lines, and victims are chosen based upon ethnic group membership
Swadeshi
Self-Reliance - boycott of british goods to make English make concessions for Indians - India can do itself and does not need to to be involved in ingternaitonal trade - globalization, or imperial globalizaiton, was cause of India wealth drain
Indian FP phases
a. Phase ! b. Phase 2 c. Phase 3
central analytical thems in Indian fp
a. great power aspirations b. development and modernization c. History d. paradoxes and tensions
Logic of Appropriateness
behavior that conforms with norms of what is socially acceptable, even if such behavior is not directly in the actor's material self-interest - attributes action to whether it is viewed as legitimate and the right thing to do, irrespective of the costs and benefits - manucr olson and march 1998
Purna Swaraj
complete independence - do not be used by others and do not open up to others - separate itself from others politics and be focused inwardly - more wary of international diplomacy and memory of partition and imperialism
constitutive norms
define who is a legitimate or appropriate actor under what circumstances
liberalism
economic institutional
US relations
- Ideoogical closer to communism and socialism and so closer to USSR - did not have much offer to USA and USA saw itself superior - USA not very happy with nonalignment movement and went against their own viewpoint on super power competition - USA not happy with India criticism of USa policies in korea nd suez - India visit to China and supportative of modern china = made US mad and that it was essential it was in USSR bloc - USA still help India, such as food, and osmetimes military aid during the 60s but not stable -
re-entry into global politics
- India and South Asia rise in global reverence - bnadwith of engagement broadens and matures - adds maturity to china relations, synergies in trade, military, multerial dipolomacy - USA takes India more seriously - India huge market, huge middle class, and huge eocnomic potential makes it very attractive - new allies with israel and japan - USA help to push India into forfront - China realizes new potential synergies with India and push for greater allaince -Nuclear tests help to push India to re-enter mainsteam IR
i. the emergency India
- India became a unitary authoritaian government for a couple of years - 1975-77 - auythoritairns upsurge cuz ghandi can't get enough support
cold war end
- India lost a an important ally - India isolated after - cuz India has become more violent and more realpolitik and reliance on Cold war = becomes paraih
Pre-independence India
- India was a central power in the world from 1 to 1700 AD as it represnted 25-33% of global trade - the results of india history include a. border conflicts= cuz of UK and other powers not properly demarcating the borders = b. regional outlook at their role in SEA = thought India dominant power in South Asian and dominat force in Indian ocean becuaser of their importance to other powers c. suspicious of the international systems of trade and other institutions
USSR and India agreement
- USSR sends submarines and and other military equipment to India - Helps india to balence against the support given to Pakistan by china or USA -
Focus on self reliance and autonomy
- a clear set of ideals were created as a result of their colonial experience - they wanted to avoid a repeat of the past and wanted to remain stable and autonomous i. purna swaraj ii. swadeshi iii. ahimsa
Katzenstein 1996
- a standard of appropriate behaviour for actors with a given indentity -
multilateral significance
- active and needed involvment in multi-lateral from climate change to global finance - regional groupings begin to form a. BRICS b. IBSA (subset of Brics but more multi-cultural and multi-faceted groups of democracies) c. SCO - - India more significance in global discussion of trade and climate change - states begin to support India cliam to be on security council - India needs world and world needs india - India starts to translate eocnomic growth to military and develops nuclera triad -
Multerlaral India
- begins to to become more muliteral but still follows real politicks - - Neo Economic International Organization formed but still aling with USSR -Muliteral impact wanes - USSR - 71 agreement to protect India while India helps free bangledsh - 74 - nuclear tests
Andhra Pradesh
- border dispute with China
onuf
- coined constructivist - states are living in a world of our making 1989
Important Indian leaders
- these include a. Jawaharlal Nehru b. Indira Gandhi c. Rajiv Gandhi d. Narasimha Rao e. Atal Vajpayee f. Manmohan Singh g. Narendra Modi - India politics begin to change as the congress becomes less dominant and other parties emerge
Increasing internal issues
- these include a. emergency b. Assination c. separtism
Radcliffe Commission
- determined what areas would be muslim and which would be hindu but was not done more arbitrarily and not with a clear standard - ten million people change lands - mass communal killings as people move to area to area and created division between groups - pakistan is not one singular state, there is an east and west pakistan that are super far away 1,600 KM apart - major security threat for both pakistan and india - India and Pakistan born to war and start of territorial disputes - cartographic al anxiety = borders are constantly changing and no clear boundries - Other parts are suppose to be part of Pakistan but were conquered by India -
Bangladesh
- estbalished 1971 - Miltiary use used by India to liberate it from Pakistan - political differneces between east and west pakistan - the west tries to control east Pakistan due to elections not going in favour of the policies of west pakistan - uses military means and does a semi-genocide of the east - leads to demographic issues as millions of refugees into india - India provides support to freedom fighters and tries to support bangladesh independence - Uses indepndence movement to free itself from the two front threat of pakistan, now only one pakistan -
act east policy
- extension to look at coutnries beyond south asia to africa
Atal Vajpayee
- first non congress PM apart from - help create the rise of a clear opposition to congress and allows oppositions parties to be able to take leadership - Janaeta regime = only other non congress leader in the past - member of BJP and co founder and showed their rise and ability to counter congress - important member of Janata party 1998-2004
Defining International Relations
- global inter-governmental relationships - mixture between conflict s and cooperation - Global and intergovernmental relations - positive and negatives of relationships, alliances, ocnflict, trade, ideas, identities - ongoing debate about conflict, interests, - Our interests permanent but our allies aren't = pamaerson - trying to find diffrent ways to achieve states goals. - find mutual goals with other s - interests can be long term and short term - before cold war, india aligned with USSR but afterwards , USA - India become more pragmatic and less interested in ideologies/values/principles that originated from independent movement that focused internally - India democracy but deal with authoritarian states and how important are certain values when dealing with foreing relationships - the importance of relationships changes dependning on the relationships (depending on the relationship, economic or politics or security most important) - preceptions critical as positive or negative
constructivism
- history, identity etc..
ideational structure
- identitifation are not made by the material structure but by the meating given to the material structure of ideationbal structuve
partition
- impact was that lots of movement and chaos within -1947
d. Paradoxes and tensions within india
- it is both a developed and underdeveloped country - poverty alleviation and infrastructure contradiction with India aspiration - it has material limitations, such as GDP per capita, but a self conception of power - there are negative consequences that counter the positives reuslts of liberalization of the economy such as quality, pollution, moving to urban centers, changing of ideas as exprosure to western ideals and social dislocation - political freedom also creats volatile and high level ofs unrest as well as instability such as a. separatism b. insuregency c. terrorism
Narasimha Rao
- leader of congress lead coalition - critical to india liberalization of India FP - realize the need to change India after cold war such as economic and political liberalization - critical component, India very much reliant on USSR during cold war but need new allianvces after fall of USSR -1991-1996
Indian nuclear test
- may 1998 = nuclera tests - anti-china - anti-pakistan - anti-NPT - self- reliance, national pride/strength - Pakistan retaliates with own tests, kargil 99 -BJP becomes main power and part of their main goal is to test nukes to procliam to world that they need to recognize india India is significance - about balenceing out agains t a. China b. Pakistan c. non-proliferation treaty - the Non-profliertaion treaty states that exisitng great powers can keep nukes but new states can development new ones, which was seen as unfair by India - important to self-reliance, pride, and show strength - sort of change from the ideals of non-violence for great power trajectory towards relaization of militayr needsc - pakistan develops nukes and tests their own bombs in responseand so Kashmir becomes a new centerpoint as worries about a full on nuclear war
India internal problems
- myriad development problems - transition - widespread internal instabilities/unrest - liberal economic embrace is slow but it is vital to india growth - domestic consequences of liberal economic sbut also benefits - india beocm more pro-active in world politics - 1971 becomes more pro-activebut really acitve after 1998
economic power and military
- nuclear triad, aircraft carrier IOR - worlds largest arms importer -
geopolitical interest
- often times, interests are often intersected between short and long terms goals but they override ideologies - How an actor is preceived is important to recognizing them as a threat
1974 nuclear
- peaceful nuclear explosion - increase its autonomy and status on the global IR level - self reliance nad status - however, become pariah and all major western states put sanctions on India cuz it has behaved counter to western interests - India is not a value to west and so
Look East Policy
- policy that sought to re-engage with south asian countries that share similar religious, linguistic, artistic, and historical linkages - find ways for india to better interact with south asia
Balence of Payments crisis
- there was not enough money to keep economy rolling - the IMF had to provide bailout - the limits of soiclaism was shown - weeks away from becoming bankrupt as a. not enough revenue b. not enough eocnomic prodution c. not enough tax revenue - IMF bailout india only after it ships out tons of gold to back the loan - ends of idealistic phrase and shows limits of swadeshi and socialist system - show limit of inefficency of dynastic rule and showed that India hsould be more modern and active
a. Phase !
- this phase is idealism but this is an overview as there are element of pragmatism such as relations with USSR - AFter gaining political independence, there were major political differences within the country between a. congress - inclusive, unitary and secular b. muslim league - two state solution and pakistan - Nehru declares that India will become great power - end of long period colonial subjugation fufilled by M. Ghandi and Nehru - However, independence was not great for everyone and M Ghandi did not join celebrations cuz of political differences - different visions of India a. congress = inclusive india and include everyone no matter caste, religion, etc.. and should be unitary and secular (not without religion but plurality) b. muslim league = two state solution - UK leaders believe in two state solution = determined arbitiraly by Radcliffee commission
c. Phase 3
- this phase is pragmatism - all of the past begins to shift toward pragmitism which is the current trend - soviet union is end - self reliance is no longer legitimate - need to look for new partners and need bcome geninelyu fcous on foreign policy - use to be Highly negative of relations of Israel due to good relations with muslim countries but becomes more pragmatic and equal - about trade and not about ideals and focus on development - leaders being positive force for India
b. Phase 2
- this phase is realpolitik - real politiks become more important - some of it comes form use of militayr force such as second kashmir war
Indira Doctrine
- to dissuade involvement via deterrence and use of military force - dissuade invovlement of others in the invovlentn of south asia - Interverned in Sri Lanka (81, 87-90) and Maldives (88) - Sri Lanka = USA vietnams - supported India south asian pre-eminence
Indo-US relations
- trade/middle class, nuclear, terrorism - democracy are natural allies - high economic, military and trade links -India rise = complete revolution in Indo-USA relations - India is the worlds largest democracy and becomes very important 9/11 - India seen as natural allies for USA against terrorism and their experience in terms of terrorism and insurgency over the last 20 years important - India experience in dealing with terrorism = valued by world - post cold war context = economic relations mor eimportant than miltiary
1962 War
- war with China - losses thousands of troops - Invades but then just stops - soicalization = - indian leaders realize there is a limit to idealism as states can then take advantage of you if you have nothing to back those ideals - need military to protect youself - non-alignment movement becomes questioned and military becomes more importnat and influential - Nehru makes battleground decisions despite having no past experiences - the war ends to unclear borders but also demonstrate the conflict between China and India as each believe themselves leaders of the third world
c. History's role
-How does India government look at its past in relation to the present and future such as its past as a colony - how do relations with pakistan as a result of partition impact modern FP - Indian FP still impacted by history - for example, pre-colonial relations - In addition, it is difficult to overturn existing power relationships such as the US hegemony and the power relations within UN - How does past instances of conflict or cooperation, such as UN favouring pakistan in the past, impact current relations - But beware problems of determinism - History important to nationalist and so important especially now cuz of rise of nationalism - when India politicans talking about renaissance or restoration, talking about past in relation to history
b. development of modernizations
-Important elements to India Fp inlcude a. alleviation of widespread proverty b. self-sufficiency and self-reliance c. economic growth is vital to fp expansion d. wants to become the emblematic and aspirationa lcountry of asia in the 21st cnetury - Foreign policy about domestic polkicy in regard to India - politicians want India to develop to a state that is similar to western states, - they want everyone to have sanitation and economic growth similar to west - economic growth = key convertable and translatable element to great power status - economic grwoth can be converted to great power status - Modernizing cities/infrastrctures = much more part of the wider movement of Asia towards development and futurisation
India south asian
-India becomes dominat power
Gujral doctrine
-Proclaiming that it will not base relationships on reciprocity and that it is more powerful than its neighbours - 1992 - look east policy = -= Look east policy - SEA religious, linguistic artistic - trade - important - - SE Asia: religious linquistic, artistic - Also> C asia, bestalcnecd with western asia policy - trade and preventative security main focus vs separatist/insurgency naxalism - India can't look west cuz of pakistan or north cuz of China - with south asia, India does not wnat reciprocity but gies and accomodates what i can give to these countryes -
Sino-Indian War
1962: Dispute over the Himalayan border between India and China. - each of the countries that participated were 3rd world countries - India had a low military budget - India was humilated and so nonalignment wa questioned in favour of more military
hopf
1998 - identities are created to crate some form of predictability and order
Finnemore and Sikkink
1998 - differnt types of normssuchasregulative,constituteandprescriptive
UN: IMF (International Monetary Fund)
An agency of the UN who's goal is to help member countries secure financial stability - india was a founding members but still suspicious - I can found an organization but does not have to agree with everything - after the conflict with CONFLICT WITH kashmir, UN decided to input on the conflict and sided with Pakistan much to India chagrin
Alexander Wendt
Anarchy is what states make of it - argued that despite the UK having a larger nucler arsenal than North korea, north korea i sth ebiggest threat to USA - 1995
Tashkent
Capital of Uzbekistan - agreement in 1966 - However, successor of Nehru dies leading to Indira ghandi becoming PM
Nicholas Onuf
Constructivism
Narendra Modi
Current prime minister of India - bombastic and assertative and very confident of india
Indira Gandhi
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977. - daughter of Nehru - member of dominant political force of the congress party - she declares an emergency and becomes complete authoritarain and puts - elected out in 77 as a coalition takes over from her - However, super popular and so reelected in 80 - assassinated in 1984
ii. Indira Ghandi assassination
Daughter of Nehru, PM from 1966 to 1977, later 1980-84. Focused on helping poor and independence of Bangladesh. Assassinated by her own bodyguards. - assinated cuz of Indian states attempts to subjugate sikh independence movements in punjab - caused violence in 84 - her son also is assinated by tamils due India invovlemtn in Sri Lanka
Muslim League
Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement - an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations -
Foucault on power
He differentiates between sovereign power and disciplinary power - Power is built into buildings, routines & structures. Staffroom.
Ahimsa
Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life - the principle of nonviolence toward all living things - achieved independence successfully through nonviolent - very limited economic means can be used towards economic development instead of military - believe in military not needed
Agency vs. Structure
The ability of individuals to exercise free will vs. patterned social arrangements that affect agency - according to structurist, agency is the ability to act while strucutre consists of both material and ideational strcutures
Determinism
The assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment - so how much does India past impact is future - because something happned in the past does not mean it will impact the future - so India did something in the past, it will do it again
a. Great Power aspiration
Want to become a great power - national destiny of India = great power - Harder measures, big land mass, economy, etc.. = important - after nuclear test 1998, debate about India joining p5 cuz it has nukes and so do other great powers - India has a history of being a great power and so continuation of this legacy - key way to achieve - The core elements to this inlcude a. UN security counciul b. nuclear weapons - often tho, it is disconnected form fudnamentals - Great power aspiration allows india to achieve a. autonomy b. influence c. respect d. equality (lost cuz of colonization) -some of the above are more emotional - India is a great powr and so it should have veto power in Security council - some elements of India are disconnected form the lofty goals of its FP, such as lack of diplomates and underutiliziation of thinks tanks etc..
socially constructed
a concept developed by society that is maintained over time through social interactions that make the idea seem "real" -
Punjab
a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan - separatist movement
Tamils
a member of a people inhabiting parts of southern India and Sri Lanka. -a Dravidian Hindu, who arrived in Sri Lanka in the fourth century, settling in the north while the Sinhalese moved further south - separatist
regulative norms
govern the behavior of actors in their interactions with other actors
realism
military
Non-alignment
political independence from Cold War superpowers, movement led by India - Resistance to side with one nation/force. Ex: India did not take a side during the Cold War. - strategic positions because of the proverty, mateiral weakness and superiority of the USA - However, it was also a regression/libaility in comparision to bipolarity - while India supported this, they supported aid from USSR - India was critical of western powers and had a soiclaist political system - away from bipolar politics but critical of western imperialism and actions in africa, korea, etc.. - more about independence - does not want anyone to be involved in Indian affairs and so does not involve in other affairs - use its experience and indepence to benefit others through a. anti colonial b. anti imperial c. emancipation - use experien ce as the first major state to decolonize as a basis for other states to be autonomous and to set itself as a leader in third world
geopolitical
relating to politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors - these are important as they detremine many aspects of IR such as a. shared border b. enemies c. mutural goals -
prescriptive norms
state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable
Janata Party
the loose coalition of parties that came together to defeat Indira Gandhi in a massive rebuke to her "emergency" rule after elections were called in 1977 - an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the state of emergency (1975-1977) imposed by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her Indian National Congress. In the general election held after the end of the state of emergency in 1977, the Janata party defeated Congress to form the first non-Congress government in the history of the Republic of India.
intersubjectivity
the mutual understanding that people share during communication - basis for peaceful resltions in constructivism
Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation
was a treaty signed between India and the Soviet Union in August 1971 that specified mutual strategic cooperation. That was a significant deviation from India's previous position of non-alignment during the Cold War[1] and was a factor in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The treaty was caused by increasing Pakistani ties with China and the United States[2][3] and played an important role in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.[4] The duration of the treaty was of 20 years and it was renewed for another 20 years on 8 August 1991. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union it was replaced by a 20-year Treaty of Indo-Russian Friendship and Cooperation during President Yeltsin's visit to New Delhi in January 1993.