Industrial Revolution- continue

48. What moves were made by the British labor movement?

-Combination Acts passed in 1799 and repealed in 1824 -1834- Owen organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union -After Owen's union failed, The British Labor movement created Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1851 These unions won benefits for member -Charist movement

45. What did the Factory Act of 1833 do?

-Kids 9-13 years old= 8 hours Max -Adolescents 14-18 years old= 12 hours Max -Children <9 were to be enrolled in elementary school provided by factory owners -Broke the pattern of whole families working together in factories

41. What were factory working conditions?

-Long hours under supervision of punishers (usually 12 hours) -Punishment for adults are fines; Children are beatings.

33. What do the careers of Cockerill, Harkort, and List tell us about the problems and methods of industrialization on the Continent?

-The Industrial Revolution on the continental countries was partly illegal. - Like Harkort showed, it was very pricey and hard to get industries in the continental countries to compete with Britain. - A huge factor with competing with the British was getting high tariffs so developing industries could be protected.

51. What reasons are provided for the emergence of the sexual division of labor?

1. Women are not used to such exact work conditions and need time to care for the kids. 2. Running the household was a hard enough job itself. Without transportation shopping took a long time on foot, especially when you have to bring your kids with you. 3. Men wanted to stay on top and hold women down. 4. Some of it was to protect women from primarily male jobs where they could be harassed.

31. What was the Zollverein?

A customs union among separate German states. This allowed goods to move between German member states without tariffs. Came to be in 1834. Also had one single tariff against other nations.

40. What evidence was offered that life improved for the working class throughout the industrial revolution?

Andrew Ure argued conditions were good. Edwin Chadwick, a government official argued that the laboring community was increasingly able to buy the necessities and minor luxuries of life. Statistics show that the condition of the working class didn't get much worse. By 1850, there was an economic improvement for workers in Great Britain.

34. What role did banks play in industrialization?

Before now, the banks were private. They avoided industrial investments because of the risk. In the 1830's 2 Belgian banks became corporations with limited liability with permission from the governments. They reduced he risk of the share-holders. They became industrial banks and promoted industrial development. Similar banks formed in France and Germany 1850's and 60's. They also worked with the Government.

46. What jobs provided alternatives to factory work?

Farming, domestic service (household servants), small workshops.

39. What did Engels write? What ideas were proposed in his work?

Friedrich Engels was a friend of Karl Marx. In 1844 he wrote, The Condition of the Working Class in England. He explained how the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage and agriculture workers. He argued against industrial capitalism for its competition and technical change.

30. What impact did List believe industrialization would have on nations?

Friedrich List was a German journalist and thinker. He thought industrialization was very important in that it would increase people's well-being and decrease poverty. He stated that nations behind in advancement would be weak and hard to defend. He wrote National System of Political Economy in 1841. He encouraged high protective tariffs. He also developed the idea of economic nationalism to protect developing countries.

28. What lessons did Harkort's attempts provide?

Fritz Harkort saw the British technology while serving as a Prussian army officer in the Napoleonic wars and decided he needed to bring the technology back to Germany. For sixteen years he brought and built the technology but he and his partners lost all their money. He showed that the British were way too ahead and this probably helped inspire tariffs in Germany.

43. What was the effect of the factory system in Britain on the family?

It was sociably acceptable for parents to go to firm measure to discipline their kids. Parents wanted all their kids, even the young ones, to work with them side-by-side. Finally in 1833, the Factory Act lessened the working hours of kids.

32. What was List's idea of a tariff-free zone?

List wanted high protective tariffs. This way beginning industries didn't have to compete against British industries. Britain's doctrine of free trade would set Britain on the way of dominating the world's industry.

38. How did the Luddites respond to industrialization?

Luddites were handicraft workers who destroyed factories all over North England in 1812. They believed the machines were putting them out of work, so they smashed them.

36. From what backgrounds did early industrialists come?

Many, like Harkort, were from merchant families with connections with rich people and support. Others like Watt, Wedgwood, and Cockerill were artisans and skilled workers with good talents and opportunity.

50. What is meant by the term sexual division of labor?

Men were seen to be wage earners while women were expected to concentrate on house work, raising the kids, and craftwork at home. This was referred to as separate spheres. Women didn't have very much opportunity in gaining wages.

42. In what ways was factory work a "family endeavor"?

People often came to work as family units. The mill or mine owner would pay the head of the family for the entire family's work. Each member had a different task.

44. What proposals were made by Robert Owen, in reference to child labor?

Robert Owen, a successful manufacturer in Scotland, said in 1816 that employing kids under 10 hurt the kid and the company gained nothing from it so they shouldn't be working that young. He influenced Parliament in the Factory Act of 1833.

47. What were the Combination Acts of 1824? What did they accomplish?

The Combination Acts were passed by English Parliament in 1799. they said that unions and strikes were outlawed. This took power from the workers and gave it to the capitalist businesses. It was in 1824 that they were repealed. This gave unions power again over capitalist businesses.

35. What was the purpose of the Credit Mobilier?

The Credit Mobilier formed by Isaac and Emile Perrier. 2 young Jewish journalists from Bordeaux. It used investments to build railroads all over France and Europe.

49. What is Chartism?

The chartist movement was a movement toward democracy ; they wanted all men to have a right to vote.

29. How did governments aid industrialists?

The government used Tariff protection to put high tariffs on imported goods. Also Belgium, as well as small German states, built state systems, a state owned railroad system. The Prussian government promised to pay interest and principle on railroad bonds if private companies could not. France helped pay for roadbed.

37. How did poets such as Blake and Wordsworth view the industrial revolution?

William Blake called the early factories "satanic mills" and argued against the poor conditions of the poor. William Wordsworth brought up the issue of the destruction of rural life, of land, and of water.

27. Who was Cockerill? What did he accomplish?

William Cockerill was a Lancashire carpenter. Until 1825 it was illegal for artisans and mechanic to leave Britain, as Britain was trying to keep the technology a secret. Him and his sons began building cotton-spinning equipment in French-occupied Belgium in 1799. In 1817 his son, John, purchased a palace in southern Belgium. He turned the palace into an industrial enterprise that built machinery, steam engines, and locomotives. He also made ironworks and coal mines. Many skilled British workers illegally came to work for Cockerill.