Industrialization 2.0
Which of the following best supports de Vries' argument? A) Before the advent of the steam engine, a dense network of canals and roads had been built in Britain in response to the growing commercialization of agriculture and manufacturing. B) England's large deposits of easily accessible coal and iron ore gave it an early lead in industrialization. C) In countries where the process of industrialization started late, such as Prussia and Russia, the state had to take a much more active role in promoting economic growth than in countries that industrialized early. D) The new commercial elites of early modern Europe both competed with and sought to assimilate into traditional landowning and clerical elites.
A) Before the advent of the steam engine, a dense network of canals and roads had been built in Britain in response to the growing commercialization of agriculture and manufacturing.
Based on your knowledge of nineteenth-century European history, which of the following best explains the use of gendered symbols such as the one seen in Isto's painting? A) Bourgeois norms portrayed women as vulnerable and in need of men's protection. B) Feminists successfully argued for greater legal and social equality for women. C) Industrialization threatened traditional notions of femininity. D)Conservative policies in Restoration Europe limited women's ability to participate in revolutionary activities.
A) Bourgeois norms portrayed women as vulnerable and in need of men's protection.
The changes in Russia described in the second paragraph most directly resulted in which of the following? A) Expansion of urban centers in Russia B) Population growth and declining infant mortality in rural areas C) Legislation designed to restrict working hours for industrial laborers D) The persistence of serfdom and the dominance of landowning elites
A) Expansion of urban centers in Russia
The change in total population in Germany is best explained by which of the following? A) Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution B) Immigration from colonial territories C) The economic and social effects of the establishment of public education systems D) The growth of socialist political parties demanding economic equality
A) Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution
In the later part of the nineteenth century, which of the following would most directly contribute to the continuation of the overall trend shown in the table? A) Improvements in infrastructure and public-health regulations B) Development of new means of contraception and family planning C) Creation of large-scale systems of public education D) Increased political stability in major European states
A) Improvements in infrastructure and public-health regulations
Which of the following best explains why Russia emerged as the leading supporter of the conservative political order established in 1815 ? A) Russian society had been less influenced by Enlightenment thought than were other European states. B) The Russian monarchy had undertaken a program of modernization and Westernization under Tsar Peter the Great and his successors. C) Russia had formed part of the coalition that defeated Napoleon. D) Russia was the largest European state in terms of land area and population.
A) Russian society had been less influenced by Enlightenment thought than were other European states.
British popular newspapers of the period were most influential in which of the following? A) Shaping opinion in the emerging sphere of mass politics B) Building widespread acceptance of radical politics C) Building the woman suffrage movement D) Contributing to the growth and spread of labor unions
A) Shaping opinion in the emerging sphere of mass politics
The transformation of Le Creusot described by Samuelson in the second paragraph was most directly facilitated by which of the following? A) Support from the French government B) French involvement in military conflicts C) Lowering of tariffs and trade barriers between European states D) Increasing availability of cheap labor supplied by immigrants to France
A) Support from the French government
The activities depicted in the image are best explained by which of the following? A) The development of public and charitable education B) The increase in specialized industrial labor C) The efforts by socialists to educate the poor D) The decline in regional dialects and language variations
A) The development of public and charitable education
The image provides evidence for which of the following social changes? A) The expansion of voting rights to working-class men B) The expanding efforts of charities to provide financial assistance to people living in poverty C) The growing influence of the feminist movement D) The increase in popular nationalism
A) The expansion of voting rights to working-class men
The impetus for the labor reforms described by the author are best understood in which of the following political contexts? A) The increasing influence of public opinion and mass political parties B) The increasing national rivalries for overseas territories C) The continuation of monarchical forms of government in most of Europe D) The increasing calls for women's political and economic equality
A) The increasing influence of public opinion and mass political parties
Based on the letter and its context, Metternich most clearly supported which of the following principles? A) The maintenance of traditional social structures and values B) The right to national self-determination C) The application of scientific laws to society D) The redistribution of resources and wealth
A) The maintenance of traditional social structures and values
A Marxist historian arguing against the contention regarding the sans-culottes in the first paragraph would likely cite which of the following as evidence? A) The sans-culottes' identity as rooted in their socioeconomic status B) The sans-culottes' involvement in the storming of the Bastille C) The sans-culottes' attacks on the foreign mercenaries employed by Louis XVI D) The sans-culottes' support for a popularly elected democratic government
A) The sans-culottes' identity as rooted in their socioeconomic status
Mekarska's advocacy for wage equality is best understood in the context of A) the drive for greater political and legal rights for women B) the increasing involvement of middle-class women in social reform movements C) the reestablishment of religious influence in public life D) the development of the cult of domesticity
A) the drive for greater political and legal rights for women
The Congress system of diplomacy in the early nineteenth century differed most strongly from the diplomatic arrangements in Europe during the period between the peace of Westphalia and the French Revolution in that members of the Congress system A) were explicitly committed to intervening in other states to preserve existing regimes B) were dedicated to spreading a single form of Christianity throughout Europe C) were largely in favor of dismantling tariffs and other trade barriers between European states D) sought to prevent any one state from becoming overly powerful
A) were explicitly committed to intervening in other states to preserve existing regimes
Beaulieu's dismissal of legislation as an effective means of changing working conditions is best explained by the continued influence of which of the following in the late nineteenth century? A) Marxist economic thought B) Laissez-faire economic thought C) Anarchist political movements D) Mercantilist policies
B) Laissez-faire economic thought
Governments most directly dealt with the type of concerns expressed by Vleminckx in the report by doing which of the following? A) Extending the right to vote to the working class and to women B) Passing laws restricting the labor of women and children in mines and factories C) Adopting more laissez-faire economic policies D) Implementing compulsory public education programs
B) Passing laws restricting the labor of women and children in mines and factories
Which of the following best explains Mudie's purpose in creating the organization described in the pamphlet? A) Reformers sought to abolish serfdom and slavery in the early nineteenth century. B) Reformers sought to address problems created by the effects of industrialization. C) Reformers organized political parties to push for economic changes. D) Reformers pushed to increase political and legal rights for women.
B) Reformers sought to address problems created by the effects of industrialization.
Metternich likely expressed these sentiments in a letter to the tsar because of A) Russia's close cooperation with Austria against the Ottoman Empire B) Russia's strong support for the Concert of Europe after the Congress of Vienna C) Russia's support for Slavic independence movements in the Balkans D) Russia's expansionist aims in Central and East Asia
B) Russia's strong support for the Concert of Europe after the Congress of Vienna
Mudie's discussion of the purpose of education for the children in the cooperative is best explained by which of the following? A) Social reformers tended to be influenced by radical ideals spread during the French Revolution. B) Social reformers drew on the influence of religious ideals in advocating for change. C) Social reformers were significantly influenced by the ideals of Marxism. D) Social reformers wanted to fundamentally transform the ideals of the nuclear family.
B) Social reformers drew on the influence of religious ideals in advocating for change.
A historian would most likely use the passage as evidence for which of the following in the nineteenth century? A) The level of women's consumer spending B) The economic conditions of educated middle- and upper-class women C) Government policies regarding gender roles D) The participation of women in radical political movements
B) The economic conditions of educated middle- and upper-class women
Which of the following best explains the movement of women into the teaching profession in the nineteenth century? A) The increasing professionalization of nonindustrial jobs pushed men away from teaching positions. B)The education of children in schools was increasingly seen as a respectable occupation for women. C)The teaching profession was becoming increasingly open to working-class women. D)The use of domestic paid labor declined over the course of the century.
B) The education of children in schools was increasingly seen as a respectable occupation for women.
The changes in Russia described by the author in the first two paragraphs were most directly the result of which of the following? A) The increasing volatility in the business cycle as a result of industrialization B) The emergence of a more global economic network resulting from industrialization C) The commercialization of agriculture facilitated by industrial production and distribution D) The increased scale and complexity of industrial processes during the second industrial revolution
B) The emergence of a more global economic network resulting from industrialization
Vleminckx' concern that women were becoming "extravagant" reflects bourgeois fears about which of the following? A) The growth of Marxist and socialist sentiment among the working class B) The growing availability of cheap consumer goods during the Second Industrial Revolution C) The spread of knowledge about contraception techniques among the working class D) The increasing gender segregation of the industrial workplace
B) The growing availability of cheap consumer goods during the Second Industrial Revolution
In the late nineteenth century, the ideals of family life and gender roles reflected in the two images underwent which of the following transformations? A) The ideals were largely superseded by socialist notions of collective child rearing. B) The ideals were increasingly adopted by working-class families. C) The ideals were modified to accommodate the fact that most women had become part of the paid workforce. D) The ideals were rejected by nationalists as incompatible with authentic folk culture.
B) The ideals were increasingly adopted by working-class families.
Samuelson's characterization of the town of Le Creusot in 1836 in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following developments? A) The continuation of outdated agricultural practices and food shortages in undeveloped areas of Europe B) The lag in industrialization of Continental Europe as compared with Great Britain C) The negative effects of rapid urban growth D) The creation of new social classes associated with industrialization
B) The lag in industrialization of Continental Europe as compared with Great Britain
Mudie's discussion of the role of women in the cooperative was most likely intended to persuade his audience that A) he supported greater political rights for women B) he supported the middle-class norm of a separate domestic sphere for women C) he supported greater economic freedom for women while maintaining traditional gender roles D) he supported legislation restricting the working hours of women
C) he supported greater economic freedom for women while maintaining traditional gender roles
A historian of nineteenth-century European society is most likely to use Image 2 as evidence that A) many women were increasingly taking on the role of decision-maker in their families B) many men were becoming more involved in child rearing and household management C) many men feared that women's participation in the public sphere would undermine the established social order D) many women used the revolutions of 1848 as an opportunity to express their sexuality more freely
C) many men feared that women's participation in the public sphere would undermine the established social order
The trends shown for Germany in the table are most similar to the trends experienced by A) France in the late 1400s and early 1500s B) Spain in the late 1500s and early 1600s C) Britain in the late 1700s and early 1800s D) Italy in the late 1900s
C) Britain in the late 1700s and early 1800s
Which of the following states a point on which the authors of the two sources would likely agree? A) The government's proper role was to encourage industrial growth through intervention in the market. B) The wealth generated by industrialization should be equally distributed to all members of society. C) Industrialization had a profound effect on the lives of individual workers. D) Class divisions were of less and less importance in industrialized society.
C) Industrialization had a profound effect on the lives of individual workers.
The limitations of industrial development in Russia described by Stearns in the third paragraph were most UNLIKE conditions in which of the following countries in the same time period? A) Italy B) The Ottoman Empire C) Prussia D) Spain
C) Prussia
Which of the following groups in the nineteenth century would advocate for goals most similar to those of the Equals? A) Romantic nationalists B) Liberals C) Socialists D) Conservatives
C) Socialists
Vleminckx' perspective in the report best demonstrates which of the following social developments of the nineteenth century? A) The growth of class consciousness within the proletariat and bourgeoisie B) The development of philanthropic organizations by the middle class C) The growth of the cult of domesticity and the increased focus among the bourgeoisie on the nuclear family D) The acceptance of the bourgeois ideal of companionate marriage by the working class
C) The growth of the cult of domesticity and the increased focus among the bourgeoisie on the nuclear family
The changes in the percentage of urban and rural populations shown in the table are best explained by which of the following? A) The unification of Germany by Prussia B) The abolition of serfdom in Eastern Europe C) The spread of industrial production methods to Germany D) The destruction caused by the Revolutions of 1848
C) The spread of industrial production methods to Germany
The trend represented on the maps led most European governments in the period to adopt policies to A) subsidize agriculture in an attempt to limit migration to the cities B) place additional restrictions on the political rights of urban residents C) establish police forces and enact public health measures D) encourage emigration to overseas colonies to ease overcrowding within Europe
C) establish police forces and enact public health measures
In 1881 and 1882, the French government passed laws making primary education free and compulsory for all children in France. Based on the data in Source 1, all of the following likely influenced French legislators in passing the laws EXCEPT a concern that A) many children were not receiving any primary education B) educational opportunities for girls were lagging behind educational opportunities for boys C) supporting a large number of small schools was economically inefficient D) religious schools had become too prominent a part of the educational system
C) supporting a large number of small schools was economically inefficient
Which of the following would most directly transform the production method depicted in the image? A) The abolition of traditional guild restrictions B) The implementation of laissez-faire trade policies C) The development of mercantilist economic theories D) The mechanization of manufacturing
D) The mechanization of manufacturing
Which of the following contributed most to the overall trend represented on the maps? A) The increased immigration to Europe from colonial territories B) The relative peacefulness of international relations within Europe C) The unification of major European ethnic groups into nation-states D) The development of industrialized economies
D) The development of industrialized economies
The disparity on the 1910 map between the eastern region of Europe and the western and central regions was primarily the result of which of the following? A) Differences in the frequency and scale of military conflicts B) Differences in the degree of political centralization C) Differences in the numbers of emigrants D) Differences in landholding patterns and agricultural practices
D) Differences in landholding patterns and agricultural practices
Mekarska's criticisms in the first paragraph best reflect which of the following developments of the nineteenth century? A) Increasing calls for democracy and popular sovereignty B) Rising calls for national unification or independence C) Growing concerns over the moral dangers of consumerism D) Expanding arguments against industrial capitalism
D) Expanding arguments against industrial capitalism
Marinetti's "scorn for woman" was most likely a reaction to which of the following? A) Declining birth rates after industrialization B) The increasing influence of the Catholic Church C) Women's support for radical anarchism D) Feminist agitation for greater political and social rights
D) Feminist agitation for greater political and social rights
Mekarska's discussion in the third paragraph best reflects the persistence of which of the following in nineteenth-century Europe? A) The influence of traditional aristocracies B) Ideals of the French Revolution C) Nationalist attitudes D) Gender stereotypes and discrimination
D) Gender stereotypes and discrimination
Samuelson's study of Le Creusot is best explained by which of the following characteristics of the British Parliament at the time? A) Parliament offered financial rewards to inventors. B) Parliament still contained many representatives of the landed aristocracy. C) Parliament passed industrial reform acts to alleviate harsh working conditions. D) Parliament represented commercial and industrial interests.
D) Parliament represented commercial and industrial interests.
Which of the following is Metternich most strongly critiquing in his letter to the tsar? A) Utilitarianism B) Utopian socialism C) Mercantilism D) Skepticism
D) Skepticism
Which of the following developments within France during the nineteenth century is best understood as a reaction to the divisions shown on the map? A) A gradual move toward industrialization B) The modernization of transportation networks through railroad construction C)The expansion of French colonies in North and West Africa D) The development of a system of compulsory education
D) The development of a system of compulsory education
The material prosperity evident in Image 1 was in part attributable to which of the following? A) The social welfare policies instituted by governments of the German states B) The increasing standard of living of German industrial workers C) The adoption by the Frankfurt Parliament of a liberal constitution for Germany D) The restoration of political stability in the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna
D) The restoration of political stability in the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna
Which of the following best explains the emphasis that many early-nineteenth-century conservative thinkers placed on the value of religious belief in maintaining social stability? A) They were hoping to encourage the spread of Protestant revivalist ideas such as Methodism. B) They were seeking to slow the progress of scientific research by reinforcing the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. C) They were reacting to the arrival of increasing numbers of people who practiced non-European forms of religion. D) They were responding to the upheaval associated with attempts to supplant Christianity during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
D) They were responding to the upheaval associated with attempts to supplant Christianity during the radical phase of the French Revolution.
Compared with a historian espousing the more traditional view of the Industrial Revolution as a truly transformative event, de Vries would be more likely to emphasize the importance of all of the following EXCEPT A) the freeing of labor and capital from traditional restraints as a result of the breakdown of guild regulations B) the increases in the size of the manufacturing workforce brought about by the growth of cottage industry C) the growing demand for manufactured goods as part of the Consumer Revolution D) the greater ability of inventors to profit from their inventions due to government support
D) the greater ability of inventors to profit from their inventions due to government support