Infancy

2 million

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.

- difficult - easy - slow-to-warm-up

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

14-week paid maternity leave

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

- positive -negative

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ______ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ________ emotions.

- 6 - 18

In general, infant fear first emerges at _____ months and peaks at about _______ months.

temperament

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the _______ of a person's personality.

emotions

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

communicate

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to. ________ with her parents.

temperament

Kagan believes that ________ has both physiological and experiential bases.

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______.

personality

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

socialization

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal

Self-conscious emotions

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

securely

attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

- begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age - it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

- Reciprocal - Synchronous

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) _____ child.

reciprocal

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

- secure: sensitive, consistent - avoidant: unavailable, rejecting, irritable - resistant: inconsistent, unaffectionate - disorganized: neglectful, abusive

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.

cannot receive paid leave

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults

difficult

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ________ child

Face-to-face

play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an

difficult

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _________ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

easy

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ____________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

positive or negative

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

scaffolding

An important form of reciprocal socialization is_________ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

- 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame - 7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

physiology

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ______ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

multiple

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

Goodness of fit

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

transactional

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

anxiety

The term _______ stranger describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

false

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

true

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

cultural

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _______ diversity on emotional development.

- Cultural influences - Goodness of fit influences

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

- Abuse - neglect

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months

It appears at about 6 months of age

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

- Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. - East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants. - Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed.

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Chess and Thomas

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

scaffolding

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

emotions

are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.