infant and child dev- ch. 7

Jessica has developed a social smile.

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that: - Jessica has developed emotional discrimination. - Jessica has a secure attachment to her father. - Jessica has developed self-conscious emotions. - Jessica's father is her primary caregiver. - Jessica has developed a social smile.

Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world.

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development? - Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world. - Most east Asian parents value strong expression of emotion. - Infants categorized as difficult in temperament show positive outcomes in Western cultures. - Toddlers in Western counties display less variation in emotional expression. - Infants in developing countries show more rapid changes in emotion regulation than infants in higher income countries.

second year.

An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the: - end of the first year. - second year. - first month. - sixth month. - third year.

Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them.

Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions? - Decrease the number of hours infants spend outside the home environment. - Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them. - Increase the number of hours the infant spends in high quality childcare. - Teach parents to avoid spoiling infants by picking them up as soon as they cry. - Tell parents to avoid infant care by multiple caregivers in the first few months to ensure the infant attaches to parents.

effortful control.

A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of: - interpersonal management. - differentiation of self. - self-understanding. - effortful control. - a positive temperament style.

social referencing.

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as - emotion referencing. - social norms. - social canvasing. - social referencing. - emotional gauging.

showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated.

Ainsworth's attachment research in Uganda: - found that parental expectations were similar across multiple cultural context and different expectations. - documented the increase in secure attachments of Ugandan infants compared with American infants. - documented differences in attachment style based on caregiver education level, with greater attachment in infants of educated versus non-educated mothers. - showed differences in child gender and attachment behaviors. - showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated.

still-face experiment.

An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the: - response to caregiver test. - still-face experiment. - facial recognition experiment. - reflex response test. - facial response experiment.

The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver.

Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants? - Both display a smile that is likely due to high pitched nature of the singing and not the interaction itself. - Both display a developmentally expected social smile in response to the caregiver interaction. - Neither display a social smile as social smiles typically do not appear until after the first year. - The 3-week-old responds with a social smile while the 5-month-old imitates the other's response. - The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver.

easy

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child. - difficult - low maintenance - easy - slow-to-warm-up - positively oriented

displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior.

Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior: - is highly determined by the culture in which he is raised. - displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior. - displays a secure attachment to his mother. - shows an ability to predict the thoughts of others. - shows desire to manipulate the affection of his mother.

insecure resistant.

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely: - insecure resistant. - disorganized. - insecure ambivalent. - insecure avoidant. - secure attachment.

emotional self-regulation.

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying: - secure attachment. - social referencing. - emotional referencing. - disinhibition. - emotional self-regulation.

regulate their emotions.

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants: - display fear-based aggression. - show displeasure. - discriminate between emotions. - regulate their emotions. - display their temperament style.

was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood.

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament: - changes a lot during infancy and childhood but is relatively stable after the teen years. - has low correlation with the "big five" personality traits later in life. - is heavily determined by environmental factors. - was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood. - has little to do with how the child will develop socially, emotionally, or academically.

Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that: - Josiah is highly upset that his drink spilled. - Josiah's emotional regulation is not fully developed. - Josiah is having difficulty expressing the correct emotion. - Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink. - Josiah does not understand why the drink spilled.

This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year.

Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents? - Expressions of anger at this age may be a sign of poor emotion regulation. - This is normal as he is now developing basic emotions and is able to express them. - Expression of anger is one way Samuel's temperament starting to appear. - Anger typically decreases in the toddler years, so be patient. - This is normal as the expression of emotions like anger typically increases in the second year.

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity? - They seek out comfort from mother if a girl, but comfort from father if a boy - They act rough toward peers if a boy but gentle if a girl - They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys - They talk with their parents about the meaning of gender in their friendships - They apply the same gendered pronoun to everyone

Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.

Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin? - Infants from all cultures display disgust in unique ways, reflecting their unique environments. - Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy. - Western European infants express emotions earlier than infants from developing countries. - Basic emotions do not develop until late infancy or toddlerhood in many African countries. - Asian infants express sadness for the first time around 6 months of age.

Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment? - Differences in infants' experiences interacting with strangers - Differences in parents' views and expectations around appropriate infant and child behaviors - Differences in infants' experiences of being separated from primary caregivers - Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers - Differences in the structure of childcare arrangements

Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment? - Ainsworth's original attachment patterns reflect traditional westernized norms. - Children from different cultural groups show separation anxiety at very different ages. - Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups. - Secure base behavior is only found among non-Western cultures. - The process of attachment formation is virtually the same across all cultural communities.

Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children? - Young infants respond negatively to new people or events. - Young infants can express self-conscious emotions. - Young infants respond only to their primary caregivers but not unfamiliar people. - Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people. - Young infants appear to associate specific emotions with particular caregivers.

Moral retribution

Which would be a later-developing example of children's early emerging moral sense? - Moral understanding - Moral goodness - Moral evaluation of prosocial acts - Moral retribution - Moral evaluation of antisocial acts

can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others.

The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants: - discriminate between pleasant and unpleasant touches. - feel a range of emotions comparable to older children. - can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others. - adjust their own touch based on other stimuli. - can discriminate touch from primary caregiver versus others.

prosocial behavior.

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote: - social comparison. - moral understanding. - emotional regulation. - prosocial behavior. - moral evaluation.

the tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles.

Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the: - the tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles. - tendency for males to play a smaller role in child rearing in societies across the globe. - solidifying of gender expectations to be adaptive from an ethological perspective. - tendency for female heads-of-household environments in the United States. - stronger attachment Margarita has formed toward female family members than male family members.

underestimated; more accurately

Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability. - underestimated; more accurately - overestimated; less accurately - overestimated; more accurately - incorrectly identified; also incorrectly - correctly identified; less accurately

Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament.

Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision? - No, Addison will likely develop separation anxiety as a result. - Yes, this difference is likely caused by differences in attachment style. - Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament. - No, this will not help Addison develop emotional self-regulation. - No, this will more likely lead to an insecure attachment relationship.

cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant: - staring at a stranger. - staring looking at a picture. - crying when hungry. - crying more intensely when tired. - cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.

a preference for prosocial behaviors in others.

Research on infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show: - a slight preference for antisocial behaviors in others. - strong negative emotion toward prosocial behavior in others. - preference for prosocial behavior only when displayed by a primary caregiver. - a preference for prosocial behaviors in others. - no preference for either prosocial or antisocial behaviors in others.

ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's: - ability to express multiple emotions. - inability to manage the difference in the two caregiving styles. - temperament being mismatched with one of the caregivers. - ability to discriminate gradations in emotions. - development of self-conscious emotions.

negative reactivity; neuroticism

Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______. - orienting; conscientiousness - effortful control; extraversion - effortful control; conscientiousness - surgency; neuroticism - negative reactivity; neuroticism

fear and inhibition.

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension: - emotional stress. - fear and inhibition. - disinhibition. - soothing abilities. - distress to limitations.

interpersonal

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self. - objective - subjective - relational - ecological - interpersonal

describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment.

The concept of goodness of fit: - describes the relationship between parent and child. - explains the adjustments infants make in response to environmental demands. - explains why some children thrive in particular environments whereas others do not. - describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment. - describes the importance of a child's emotions matching the current situation.

evolutionary view of attachment.

The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n): - constructivist view of attachment. - evolutionary view of attachment. - ecological theory of attachment. - socio-cultural view of attachment. - biological theory of attachment.