Infant and Child Development CH. 7 +8

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and USCB data, what percent of children are estimated to have at least some form of health care insurance coverage?

94%

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that

Jessica has developed a social smile.

According to research (Manella et al., 2020), children demonstrate higher acceptance towards a new food

after 8-15 exposures to the food.

Emotions play a vital role in our development by

preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information.

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely

insecure resistant.

Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.

negative reactivity; neuroticism

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote

prosocial behavior.

An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the

second year

An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the

still-face experiment.

Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.

underestimated; more accurately

Which is not true about rates of child maltreatment?

Improvements in tracking using recent technology advances allow for exact statistics on rates of maltreatment.

Which activity is considered a gross motor skill?

Turning and twirling on a playground

Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior

displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior.

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?

Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions.

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

social referencing.

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood.

Vaccines provide protection against infectious disease. According to multiple studies, approximately how many young children (depending on age) are actually vaccinated?

73% to 92%

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), which is responsible for the most deaths throughout the world?

Chronic disease

A young child has difficulty breathing due to persistent lung infections and liver and kidney complications connected to a genetic disorder. What chronic disease could this be?

Cystic fibrosis

Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?

Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up

Studies show that animals and children alike that are raised in stimulating environments differ in the development of synaptic connections compared to those in impoverished circumstances. What does this suggest about the role of the home environment?

Exposure to enriched experiences such as music education and sensitive caregiving may lead to complex synaptic connections.

As children physically develop, they gain greater control over their bodies. Which type of skills relies primarily on large muscle groups in arms, legs and torso?

Gross motor skills

A study found doubling vegetable and fruit servings to children led to an increase in consumption of those foods but not calorie intake. What conclusions can be made?

Larger portions of healthy foods will increase healthy eating without risk to being overweight.

Kayla is feeling stress due to being neglected at home and having distracted parents, and her grades have been declining over several years. In turn, her parents punish her harshly on constant basis. What is Kayla likely experiencing?

Toxic Stress

Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?

Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament.

Research on infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show

a preference for prosocial behaviors in others.

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.

Which statement about children and sleep is true?

Sleep-deprived children are highly affected by a lack of sleep and may have problems controlling behaviors.

Which would be a later-developing example of children's early emerging moral sense?

Moral retribution

According to a report by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), an estimated 674,000 children were identified as victims of abuse in 2017. Which form of abuse was most reported?

Neglect

Which kind of programs are most successful at the reduction of childhood obesity?

Programs that focus on nutrition combined with physical activity

Which is the best response towards young children who may be picky eaters?

Provide ample access to a variety of foods—without pressure—and encourage healthy eating.

Sleep ______ refers to the establishment of a single episode of nighttime sleep, whereas sleep _______ refers to the ability to move from wakefulness to sleep states.

consolidation; regulation

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.

interpersonal

If you could take daily measurements of a typical child's growth and plot the results on a graph, the resulting curve would likely show

periods of no growth lasting days or weeks, interspersed with short upward spikes.

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

easy

Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying

emotional self-regulation.

Which structure in the brain facilitates coordination between two sides of the body?

Corpus callosum

Over recent decades, multiple studies have found that the nature of child-related injuries and accidental fatalities have changed. Which is a likely explanation for this change?

Laws and policies around safety and other guidelines have led to improved safety precautions, and injuries have declined.

Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk for chronic lead exposure. Which statement about this exposure is true?

Lead exposure can lead to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.

Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk for chronic lead exposure. What is true about the symptoms of prolonged exposure?

Lead leads to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.

Children and adults differ in average heights and weights in cultural communities throughout the world over historical time. Which term refers to such changes over an extended time?

Secular changes

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's

ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.

Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension

fear and inhibition.

All of the statements about obesity among U.S. children are true except that

the majority of obese 3-year-olds will grow out of the condition.

A child at dinner time refuses to eat food that is "too green." One parent promises to reward the child with dessert and another parent threatens to take away the child's phone. Which approach will be more successful?

threats or bribes do not allow the child to develop self-control.