infant and child final

Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to

engage in more masculine play based behavior.

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from

low-income families.

A common gender stereotype that children are exposed to in the media is

males playing the main characters in children's programming.

Two types of rejected children according to sociometric measures are

rejected-withdrawn and rejected-aggressive

Individuals with younger siblings are more likely to lie (O'Connor & Evans, 2018). What does this mean in terms of social-cognitive development?

Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance.

The part of the brain responsible for higher-order skills and that distinguishes humans from other animals is the

cerebral cortex

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions

When Tilla won her class math contest, her mother responded, "Wow Tilla, you're so smart!" This type of response, known as _______, can have implications for a child's future motivation and performance.

person praise

Which statement about children's development of pride is most accurate?

Authentic pride reinforces and motivates future positive behaviors.

As an infant, Sarah began to hold her head up before she was able to balance her torso. Developing the ability to hold her head up before developing the ability to balance her torso is a demonstration of what principle of growth?

Cephalocaudal development

Which provides the best evidence that moral behavior is often more important to children than in-group status?

Children prefer a person of the out-group who speaks kindly during a game over a person of the in-group who speaks meanly.

Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind?

Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

Which of the following would be an example of a limitation in the thinking of a child at the concrete operational stage?

Deductive reasoning

As caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunitiesto develop many skills. However, not all reading interactions are similar. Which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading?

Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage.

Little Tomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. His mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. When asked what his mom can see Tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. What cognitive

Egocentrism

According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements?

Growing skills in executive functioning

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that

Jessica has developed a social smile.

A child is upset because she wants to go to sleep but the sun won't "turn off" because the time is 8:30 and that is her bedtime. How would Piaget explain this thought process?

Precausal thinking

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of

correlational studies of children in various home environments.

When Bridgette was three years old, she could count to 10 with a little help, and name some basic colors. Now at 5 years of age, she can count to 100, knows all the colors of the rainbow, and can recite the entire alphabet. Bridgette has expanded her _______ intelligence.

crystillized

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to

approaching, grasping, and releasing objects.

Mischel and Mischel's (1987) famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _______, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later.

delay of gratification task

Three-year-old Tina enjoys having pretend-play time with her older sister. Three-year-old Marcelle, on the other hand, does not have a sibling close in age and often plays by herself. Compared to Marcelle, Tina is more likely to

develop an earlier understanding of false-belief.

Bert has been classified as possessing an insecure/disorganized attachment style. It is most probable that he

experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver.

Yumi was shown a drawing of a bicycle. After habituating to this first image, she was then presented with a second picture of the same bicycle behind a gate, with its front wheel being blocked. Yumi's recognition of the partially perceived bicycle as being identical to the whole image is an indication of the Gestalt concept of

good continuation.

Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament.

highly inhibited

One explanation advanced for the "attractiveness effect" in infants is that

infants prefer "attractive" faces as they resemble the "prototype" face that would result from averaging many faces.

Analysis of child-parent attachment relationships across 165 studies showed that _______ predicted internalizing and externalizing problems in children.

insecure attachment

Yvette's mother sits with her as she tries to read her favorite book out loud. When they read the word "tree," Yvette's mother says, "Let's sound this out— 't-r-ee.' 'Tree.'" This approach to learning to read is known as the _______ approach.

phonics

Children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as

pragmatics.

4-month-old Tandy was brought to a research laboratory as part of a study on the music preferences of infants. She was taught to suck on a pacifier to start recordings of different types of music. Based on your knowledge of music preferences in infants, you would expect that Tandy would

prefer music that was structurally consistent with the music typical to her culture.

Terrell and Astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. They take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. Later, Terrell shares his cookies with Astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. These children are engaging in

prosocial behaviors

Eleven-year-old Liam is sad that his friend is moving away but understands why his friend is excited since he will move closer to his grandparents and many cousins. This provides evidence of Liam's

skills at theory of mind

Jenny is in fourth grade. She thinks that she is not as pretty or as smart as the kids in her class. Jenny is using _______ in evaluating herself.

social comparison

The brain's volume gradually increases over childhood through the processes of

synaptogenesis and myelination

Hector proudly shows off his binder of baseball cards to his friends at school. The cards are organized based on a player's team affiliation, base percentage, and finally home runs. Hector has organized his cards using

taxonomic categories.

Jessica is watching from her playpen as her mother plays on the piano. Every time her mother moves her fingers on the keyboard, a sound is made. Jessica is able to connect her mother's fingers on the keyboard to the sounds that she hears because of

temporal synchrony.

Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because

young children lack the ability to understand the rules associated with delay-of-gratification tasks.

Infants and young children require more sleep than older children, teenagers or adults. According to pediatric recommendations, how many hours of sleep is recommended for children younger than 6 years of age?

10-14 hours of sleep

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the contribution of Thelen's research to the understanding of infant motor development?

Factors such as weight and muscle mass can impact the type of behaviors that infants display.

child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child?

He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness.

Which of these scenarios best illustrates the concept of perceptual narrowing?

Infants raised by their fathers show greater ability to distinguish among male faces compared to female faces

Ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. The teacher notices Ashton also has no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. What conclusion could be drawn from this connection?

Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn.

Twelve-year-old Shia rarely feels guilty when corrected for doing something wrong. What might this indicate about Shia's continued development?

Shia is at greater risk for antisocial behavior.

In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr

The wug test

Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?

Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.

Research on attachment during middle childhood has found that

children maintain a level of closeness with parents despite their decrease in reliance on them for support.

Sarah is playing a game on a computer. Level 1 required her to match a set of objects together that were the same color, but to pass Level 2, she was required to match objects together by shape. This game is testing Sarah's

cognitive flexibility

After being read the story of the Heinz Dilemma, Karen was asked whether Heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to steal the drug for his wife. Karen responded, "Yes, Heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." Karen's response best reflects a _______ of moral reasoning

conventional level

A child who has difficulty with emotional regulation can often respond in unhealthy ways. Two key problem behaviors that result from low emotional regulation include

internalizing and externalizing behaviors.