Infant dev final
Handedness - a consistent preference for using one hand or the other in activities such as self-feeding - typically is evident by
12 months of age
During infancy, the brain grows until it is approximately
25% of an adult's brain by the age of 1 year
According to a recent national survey of parents, listening to music is part of a typical day for approximately ____ percent of children than two years.
80
Which of the following is not linked to brain dysfunction/damage during infancy?
ALL can lead: lead ingestion AIDS institutionalization
Although some parents may not like it, research has documented positive effects of ____ on young children's language development.
Barney and friends
Which theory of early word learning asserts that infants learn language easily because they are guided by a set of assumptions about the possible meanings of new words?
Constraints/principles
In one ingenious study of ________ perception, researchers first gave 1-month-old infants a bumpy pacifier to feel in their mouth and only later allowed them to look at that pacifier—after they had placed it next to a smooth pacifier that they had not explored orally.
Cross-modal
Which of the following is supported by studies of father-infant caregiving and interaction?
Fathers often become more involved during the toddler period, after children begin to walk and talk
Which of the following is not an accurate statement about the similarities between music and language?
Infants prefer listening to infant-directed speech but tend to dislike infant-directed music
Eighteen-month-old Raoul is on the autism spectrum; like many young children on the spectrum, he has more difficulty with _____ than with _____.
Initiating joint attention (IJA); responsive joint attention (RJA)
When it comes to evaluating the developmental effect of high-tech toys...
Insufficient objective research has been conducted
Studies of infants' music perception abilities indicate all of the following except...
fetuses are unable to hear music while in utero due to the muffling effects of the amniotic fluid surrounding them.
When infants grasp objects between finger and thumb, they are demonstrating
fine motor skills
The approach to studying emotions that emphasize the purposes and roles of emotions in the ongoing transactions between individuals is called the
functionalist view
When infants and toddlers achieve control over balance and posture that enables them to perform actions such as sitting upright, crawling, and taking their first independent steps, they are using ________ motor skills.
gross
Which of the following sensory modalities allows infants to learn about the properties of objects by their touch?
haptic
Odors that infants find pleasant and familiar
have a soothing effect on their behavioral states
All of the following are evidence that 2-year-old Simon has begun to develop a conscience except
he makes little effort to fix a toy after he has broken it.
Newborns prefer looking at
human faces with open eyes that are focused on them
Studies of cross-cultural differences in parents' management of infants' and toddlers' sleep have found all of the following except
in the United states, non-hispanic white parents are more likely to report co-sleeping than are African American parents
Cognitive science studies of infants' attention have shown that
individual differences in duration of looking time during habituation tend to be stable over time.
A study comparing cultures that use proximal, distal, and intermediate styles of caregiving found that
infants in the culture with the proximal caregiving style developed self-recognition later than infants in the other cultures
If infants look longer at a video display that shows another infant's leg moving than at a video display that shows their own legs moving, researchers studying inter-modal perception have concluded that
infants younger than 8 months are sensitive to the sensitive to the absence of a contingency between the feeling of their own legs' movements and the image of the other infant's legs moving
All of the following tend to occur after children show objective self-recognition except
insisting on having others help them more with everyday tasks such as getting dressed
The depth cue that infants are able to use at the earliest age is ____ information.
kinematic
Megan's parents hoped that she would learn to walk at an early age, so they gave her lots of time in an infant walker. According to studies of locomotor development, the most likely result will be that Megan will
learn to walk later than infants who spend little or no time in an infant walker
Which layer of the brain is primarily linked to emotionality?
limbic
Interactive toys have elicited concern from some child development experts because...
links to recognizable television characters may limit children's imaginative play.
Studies of early institutionalization and social deprivation have found that
many adoptees from orphanages show indiscriminate friendliness - behavior that is adaptive in institutional settings but creates parenting stress in adoptive family settings.
To track children's grammatical development, language researchers use a measure based on the number of morphemes in children's speech. The measure is known as the
mean length of utterance (MLU)
EEG asymmetries in the right hemisphere of the infant brain have been associated with
more temperamentally reactive infants
According to a recent national survey of parents of very young children...
more than 40 percent of children younger than age two watch television every day
Studies of morpheme acquisition have shown all of the following except
morphemes that are acquired first are phonologically easier than morphemes that are acquired later.
Studies using the rouge test have shown that
most children touch the spot of rouge on their noise by about 18 months
The dense, fatty sheath that enhances the speed with which electrical messages can be sent between neurons is known as
myelin
The research of Andrew Meltzoff demonstrated that
newborns are capable of rudimentary imitation
All of the following statements about pregnancy, parenthood, and employment in the US are correct except
paid leave has recently been expanded to cover both mothers and fathers for a period of up to one year
The component of the nervous system that is responsible for physiological calming is the
parasympathetic nervous system
All of the following are accurate statements about the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement on children's television viewing except...
parents are instructed to add 1 hour of television every year so that the amount of daily television or screen time matches their child's age (1 year olds watch 1 hour, 2 year olds watch 2 hours, etc.)
Hannah, a newborn infant, is coming home from the hospital for the first time. Her parents want her nursery to provide optimal visual stimulation. Research would support including all of the following features except
pastel colors, especially light yellow and light green
When infants look at images on television screens, they
perceive and respond to on-screen displays of emotion by the age of 12 months
The A-not-B error refers to infants'
persistent searches for an object at a location (A) where it was previously found, despite having observed it being hidden anew at a different location (B).
In all spoken languages, there are variations of sound that function as speech units and signal differences in words through combinations of vowels and consonants. These are called
phonemes
A sense of despair and sadness so pervasive that it affects new mothers' ability to care for and interact effectively with their infants is termed
postpartum depression
The system of language that corresponds to the practical usage of language is
pragmatics
Which of the following is a sense that muscles are stretching?
proprioceptive
According to John Bowlby, behavioral control systems evolved primarily to promote
proximity and exploration
All of the following occur in the infant brain primarily during the prenatal period except
pruning away of neurons
According to a recent Federal Reserve Bank analysis of the economics of the Perry preschool project,
public funding of early interventions saves money in the long run by reducing the need for special education services and welfare support
Two-year-old Jeremy is participating in a study in which the researcher said that she was looking for a "crug." She then pulled an object out of a paper bag, looked happy, and said, "Ah!" Later, when a different researcher asked Jeremy the name of the object, he told her that it was a "crug." This is an example of young children's ability to use
referential cues
When researchers refer to children's horizontal relationships, they have in mind all of the following except
relationships with parents
Primary emotions are
relatively easy for most adults to notice and interpret correctly
When infants encounter new objects and use actions that they have previously used to interact with other similar objects, Piaget's theory says that they are using
schemes
All of the following dimensions are included in most definitions of temperament except
security of attachment
Martha wants her firstborn son to have a good relationship with hid newborn brother. To help them get along together, she should try to do all of the following except
send her older son to stay with his grandparents for a few weeks after the baby comes home
_______ is the rudimentary transformation of chemical or energy information by sense organs into neuro-chemical signals, while _______ is the extraction of meaning from perceptual information.
sensation; cognition
Longitudinal studies of infant caregiver attachment
show that infants who are securely attached receive higher ratings in childhood and adolescence on measures of social skills.
In the phenomenon of ______, infants respond to emotional cues from parents and other adults, particularly in situations that are ambiguous or unfamiliar, in order to gather information about how to behave and feel in those situations.
social referencing
According to Thelen, the concept that there is not a direct one to one correspondence between physical movement and motor-neuron firings but actions are put together from multiple components and possibilities as the action is being created in the moment is called
soft assembly
Recent studies of infants' perception of objects suggest that they are able to use all of the following sources of information except
still photos of objects taken from a single perspective
Temperamental difficultness has been linked to all of the following except
stunted physical growth
Which infant sensory ability has been studied the least?
taste
Sam has not yet acquired all of the morphemes that are commonly used by speakers of English. As a result, he produces utterances like "mommy sock," "more juice," and "no cookie." These utterances are examples of
telegraphic speech
Compared with children from higher-income households, children from lower-income families
tend to have fewer words per hour directed to them
Andrew's mother brings him to a university laboratory to participate in a study of language acquisition and is surprised that the researchers play recordings of nonsense sentences, comprised of invented words such as boga, giku, kuga, and gapi. Andrew is most likely participating in a study designed to
test his ability to learn to recognize different kinds of recurring patterns
The cognitive phenomenon for which Piaget's assertions have been replicated and supported by the majority of subsequent studies is
the A-not-B error
All of the following statements about computers and very young children are consistent with the findings of a recent national parent survey except...
the majority of children under age three use computers on a daily basis
Studies of overregularization - the phenomenon in which children say "mouses" or "falled" instead of mice or fell - indicate that
the more often parents correctly use an irregular form, the less often children overregularize it
All of the following statements about infants' motor development are accurate except
the perception system has been shown to be functionally separate from the action (motor) system
Gibson's concept of "affordances' in motor development refers to
the properties of objects that allow or inhibit specific motor activities
The distance between a child's ability to solve a problem alone and the performance that can be achieved when assisted by a more capable individual is known as
the zone of proximal development
The factor that appears to be most strongly related to infants' and toddlers' ability to judge and adjust their own physical abilities in novel settings is
their cumulative locomotor experience
Studies of computers in the early childhood classroom have found all of the following except
there are a few computers in early childhood classrooms
Studies employing neurophysiological responses to measure temperament have found all of the following except
there are few differences between extremely shy and extremely bold children in heart rate reactivity to unfamiliar people and events.
Advantages of using parental reports to assess infant temperament include all of the following except
there are often low to moderate levels of agreement between mothers and fathers when rating the same infant.
All of the following statements about secondary emotions are accurate except
they are expressed primarily through facial expressions rather than body posture.
All of the following descriptions of newborn infants' sensory and perceptual abilities are correct except
they perceive the full range of colors that older children and adults perceive
If two-year-old Claire is like other children her age, she most likely
thinks that a ball shown on television would roll if the television were tilted
Event Related Potentials (ERPs) are changes in electrical activity measured on the scalp that are associated with the presentation of a target stimulus.
true
One recent national survey of parents of very young children showed that they...
usually believe that television has more positive than negative effects
One-month-old Carlos sometimes flings his arms and legs out quickly when he is placed onto the mattress in his crib. This action stimulates his ______ sense.
vestibular
In a laboratory study, 4-month-old Martin watches a ball roll down a track despite the presence of a visible barrier in its path. The procedure being used in this study appears to be
violation of expectation
The smallest spacing that can be perceived between parts of pattern is known as
visual acuity
Which of the following best describes the concept of "goodness of fit" as it is related to infant temperament?
when a child's successful adjustment depends on the interaction between her temperament and the demands of the environment.
Twenty-month-old Jessie rejects offers of help at mealtime and insists on serving herself, just like the rest of her family. She behaves the same way in her child-care setting, insisting on putting on and trying to zip her jacket on her own. Based on this behavior, it is likely that Jessie
would show self-recognition in the rouge test
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing languages?
Temporal
Which of the following approaches asserts that learning to play an instrument should resemble learning to speak a first language?
The Suzuki method
In Kagan's laboratory studies of individual differences in infants' responses to novel situations, all of the following have been found except
There is little continuity between infants' responses at 4 months and their responses when tested repeatedly up to the age of 13
Who said, "Somebody has got to be crazy about that kid?"
Urie Bronfenbrenner
If Max is a typically developing infant, he will look longer at which type of visual display?
a Sesame street video
Aleksi was maltreated as an infant when he lived in an Eastern European orphanage. Which of the following is not a likely outcome of that early experience?
a build-up of fluid on his brain that causes his head to swell
A one-word utterance that is used to communicate any of a range of meanings is referred to as
a holophrase
When Carlos receives a gift of an unusual new toy and adjusts his exploratory actions to its characteristics, he is engaging in
accommodation
Which order for the development of gross motor skills is the most typical one?
achieving head control, rolling over, independent sitting, independent walking
The fact that infants are capable of lifting their heads while on their stomachs before they are capable of grasping a Cheerio between their forefingers and thumbs is an example of
all of these
Attachment theorists suggest that optimal coordination of the Behavioral Control System occurs when
all of these occur
All of the following characteristics are found in the language of children with autism except
an atypical order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes
Which of the following brain development processes is associated with the loss of neurons?
apoptosis
Auditory localization, the ability to detect the source of sounds
appears to undergo a U-shaped developmental change from birth to about 6 months of age
Compared with peer relationships, sibling relationships
are usually more emotional, in both positive and negative ways
Infants' long-term memory ability increases when parts of the hippocampus mature, typically
around 12 months
According to attachment theory, all of the following statements are true except
attachment behaviors have to be learned, a process that takes most of the first year of life
Four-month-old Andrew is participating in a study of his response to a variety of novel stimuli. When his mother brings him to the laboratory, he is presented with mobiles, novel toys, the sound of an unfamiliar woman's voice, and a strong-smelling substance. According to the researchers, he is a "high reactive" infant. When Andrew returns for the next phases of the longitudinal study at 14 and 21 months and is presented with a person wearing a gas mask, a blood pressure cuff, and other unusual situations, he will most likely
be classified as "high reactive" again
Motor milestones are usually included in infant assessments of development
because they typically appear in a predictable order in normally developing infants.
In households where television is used heavily, all of the following are found except...
behavioral effects are not observed until the age of five years
Which of the following has been shown to be moderately successful as a predictor of later intelligence?
being a "short looker" in a test of habituation
The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI)
combines parent reports and checklists with a representative language sample
Newborn infants initially have poor vision for all of the following reasons except
cones do not develop until about 4 months of age
Which of the following is not considered a reliable indicator of child care quality?
cost
Researchers using brain imaging techniques to study autism have found evidence for all of the following except
deficits in theory of mind are the uderlying cause of autism
The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth was designed to
do all of these
According to the ______ theoretical view, the visual system perceives meaningful information directly, without any intermediate steps to interpret it.
ecological
The phenomenon is which facial, vocal, or gestural cues of one person give rise to a similar or related state in another person is known as
emotional contagion
What does EAS stand for in Buss and Plomin's temperament theory?
emotionality, activity, sociability
Infant memory is enhanced if
enabling relations are present
The NICHD study of Early Child Care and Youth Development has found all of the following except
even when child care is high quality, it has few positive effects on the cognitive development of low-income infants and toddlers
Which of the following choices shows the order in which milestones are achieved when learning to sing?
exhibiting vocal contagion, experimenting with repetitive melodic patterns, creating spontaneous songs, imitating excerpts of songs
All of the following statements about brain development are accurate except
experience-dependent aspects of the brain are open to the effects of experience as long as those experiences occur before the age of 3 years.
The species-typical (common to all) process of environmental influences on brain development is called
experience-expectant.
Extending muscles away from the body is called flexion
false
During which substage of sensorimotor cognitive development did Piaget believe deferred imitation would appear?
Stage 6
Jamie was born with a cataract in one of his eyes. What advice is the pediatrician most likely to give Jamie's parents?
"We should operate to remove the cataract as soon as possible, ideally before Jamie is 2 months old."
Which of the following is an example of how contrasting semantic relations might help young children learn new words?
A parent says, "Bring me the chartreuse scarf, not the blue one"
Which of the following would be the best way to test infants' ability to perceive amodal properties of events?
Displaying two different visual images that are accompanied by a soundtrack matching one of the images
Robin and her 5-month-old son have developed their own style of interaction, which includes looking at each other often, sharing emotions, and communicating vocally and verbally. Researchers would say that their interactions are characterized by
Dyadic synchrony
The distinction between primary and secondary emotions is that primary emotions depend on more advanced developmental capacities
False
Which approach would probably be most successful with a group of two-year-olds?
Making a set of percussion instruments available - drums, rhythm sticks, tambourines, and maracas
Which of the following statements about television and very young children is inaccurate?
Most studies of television's effects have used random assignment rather than quasi-experimental designs.
In which order do the following fine motor skills usually develop?
Prereaching, smooth reaching, adjusting hangs to grasp objects without visual feedback, drawing with objects such as crayons and markers.
Which of the following attachment typologies is associated predominately with displays of anger and mixing contact seeking with rejecting contact when offered by the attachment figure?
Resistant-C
Out of the following groups, the highest rate of disorganized/disoriented attachment has been found in
Samples in which the child has been physically abused or neglected
Amanda, an emergency medical technician, examines an infant whose babysitter reported that he stopped breathing after falling off of a couch where she had laid him for a nap. Amanda resuscitates the baby but, on the way to the hospital, notices that there is also bleeding in the retinas of the baby's eyes and no obvious bump on the outside of the baby's skull. She suspects that the baby is a victim of
Shaken baby syndrome
Which of the following does not fit Mary Rothbart and John Bates' definition of the term "temperament?"
Situationally influenced
Sophia, mother of one-year-old Peter, has heard about the Mozart effect and decides to find out more about it before she invests in buying CDs of all of Mozart's works. Based on her research, she discovers all of the following are true except...
The same effects that were found with college students apply to preschoolers
Jack, a two-year-old fan of Teletubbies, probably enjoys watching that program because...
The teletubbies characters have infant-like bodies and facial features (including large heads with expressive eyes)