Infants 502

5 months old (fine motor)

-Able to grasp objects voluntarily

1 month old (gross motor)

-Assumes flexed position with pelvis high, but knees not under abdomen when prone (at birth, knees flexed under abdomen) -Can turn head from side to side when prone; lifts head momentarily from bed

5 months old (physical)

-Beginning signs of tooth eruption -Birth weight doubles

6 months old (vocalization)

-Begins to imitate sounds -Babling resembles one-syllable utterances--ma, mu, da, di, hi

12 months old (physical)

-Birth weight tripled -Birth length increased by 50%

6 months old (socialization and cognition)

-Briefly searches for a dropped object (object permanence beginning)

7 months old (sensory)

-Can fixate on very small objects

5 months old (gross motor)

-Can turn over from abdomen to back

11 month old (gross motor)

-Cruises or walking holding on to furniture or with both hands held

2 months old (Social and cognition)

-Demonstrates social smile in response to various stimulu

10 months old (socialization and cognition)

-Develops object permanence

3 months old (sensory)

-Follows objects to periphery (180 degrees) -Locates sound by turning head to side and looking in same direction

4 months old (gross motor)

-Has almost no head lag when pulled to sitting position -Balances head well in sitting position -Rolls from back to side

7 months old (Socialization and Cognition)

-Increasing fear of strangers; shows signs of fretfulness when parent disappears

4 months old (fine motor)

-Inspects and plays with hands; pulls clothing or blankets over face in play

4 months old (vocalization)

-Laughs aloud -Vocalization changes according to mood

7 months old (vocalization)

-Produces vowel sounds and chained syllables--baba, dada, kaka

9 months old (gross motor)

-Pulls self to standing position and stands holding on to furniture

10 months old (Vocalization)

-Says "dada" "mama" with meaning -Comprehends "bye-bye" -May say one word (e.g. "hi," "bye," "no")

12 month old (vocalization)

-Says three to five words beside "dada" and "mama"

12 months old (Socialization and Cognition)

-Searches for an object even if it has not been hidden, but searches only where object was last seen

8 months old (gross motor)

-Sits steadily unsupported -Readily bears weight on legs when supported; may stand holding onto furniture

7 months old (gross motor)

-Sits, leaning forward on both hands

3 months old (vocalization)

-Squeals aloud to show pleasure

6 months old (physical)

-Teething may begin with eruption of two lower central incisors -Chewing and biting occurs

7 months old (fine motor)

-Transfers objects from one hand to the other

2 months old (vocalization)

-Vocalizes, distinct from crying -Coos

4 months old (socialization and cognition)

-enjoys social interaction with people

12 months old (gross motor)

-walks with one hand held -Cruises well -May attempt to stand alone momentarily, may attempt first step alone

What information should be given to the parent of a 12-month-old child regarding appropriate play activities for this age? a. Give large pushpull toys for kinetic stimulation. b. Place a cradle gym across the crib to help develop fine motor skills. c. Provide the child with finger paints to enhance fine motor skills. d. Provide a stick horse to develop gross motor coordination.

A) Give large pushpull toys for kinetic stimulation (A 12-month-old child is able to pull to a stand and walk holding on or independently. Appropriate toys for this age child include large pushpull toys for kinetic stimulation. A cradle gym should not be placed across the crib. Finger paints are appropriate for older children. A 13 month old child doesn't have the stability to use a stick horse)

What is an appropriate play activity for a 7-month-old infant to encourage visual stimulation a. Playing peek-a-boo b. Playing pat-a-cake c. Imitating animal sounds d. Showing how to clap hands

A) Playing peek-a-boo Because object permanence is a new achievement, peek-a-boo is an excellent activity to practice this new skill for visual stimulation. Playing pat-a-cake and showing how to clap hands help with kinetic stimulation. Imitating animal sounds helps with auditory stimulation

3 months old (fine motor)

Actively holds rattle, but will not reach for it

2 months (gross motor)

Assumes less flexed position when prone-- hips flat, legs extended, arms flexed, head to side

At which age should the nurse expect an infant to begin smiling in response to pleasurable stimuli? a. 1 month b. 2 months c. 3 months d. 4 months

B) 2 months At age 2 months, the infant has a social, responsive smile. A reflex smile is usually present at age 1 month A 3 month old infant can recognize familiar faces At age 4 months, infants can enjoy social interactions

The nurse is discussing development and play activities with the parent of a 2-month old boy. Which statement by the parent would indicate a correct understanding of the teaching? a. I can give my baby a ball of yarn to pull apart or different textured fabrics to feel. b. I can use a music box and soft mobiles as appropriate play activities for my baby. c. I should introduce a cup and spoon or pushpull toys for my baby at this age. d. I do not have to worry about appropriate play activities at this age.

B) I can use a music box and soft mobile as appropriate play activities for my baby (Music boxes and soft mobiles are appropriate play activities for a 2-month-old-infant. A ball of yarn to pull apart or different textured fabrics are appropriate for an infant 6 to 9 months. A cup and spoon or pushpull toys are appropriate for an infant 6 to 9 months Infants of all ages should be exposed to appropriate types of stimulation

Which characteristic best describes the fine motor skills of an infant at age 5 months? a. Neat pincer grasp b. Strong grasp reflex c. Builds a tower of two cubes d. Able to grasp object voluntarily

D) Able to grasp objects voluntarily At age 5 months, the infant should be able to voluntary grasp an object. The grasp reflex is present in the first 2 to 3 months of life. Gradually, the reflex becomes more voluntary. Te neat pincer grasp is not achieved until age 11 months At age 12 month, an infant will attempt to build a tower of two cubes, but will most likely be unsuccessful

10 months old (physical)

Labyrinth reflex is strongest when infant is in prone or supine position; is able to raise head

2 months old (physical)

Posterior fontanel closed

9 months old (vocalization)

Responds to simple commands, comprehends "no-no"

9 months old (fine motor)

Uses thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp

The nurse is checking reflexes on a 7 month old infant. When the infant is suspended in a horizontal prone position, the head is raised and the legs and spine are extended. Which reflex is this? a. Landau b. Parachute c. Body righting d. Labyrinth righting

a. Landau When the infant is suspended in a horizontal prone position, the head is raised and the legs and spine are extended; this describes the Landau reflex. It appears at 6 to 8 months and persists until 12 to 24 months. The parachute reflex occurs when the infant is suspended in a horizontal prone position and suddenly thrust downward; the infant extends the hand and fingers forward as if to protect against falling, This appears at age 7 to 9 months and lasts indefinitely. Body righting occurs when turning the hips and shoulders to one side causes all other body parts to follow. It appears at 6 months of age and persists until 24 to 36 months. The labyrinth righting reflex appears at 2 months and is strongest at 10 months. This reflex involves holding infants in the prone or supine positions. They are able to raise their head

1 month old (sensory)

able to fixate on moving object in range of 45 degrees when held at a distance of 20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches)

At which age should the nurse expect most infants to begin to say mama and dada with meaning a. 4 months b. 6 months c. 10 months d. 14 months

c) 10 months Beginning at about age 10 months, an infant is able to ascribe meaning to the words mama and dad. 4 to 6 months is too young for this behavior to develop. At 14 months, the child should be able to attach meaning to these words. By age 1 year, the child can say three to five words with meaning and understand as many as 100 words

By which age should the nurse expect that an infant will be able to pull to a standing position? a. 5 to 6 months b. 7 to 8 months c. 11 to 12 months d. 14 to 15 months

c) 11 to 12 months Most infants can pull themselves to a standing position at age 9 months. Infants who are not able to pull themselves to standing by age 11 to 12 months should be further evaluated for developmental dysplasia of the hip At 6 months, infants have just obtained coordination of arms and legs By age 8 months, infants can bear full weight on their legs

At which age do most infants begin to fear strangers? a. 2 months b. 4 months c. 6 months d. 12 months

c) 6 months Between ages 6 to 8 months, fear of stranger and stranger anxiety become prominent and are related to infants ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people. At 2 months, infants are just beginning to respond differently to their mothers. The infant at age 4 months is beginning the process of separation-individuation, which involves recognizing the self and mother as separate beings Twelve months is too late; the infant requires referral for evaluation if he or she doesn't fear strangers by this age

At which age can most infants sit steadily unsupported a. 4 months b. 6 months c. 8 months d. 12 months

c) 8 months Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. At age 4 months, an infant can sit with support. At age 6 months, the infant will maintain a sitting position if propped By 10 months, the infant can maneuver from prone to a sitting position

According to Piaget, a 6-month-old infant should be in which developmental stage? a. Use of reflexes b. Primary circular reactions c. Secondary circular reactions d. Coordination of secondary schemata

c) Secondary circular reflexes Infants are usually in the secondary circular reaction stage from ages 4 to 8 months. This stage is characterized by a continuation of the primary circular reaction for the response that results. Shaking is performed to hear the noise of the rattle, not just for shaking. The use of reflexes stage is primarily during the first month of life. The primary circular reaction stage marks the replacement of reflexes with voluntary acts. The infant in this stage from ages 1 to 4 months. The fourth sensorimotor stage is coordination of secondary schemata, which occurs at ages 9 to 12 months. This is a transitional stage in which increasing motor skills enable exploration of the environment

At what age does an infant start to recognize familiar faces and objects, such as his or her own hand? a. 1 month b. 2 months c. 3 months d. 4 months

c) Three months The child can recognize familiar objects at approximately age 3 months. For the first 2 months of life, infants watch and observe their surrounding. The 4-month-old infant is beginning to develop handeye coordination

In terms of gross motor development, what should the nurse expect an infant age 5 months to do? a. Sit erect without support. b. Roll from the back to the abdomen. c. Turn from the abdomen to the back. d. Move from a prone to a sitting position.

c) Turn from the abdomen to the back Rolling from abdomen to the back is developmentally appropriate for a 5-month old infant. The ability to roll from the back to the abdomen is developmentally appropriate for an infant at age 6 months. Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. A 10-month-old infant can usually move from prone to sitting position

During the 2-month well-child checkup, the nurse expects the infant to respond to sound in which manner a. Respond to name. b. React to loud noise with Moro reflex. c. Turn his or her head to side when sound is at ear level. d. Locate sound by turning his or her head in a curving arc.

c) Turn his or her head to side when sound is at ear level At 2 months of age, an infant should turn his or her head to the side when a noise is made at ear level. At birth, infants respond to sound with a startle or Moro reflex. An infant responds to his or her name and locates sounds by turning his or her head in a curving arc at age 6 to 9 months