infectious disease
what are the stages of Lyme disease?
1) early localized 2)early disseminated 3)late disease
whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
What causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
How does measles evade the immune system?
It will cause an immunosuppression called amnesia that will reset the immune system (causing it to fail)
prion diseases
Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Endotoxins
Lipopolysaccharides present an outside membrane of bacteria This will cause disease
What is used a transmission for microbes?
Literally any bodily fluid can be used as a mode of transmission.
Measles (Rubeola)
Morbillivirus within the family of paramyxoviridae
What is the pathogenesis of prion diseases?
PrP will undergo a conformation change, this will cause a resistance to protease (which leads to disease). The misfolded proteins are going to try and get other proteins to change their conformation. These diseases are transmitted via surgery, blood transmission, and organ transplant
Kinds of exotoxins
Proteases, hyaluronidase, coagulase
What are the signs and symptoms of measles?
Sore throat, Dry cough, Headache, Conjunctivitis, Lymphadenitis, Fever, Koplik's spots, Red maculopaular exanthem
Staphylococcal infections
Staphylococcus aureus, this is a gram + cocci that will cause skin lesions
Signs and symptoms of staphylococcal infections
There are going to be skin lesions around a follicle. Furuncle boil or carbuncle. This can be found in the lungs too. This can also lead to toxic shock syndrome
Biofilms
These are thick layers made up of polysaccharides around bacteria. These will adhere to tissue or medical devices. These are riot shields keeping bacteria safe
A-B toxins
These tax and will alter intracellular regulatory pathways
How does Staphylococcal attach the body
This bacteria uses bacterial surface receptors for fibronectin, and Vibronectin acting as a bridge for binding to epithelial cells (this is a fancy way of saying what receptors this bacteria uses). They also produce toxins
How does staphylococcal infections evade the immune system
This bacteria will release enzymes that break down immune cells these enzymes are called proteolytic enzymes
what is the role of the microbiome?
This is another way we fight infections. This is a diverse population of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that are living on the human body. Their relationship is usually commensal. This population is going to compete with the bad bacteria making it harder for the bad bacteria to grow
What is the transmission of measles?
This is spread by respiratory droplets
What is the pathogenesis of fungi in the GI tract?
This will only occur in immunosuppressive patients
Super antigens
Toxin which causes over activation of immune system, without being protective. Cytokine storm
Exotoxins
Toxins released by bacteria, cause cellular injury, cause disease
How does measles attack the body?
Virus spike proteins will attach CD46 (a receptor) on nearly any human cell, CD150 on immune cells, or it will attack nectin-4. Then the virus is engulfed and replication will begin
what is antigenic variation?
When pathogens change their surface antigens due to changes in the genes of a pathogen, this is basically a mutation
Enterotoxins
cause intestinal disturbance (hence the name entero meaning stomach)
Varicella Zoster Virus
chicken pox and shingles
signs of rubeola (measles)
conjunctivitis, cough, coryza (head cold), fever, Koplik spots, Buccal (cheek) mucosa, the rash is going to appear at the hairline, and is going to spread. There is cephalocaudally (weird growth patterns) over 3 days
How is Lyme disease transmitted?
deer ticks to humans
Adhesin
general term for any microbial factor that promotes attachment (usually these are going to be some kind of spike protein)
signs of rubella (German measles)
headache, low grade fever, sore throat, coryza (head cold), Forchheimer spots on the soft palate. lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lyme nodes). Rash will begin on the face and it will then spread. there is also cephalocaudally
what causes herpese?
herpes simplex virus
signs and symptoms of whooping cough
laryngotracheobronchitis (this is basically noisy breathing)
What is dysbiosis?
microbial imbalance on or inside the body
Prions
misfolded proteins
what is a common cause of dysbiosis?
prolonged antibiotics that will kill the good, as well as the bad bacteria. However, the killing of good bacteria can lead for opportunistic bacteria like C. diff to develop in the stomach causing a very bad and hard to treat infection
How is varicella zoster transmitted?
respiratory droplets
What is the first line of defense?
skin and mucous membranes your skin has a dense keratinized outer layer that has a low pH, as well as has fatty acids that prevent microbe from growing
skin as a mode of transmission
skin flora will shed as dust, and there can be microbes on shed skin. Skin lesions from the genitals will also transmit disease
oral secretions as a mode of transmission
some viruses are going to be relocating the salivary glands, so saliva can become infected and therefore spread via spit
How does the GI tract act as a barrier?
stomach acid, pancreatic enzymes, and bile will break down microbes. Normal flora and IgA will help fight bacteria
how does lyme disease evade the immune system?
the bacteria is going to undergo antigenic variation, where there is going to be a change in the surface proteins VlsE (it goes into undetected mode)
how does herpes attack the body?
the virus is going to attach to heparin sulfate, where glycoprotein B or C will engulf the virus, and then replicate in the skin or the mucous membrane
urine as a mode of transmission
there are eggs from certain microbes that are excreted through the urine and therefore can cause new infections
stool as a mode of transmission
there are going to be some microbes that are going to be excreted from poop, so exposure to contaminated poop can lead to new infections
blood as a mode of transmission
there are pathogens that will spread as a result of mosquitos, used needles, and medical practices. Therefore is there is contaminated blood that enters another patient there can be new infections
respiratory secretions as a mode of transmission
there is bacteria and viruses that will replicate in the airways, so any kind of fluid that is produced in the lungs can be used as a vessels for these microbes to jump hosts
what are the signs and symptoms of varicella zoster
there is going to be chicken pox rash (hence the name chicken pox, this will affect the entire body. When it comes to shingles there is going to be a painful rash that appears by large portions of neurons (generally around the spinal cord)
how does varicella evade the immune system
there is going to be mutations over time that is going to change the surface proteins of the virus, and this is going to cause the disease to go into ghost mode (this will make the disease become latent)
how does Lyme disease attack the body?
there is multiplication in the dermis (this is where the tick bites you), it will then infect the blood stream, then it will go throughout the entire body
What is the pathogenesis of bacteria in the GI tract?
they will secrete toxins that will cause poisoning, the bacteria is going to adhere to cells, then proliferate that will then lead to the increase in toxin production
how does whooping cough cause disease?
this bacteria is going to attack the lungs by invading macrophages. when there is a sufficient amount of bacteria in the lungs, there is coordinated effort to release and end toxins that will paralyze cili of cells. this is going to cause the whooping sound.
what does overcoming antibodies do?
this is going to increase the amount of complements being secreted (tuberculosis does this), this will increase the rate of phagocytosis. This is bad for our immune system because the microbe that do this replicate in the macrophages (these are what eat the bacteria)
how does varicella zoster attack the immune system
this is going to infect the mucous membranes, skin, and neurons
What is the pathogenesis of parasites in the GI tract?
this is going to occur when there is food that has been eaten that is infected by the parasite larva, cysts, or eggs
vertical transmission
this is the spread of disease from mother to child, this can be from vaginal tract, placental, or cervical
how does herpes evade the immune system?
this virus is going to evade the immune system by inhibition of MHC1 recognition, it will also inhibit the Fc domain on immunoglobulins, and can also inhibit the complements (these are the tags for phagocytosis
Signs of roseola infantum
this will affect 6-36 mo, this is caused by Human Herpes 6. there is an abrupt high fever. After the fever subsides there is a rash that will develop, this is going to start on the neck and trunk, then it will spread to the face and extremities
Neurotoxins
toxic substances, such as lead or mercury, that specifically poison nerve cells
how is herpes transmitted?
via skin to skin contact, as well as vertical transmission from mother to child
Bacteria virulence
Bacteria have Virulence genes, genes that cause disease in humans, small amount of these jeans are harmful
quorum sensing
Bacteria will regulate gene expression, when there is a large population, this gene will allow bacteria to grow and take over a host defenses
Bacterial toxins
Bacterial substances that will contribute to illness