infectious disease

what are the stages of Lyme disease?

1) early localized 2)early disseminated 3)late disease

whooping cough

Bordetella pertussis

What causes Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

How does measles evade the immune system?

It will cause an immunosuppression called amnesia that will reset the immune system (causing it to fail)

prion diseases

Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Endotoxins

Lipopolysaccharides present an outside membrane of bacteria This will cause disease

What is used a transmission for microbes?

Literally any bodily fluid can be used as a mode of transmission.

Measles (Rubeola)

Morbillivirus within the family of paramyxoviridae

What is the pathogenesis of prion diseases?

PrP will undergo a conformation change, this will cause a resistance to protease (which leads to disease). The misfolded proteins are going to try and get other proteins to change their conformation. These diseases are transmitted via surgery, blood transmission, and organ transplant

Kinds of exotoxins

Proteases, hyaluronidase, coagulase

What are the signs and symptoms of measles?

Sore throat, Dry cough, Headache, Conjunctivitis, Lymphadenitis, Fever, Koplik's spots, Red maculopaular exanthem

Staphylococcal infections

Staphylococcus aureus, this is a gram + cocci that will cause skin lesions

Signs and symptoms of staphylococcal infections

There are going to be skin lesions around a follicle. Furuncle boil or carbuncle. This can be found in the lungs too. This can also lead to toxic shock syndrome

Biofilms

These are thick layers made up of polysaccharides around bacteria. These will adhere to tissue or medical devices. These are riot shields keeping bacteria safe

A-B toxins

These tax and will alter intracellular regulatory pathways

How does Staphylococcal attach the body

This bacteria uses bacterial surface receptors for fibronectin, and Vibronectin acting as a bridge for binding to epithelial cells (this is a fancy way of saying what receptors this bacteria uses). They also produce toxins

How does staphylococcal infections evade the immune system

This bacteria will release enzymes that break down immune cells these enzymes are called proteolytic enzymes

what is the role of the microbiome?

This is another way we fight infections. This is a diverse population of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that are living on the human body. Their relationship is usually commensal. This population is going to compete with the bad bacteria making it harder for the bad bacteria to grow

What is the transmission of measles?

This is spread by respiratory droplets

What is the pathogenesis of fungi in the GI tract?

This will only occur in immunosuppressive patients

Super antigens

Toxin which causes over activation of immune system, without being protective. Cytokine storm

Exotoxins

Toxins released by bacteria, cause cellular injury, cause disease

How does measles attack the body?

Virus spike proteins will attach CD46 (a receptor) on nearly any human cell, CD150 on immune cells, or it will attack nectin-4. Then the virus is engulfed and replication will begin

what is antigenic variation?

When pathogens change their surface antigens due to changes in the genes of a pathogen, this is basically a mutation

Enterotoxins

cause intestinal disturbance (hence the name entero meaning stomach)

Varicella Zoster Virus

chicken pox and shingles

signs of rubeola (measles)

conjunctivitis, cough, coryza (head cold), fever, Koplik spots, Buccal (cheek) mucosa, the rash is going to appear at the hairline, and is going to spread. There is cephalocaudally (weird growth patterns) over 3 days

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

deer ticks to humans

Adhesin

general term for any microbial factor that promotes attachment (usually these are going to be some kind of spike protein)

signs of rubella (German measles)

headache, low grade fever, sore throat, coryza (head cold), Forchheimer spots on the soft palate. lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lyme nodes). Rash will begin on the face and it will then spread. there is also cephalocaudally

what causes herpese?

herpes simplex virus

signs and symptoms of whooping cough

laryngotracheobronchitis (this is basically noisy breathing)

What is dysbiosis?

microbial imbalance on or inside the body

Prions

misfolded proteins

what is a common cause of dysbiosis?

prolonged antibiotics that will kill the good, as well as the bad bacteria. However, the killing of good bacteria can lead for opportunistic bacteria like C. diff to develop in the stomach causing a very bad and hard to treat infection

How is varicella zoster transmitted?

respiratory droplets

What is the first line of defense?

skin and mucous membranes your skin has a dense keratinized outer layer that has a low pH, as well as has fatty acids that prevent microbe from growing

skin as a mode of transmission

skin flora will shed as dust, and there can be microbes on shed skin. Skin lesions from the genitals will also transmit disease

oral secretions as a mode of transmission

some viruses are going to be relocating the salivary glands, so saliva can become infected and therefore spread via spit

How does the GI tract act as a barrier?

stomach acid, pancreatic enzymes, and bile will break down microbes. Normal flora and IgA will help fight bacteria

how does lyme disease evade the immune system?

the bacteria is going to undergo antigenic variation, where there is going to be a change in the surface proteins VlsE (it goes into undetected mode)

how does herpes attack the body?

the virus is going to attach to heparin sulfate, where glycoprotein B or C will engulf the virus, and then replicate in the skin or the mucous membrane

urine as a mode of transmission

there are eggs from certain microbes that are excreted through the urine and therefore can cause new infections

stool as a mode of transmission

there are going to be some microbes that are going to be excreted from poop, so exposure to contaminated poop can lead to new infections

blood as a mode of transmission

there are pathogens that will spread as a result of mosquitos, used needles, and medical practices. Therefore is there is contaminated blood that enters another patient there can be new infections

respiratory secretions as a mode of transmission

there is bacteria and viruses that will replicate in the airways, so any kind of fluid that is produced in the lungs can be used as a vessels for these microbes to jump hosts

what are the signs and symptoms of varicella zoster

there is going to be chicken pox rash (hence the name chicken pox, this will affect the entire body. When it comes to shingles there is going to be a painful rash that appears by large portions of neurons (generally around the spinal cord)

how does varicella evade the immune system

there is going to be mutations over time that is going to change the surface proteins of the virus, and this is going to cause the disease to go into ghost mode (this will make the disease become latent)

how does Lyme disease attack the body?

there is multiplication in the dermis (this is where the tick bites you), it will then infect the blood stream, then it will go throughout the entire body

What is the pathogenesis of bacteria in the GI tract?

they will secrete toxins that will cause poisoning, the bacteria is going to adhere to cells, then proliferate that will then lead to the increase in toxin production

how does whooping cough cause disease?

this bacteria is going to attack the lungs by invading macrophages. when there is a sufficient amount of bacteria in the lungs, there is coordinated effort to release and end toxins that will paralyze cili of cells. this is going to cause the whooping sound.

what does overcoming antibodies do?

this is going to increase the amount of complements being secreted (tuberculosis does this), this will increase the rate of phagocytosis. This is bad for our immune system because the microbe that do this replicate in the macrophages (these are what eat the bacteria)

how does varicella zoster attack the immune system

this is going to infect the mucous membranes, skin, and neurons

What is the pathogenesis of parasites in the GI tract?

this is going to occur when there is food that has been eaten that is infected by the parasite larva, cysts, or eggs

vertical transmission

this is the spread of disease from mother to child, this can be from vaginal tract, placental, or cervical

how does herpes evade the immune system?

this virus is going to evade the immune system by inhibition of MHC1 recognition, it will also inhibit the Fc domain on immunoglobulins, and can also inhibit the complements (these are the tags for phagocytosis

Signs of roseola infantum

this will affect 6-36 mo, this is caused by Human Herpes 6. there is an abrupt high fever. After the fever subsides there is a rash that will develop, this is going to start on the neck and trunk, then it will spread to the face and extremities

Neurotoxins

toxic substances, such as lead or mercury, that specifically poison nerve cells

how is herpes transmitted?

via skin to skin contact, as well as vertical transmission from mother to child

Bacteria virulence

Bacteria have Virulence genes, genes that cause disease in humans, small amount of these jeans are harmful

quorum sensing

Bacteria will regulate gene expression, when there is a large population, this gene will allow bacteria to grow and take over a host defenses

Bacterial toxins

Bacterial substances that will contribute to illness